Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms. It includes the history, properties, dosage forms, administration, mechanisms of action, and adverse effects of drugs. Pharmacokinetics refers to what the body does to the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs act on the body, including their effects and mechanisms of action. Essential drugs are those that satisfy the healthcare needs of most of the population and should always be available. Sources of drugs include plants, animals, microorganisms, minerals, and synthetic and semi-synthetic means.

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2. Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the study of interaction of drugs
with living organisms. It also includes history,
source, physicochemical properties, dosage
forms, methods of administration, absorption,
distribution mechanism of action
(biotransformation), excretion, clinical uses and
adverse effects of drugs.
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3. pharmacology is the science of drugs
 Greek:
Pharmacon-drug logos-discourse
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4. Oswald Schmiedeberg
regarded as the
“Father of Modern Pharmacology”
Dr. Rama. Nath Chopra
Considered as
“Father of Indian Pharmacology”
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5. Drug (French: Drogue-a dry herb)
Drug is the chemical substance present in a medicine that is
used for diagnosis, prevention, treatment of a disease.
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6. WHO
"Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used
to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for
the benefit of the recipient.”
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7. PHARMACOKINETICS
- Understanding of what the body does to the drug.
- It includes
– Drug absorption : It is the entry of drug into the blood from
the site of its administration
– Distribution : It is the delivery of drug from blood to the
various tissues
– Metabolism : It converts drug into inactive, polar, nontoxic
component for rapid excretion from the body
– Elimination : Excretion of drug from the body
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8. PHARMACODYNAMICS
- It is the study of mechanism of drug action i.e. what drug does to the
body.
- It include effect of drug and its mechanism of action
- Modification of effect of one drug by another drug & by other factors is
also part of pharmacodynamics
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9. Adverse effects
Any response to the drug which is noxious or unintended
occurring in dose used in men for diagnosis, prevention,
control or cure of a disease.
example : Insulin : Hypoglycemia
Furosemide : Hypokalemia
Gentamicine : Nephrotoxicity
warfarin : Bleeding
Chloramphenicol : Aplastic anemia
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10. Indications :
These are the uses of the drug
Contraindications :
These are the conditions where drug should not be used
DRUG INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION
Aspirin Headache Peptic Ulcer
Warfarin Myocardial Infarction Hemophilia
Combined Pill Female contraception Thromboembolism
Methotrexate Rheumatoid Arthritis Pregnancy
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11. Pharmacovigilance
 Pharmacovigilance has been defined by the WHO
(2002) as the
“science and activities relating to the detection, assessment,
understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug
related problems.”
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12. ESSENTIAL DRUGS (WHO 1975)
“ The Essential Drugs are those drugs that
satisfy healthcare needs of the majority of population and
which should, therefore, be available at all time, in adequate
amounts and in appropriate dosage forms.”
Essential Drugs ---- Essential Medicines
( WHO 2003 )
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13. WHO - first Model List of Essential Drugs
along with their dosage forms and strengths in
1977.
- This has been revised from time to time and the
current is the 17th list (2011).
 India produced its National Essential Drugs List in 1996 and has
revised it in 2011 with the title “National List of Essential
Medicines”.
- This includes 348 medicines
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14. Criteria to guide selection of an essential medicine.
(a) Adequate data on its efficacy and safety should be
available from clinical studies.
(b) It should be available in a form in which quality, including
bioavailability, and stability on storage can be assured.
(c) Its choice should depend upon pattern of prevalent
diseases; availability of facilities and trained personnel;
financial resources; genetic, demographic and
environmental factors.
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15. (d) In case of two or more similar medicines, choice should
be made on the basis of their relative efficacy, safety,
quality, price and availability. Cost-benefit ratio should be a
major consideration.
(e) Most essential medicines should be single compounds.
(g) Selection of essential medicines should be a continuous
process.
(h) Recently, of select essential medicines based on rationally
developed treatment guidelines.
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16. Clinical pharmacology
 It is the scientific study of drugs (both old and new) in man.
It includes pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
investigation in healthy volunteers and patients;
evaluation of efficacy and safety of drugs and
comparative trials with other forms of treatment;
surveillance of patterns of drug use, adverse effects, etc.
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17. Pharmacotherapeutics
 It is the application of pharmacological information together with
knowledge of the disease for its prevention, mitigation or cure.
Chemotherapy
 It is the treatment of systemic infection/malignancy with specific drugs
that have selective toxicity for the infecting organism/malignant cell
with no/minimal effects on the host cells.
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18. Pharmacy
 It is the art and science of compounding and dispensing drugs or
preparing suitable dosage forms for administration of drugs to man or
animals.
Toxicology
 It is the study of poisonous effect of drugs and other chemicals
(household, environmental pollutant, industrial, agricultural, homicidal)
with emphasis on detection, prevention and treatment of poisonings.
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19. DRUG NOMENCLATURE
 A drug generally has three categories of names:
(a) Chemical name
It describes the substance chemically,
e.g. 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2- ol for
propranolol.
(b) Non-proprietary name
It is the name accepted by a competent scientific body/authority,
e.g.the United States Adopted Name (USAN) by the USAN council /
British Approved name (BAN)
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20.  The non proprietary names of newer drugs are kept uniform by an
agreement to use the Recommended
International Non proprietary Name (rINN) in all member countries
of the WHO.
(c) Proprietary (Brand) name
It is the name assigned by the manufacturer(s) and is his property or
trade mark
 One drug may have multiple proprietary names
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21. DRUG COMPENDIA
 These are compilations of information on drugs in
the form of monographs; without going into the
theoretical concepts, mechanisms of action and other
aspects which help in understanding the subject.
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22. Prescription and non-prescription drugs
 majority of drugs including all antibiotics must be sold in
retail only against a prescription.
- These are called ‘prescription drugs’ and in India they
have been placed in the schedule H of the Drugs and
Cosmetic Rules(1945)
 few drugs like simple analgesics (paracetamol, aspirin),
antacids are considered relatively harmless, and can be
procured without a prescription.
- These are ‘non-prescription’ or ‘over-the-counter’ (OTC)
drugs; can be sold even by grocery stores. 22

