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Lecture 2 student.pptx
- 1. 1 Week 6 Ethics in Criminal Justice Research © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
- 2. 2 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives Describe examples of the special ethical questions sometimes raised by criminal justice research (6). Discuss how informed consent addresses many ethical questions (7). Understand the role of institutional review boards (IRBs) in protecting human subjects (11)
- 3. 3 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Key Terms Belmont Report Beneficence Ethical Informed Consent Special Populations
- 4. 4 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Special Problems • Becoming aware of staff misbehavior in agencies • Research can cause crime or influence its location or target • Withholding desirable treatments
- 5. 5 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Special Problems
- 6. 6 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Special Problems • Withholding desirable treatments from control group • Mandatory Reporting: the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974
- 7. 7 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Promoting Compliance with Ethical Principles • The National Research Act (1974): signed into law after a few highly publicized examples of unethical practices in medical and social science research
- 8. 8 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Promoting Compliance with Ethical Principles • The National Research Act (1974): signed into law after a few highly publicized examples of unethical practices in medical and social science research • The Belmont Report (1979): a brief, but comprehensive set of ethical principles for protecting human subjects • Respect for Persons • Beneficence • Justice
- 9. 9 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Code of Professional Ethics • The American Psychological Association (2002) code of ethics is quite detailed, reflecting the different professional roles of psychologists in research, clinical treatment, and educational contexts • Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Ethical Standards • American Society of Criminology Code of Ethics • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services • American Bar Association Code of Professional Responsibility
- 10. 10 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Institutional Review Boards • Gov. agencies and non-gov. organizations must establish Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) • Members make judgments about overall risks and their acceptability • Members decide whether research procedures include safeguards to protect safety, confidentiality, and general welfare of subjects
- 11. 11 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Institutional Review Board
- 12. 12 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Informed Consent and Special Populations • Informed consent • Requires that subjects both have the capacity to understand and do understand the research, risks, side effects, benefits to subjects, and procedures used
- 13. 13 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Informed Consent and Special Populations • Special populations – Specific regulations exist for certain populations, such as juveniles and prisoners
- 14. 14 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Trouble in the Tearoom
- 15. 15 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Discussion Question 3 What would modern social science look like without the IRB?
- 16. 16 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Summary • Researchers tend not to be the best judge weighing benefits of research vs potential harm • Scientist agree that participation in research should be voluntary • IRB’s play an important role in ensuring the rights and interest are protected
Notas del editor
- Introduction The study of crime and criminal justice often presents special challenges with regard to ethics. In this chapter, the discussion focuses on how most ethical questions are rooted in two fundamental principles: (1) research subjects should not be harmed, and (2) their participation must be voluntary.
- KEY TERMS:
- LO 6
- LO 6 Body-worn cameras are fast becoming standard kit for frontline law enforcers, trumpeted by senior officers and even the US President as a technological ‘fix’ for what some see as a crisis of police legitimacy. Evidence of effectiveness has, however, been limited in its scope. Now, new results from one of the largest randomized-controlled experiments in the history of criminal justice research, led by the University of Cambridge’s Institute of Criminology, show that the use by officers of body-worn cameras is associated with a startling 93% reduction in citizen complaints against police.
- Withholding Desirable Treatments Interrupt project if preliminary analysis shows change
- LO 9
- LO 9 Justice – The benefits and burdens of participating in research should be distributed
- LO 9
- LO 11
- LO 7
- LO 7 Special Populations Federal regulations on human subjects include special provisions for certain types of subjects: Juveniles – treated differently under most aspects of the law. Consent must be obtained both from parents or guardians and from the juvenile subjects themselves Prisoners – may not be exposed to risks that would be considered excessive for nonprison subjects. Undue influence or coercion cannot be used in recruiting prisoner subjects. Informed consent statements to prospective subjects must indicate that a decision not to participate will have no influence on work assignments, privileges, or parole decisions. If an IRB reviews a project involving prisoners, at least one member of the IRB must be either a prisoner or someone specifically designated to represent the interests of prisoners
- Laud Humphreys (1975) – Studied homosexual acts between strangers who meet in public restrooms in parks (“tearooms”) Served as “watchqueen” Noted plate numbers of participants, tracked down names and addresses through police, conducted a survey to obtain personal info at their homes
- LO 6