1.
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Submitted by: Mahnoor Shabbir
Submitted to: Ma’am Guldasta
Subject: Human Physiology-Ι
Department: Microbiology

2.
Introduction to Lymphatic System
Definition
Structure
Function
lymph node
lymph
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic Tissues and Organs
Lymphatic disease
Importance
 Contents:

3.
• Introduction to Lymphatic System:
The lymphatic system is a collection of vessels, nodes, and
organs including the pharyngeal lymphoid ring.
Lymph, the fluid flowing through the system, is colorless
(L., lympha = clear water) and the vessels normally containing it
are usually collapsed and difficult to isolate.
Hence, the lymphatic system is frequently perceived as being
less important than other systems of the body.
The lymphatic system helps maintain plasma osmotic pressure
and, thus, the fluid balance between blood and the interstitial
spaces.

4.
• Definition:
The lymphatic system is a network of low-pressure
vessels which provide a route for the return
of interstitial fluid to the blood vascular network.
A network of lymph ducts is present throughout the
body.
It moves fluids back to the circulatory system, while
also providing important immune functions.

5.
• Structure:
The lymphatic vessels begin as open-ended
capillaries, which feed into larger and larger
lymphatic vessels, and eventually empty into the
bloodstream by a series of ducts.
Along the way, the lymph travels through the lymph
nodes, which are commonly found near the groin,
armpits, neck, chest, and abdomen.
Humans have about 500–600 lymph nodes throughout
the body.

6.
• A major distinction between the lymphatic and
cardiovascular systems in humans is that lymph is not
actively pumped by the heart, but is forced through the
vessels by the movements of the body, the contraction of
skeletal muscles during body movements, and breathing.
One-way valves (semi-lunar valves) in lymphatic vessels
keep the lymph moving toward the heart. Lymph flows
from the lymphatic capillaries, through lymphatic
vessels, and then is dumped into the circulatory system
via the lymphatic ducts located at the junction of the
jugular and subclavian veins in the neck.

7.
• Function:
The lymphatic system is a circulatory system that
drains fluid from the blood vessels.
Lymph vessels are the site of fluid drainage and
pump lymph fluid using smooth muscle and skeletal
muscle action.
The larger vessels contain valves to prevent
backflow and pump towards the heart to return
lymph fluid to the bloodstream by the subclavian
veins.

8.
• A lymph node is an organized collection of
lymphoid tissue through which the lymph passes on
its way to returning to the blood.
Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the
lymphatic system.
Lymphoid tissue contains lymphocytes and other
specialized cells and tissues that have immune
system functions.

9.
• lymph node:
Small oval bodies of the lymphatic system, distributed
along the lymphatic vessels clustered in the armpits,
groin, neck, chest, and abdomen. They filter through
lymph fluid.

10.
• lymph:
A colorless, watery, bodily fluid carried by the
lymphatic system, consisting mainly of white
blood cells.

11.
• The lymphatic system is a collection of
structures and vessels that drains lymph
from blood and has several other
functions.
It is a circulatory system for lymph fluid
and the site of many key immune system
functions.

12.
• Lymphatic Vessels:
The lymphatic vessels are the lymphatic system
equivalent of the blood vessels of the circulatory
system and drain fluid from the circulatory system.
The network of lymph vessels consists of the initial
collectors of lymph fluid, which are small, valveless
vessels, and goes on to form the precollector vessels,
which have rudimentary valves that are not fully
functional.
These structures then form increasingly larger
lymphatic vessels which form colaterals and have
lymph-angions (lymph hearts). The larger lymph
vessels contain valves that prevent the backflow of
lymph.

13.
Lymphatic Vessels:

14.
• Lymphatic Tissues and Organs:
Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs including the
lymph nodes, as well as in the lymphoid follicles in the
pharynx such as the tonsils. Lymph nodes are found
primarily in the armpits, groin, chest, neck, and abdomen.
Lymphoid tissues contain lymphocytes (a type of highly
differentiated white blood cell), but they also contain other
types of cells for structural and functional support, such as
the dendritic cells, which play a key role in the immune
system.
The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the
circulation and production of lymphocytes, including the
spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
•

15.
• Lymphatic disease:
Lymphatic disease is a class of disorders which
directly affect the components of the lymphatic
system.

16.
• Diseases and disorders
• Hodgkin's Disease/Hodgkin's Lymphoma:
• This is a type of cancer of the lymphatic system. It can start
almost anywhere in the body.
It is believed to be caused by HIV, Epstein-Barr Syndrome,
age, and family history.
Symptoms include weight gain, fever, swollen lymph nodes,
night sweats, itchy skin, fatigue, chest pain, coughing, or
trouble swallowing.

17.
• Lymphangitis:
• Lymphangitis is an inflammation of the lymph vessels.
Symptoms usually include swelling, redness, warmth,
pain or red streaking around the affected area.

18.
• Lymphedema:
• Lymphedema is the chronic pooling of lymph fluid in
the tissue.
It usually starts in the feet or lower legs.
It's also a side-effect of some surgical procedures.

19.
• Lymphocytosis:
Lymphocytosis is a high lymphocyte count.
It can be caused by an infection, blood cancer,
lymphoma, or autoimmune disorders that are
accompanied by chronic swelling.

20.
• Lymphadenitis:
• Lymphadenitis is an infection of the lymph nodes
usually caused by a virus, bacteria or fungi.
Symptoms include redness or swelling around the
lymph node.

21.
• Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma:
• Lymphoma is usually malignant cancer. It is caused
by the body producing too many abnormal white
blood cells.
It is not the same as Hodgkin's Disease. Symptoms
usually include painless, enlarged lymph node or
nodes in the neck, weakness, fever, weight loss, and
anemia.

22.
• Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma:

23.
• Importance:
The lymphatic system is an extremely important system
in the body and working in conjunction with the
circulatory system it helps with the elimination of toxins
and other waste materials from the body.
The lymphatic system consists of various organs,
lymphatic ducts, and lymph nodes, and it transports a
clear fluid called lymph.
The lymph and the lymphatic system does not receive the
same attention as that of the blood circulation, and
remains a mysterious entity for many.

24.
•https://www.google.com/search?q=lymphatic+system&sxsrf=AL
eKk017rHIHyUW7H913Uo0nTnBGbh0NDg:1594996822887&s
ource=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT3q6YwtTqAhW
oxIUKHTiwADAQ_AUoAXoECBQQAw&biw=1024&bih=657#
imgrc=vdGsapDN05hT7M
https://www.google.com/search?q=simple+short+introduction+to
+lymphatic+system&sxsrf=ALeKk03qFLV1W7be77Q-
yPkDCNcdEPupAg:1594998017432&source=lnms&tbm=isch&s
a=X&ved=2ahUKEwix_vvRxtTqAhUoyYUKHZ2pC1QQ_AUoA
XoECA4QAw&biw=1024&bih=657#imgrc=bE7wVwoW7-B47M
https://biologydictionary.net/lymphatic-system/#definition
References:

25.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap2/chapter/anatomy-of-the-
lymphatic-and-immune-systems/
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology
/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/19%3A_Ly
mphatic_System/19.1%3A_Lymphatic_System_Structure_and_F
unction/19.1A%3A_Structure_of_the_Lymphatic_System
https://www.drrathresearch.org/latest-news/item/105-the-
importance-of-the-lymphatic-system