23. Orphan Drugs
 These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/
prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease
(endemic only in resource poor countries)
for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of
developing and marketing it will be recovered from the sales of that
drug.
 sodium nitrite, fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B,
miltefosine, rifabutin, succimer, somatropin, digoxin
immune Fab (digoxin antibody), liothyronine (T3)
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24. .

25. Source of Drugs
 Natural
 Plants
 Animal
 Micro organisms
 Mineral
 Semi synthetic
 Synthetic

26. Source Plant Drug Use
Leaf Digitalis Digoxin CHF
Bark Cinchona Quinine Malaria
Fruit Opium Morphine Analgesic
Seed Eserin Anticholinestrase M.G
PLANT SOURCE

27.  Nicotiana tabacum
 Nicotinic receptor
stimulant
Atropa belladonna
Anti cholinergic drug
used in OP Poision
Opium seed
Morphine Analgesic

28. Morphine preparation

29. Vinca rosea Vinka alkaloids
Anti cancer
Digitalis purpurea (foxglowe)
Digitalis CHF
Cinchona pubescens
Quinine Malaria
Rauwolfia serpentina (INDIA)
Reserpidine Antihypertesive agent

30. Important Pharmacological active principles in plants are:
1) Alkaloids
2) Glycosides
3) Oils
4) Resins
5) Gums
6) Tannins

31. ANIMAL SOURCE
 Obtained from animal
Drug Animal
Heparin Leech
Insulin Pork pancreas
Thyroxin Thyroid
Vit. B12 Liver extract
Cod liver oil Anti toxic sera

32. MICROORGANISM SOURCE
 Bacterial, Fungi, Moulds imp source of many life saving
drugs.
 These obtained from MO and used to kill Microorganisms.
Drug Microorganism
 Penicillin Penicilium notatum
 Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelace
 Griseofluvin Pencillin grisofullivum
 Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
 Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae

33. MINERAL SOURCE
 Use in pharmacotherapy
Mineral Use
 Ferrous sulfate(FeSo4) Anaemia
 Magnesium sulfate(MgSo4) Purgative
 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHco3) Antacid
 Aluminum Hydroxide Antacid

34. SYNTHETIC
 Presently majority of drugs are obtained synthetically
 Some of drugs which are earlier obtained from plant today
synthesized in lab.
Advantage
 Quality can be controlled
 Process is easier and cheaper
 More potent and safer
 Large scale production

35. Example Trade Name Classification
Meperidine Demerol Analgesic
Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal
Co-Trimoxazole Septra Used in the
treatment of
UTI’s

36. Semi Synthetic
 These are mainly obtained by changing the chemical
structure of natural obtaining drugs.
 Ex: Atropine bromide
 Penicillin substrates.( by changing –R side chain)

37. Human Source
 HCG Pregnant women
 Menotrophin Post Menopausal women urine
 Regular insulin Human
 Urokinase Human kidney cells
 rh GH Human

38. GENTICALLY ENGINEERING
 Relatively new methodology involves the blending of
discoveries from molecular biology, rDNA technology,
DNA alteration, Gene splicing, immuno pharmacology.
Ex:-
Hepatitis-B
Insulin (Human insulin of rDNA techniques)