>Concept of Power >Pressure groups >Bureaucracy >Voting Behavior >Political Ideology

2.  is the “theory, art, and practice of government”.
(from Greek: πολιτικός politikos, definition "of, for, or relating to
citizens") is the process of making uniform decisions applying to all
members of a group. It also involves the use of power by one
person to affect the behavior of another person.

3.  is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to
the law system, economic system, cultural system, and other social
systems.
 are the societal arrangements for legislating and enforcing law, an
d providing for social services like education, public health
and welfare, distributing public funds, collecting taxes, conducting foreign
affairs, and deciding on issues of war and peace. (Stewart and Glynn 19
85; 486)

6.  ability to control people.
 is the ability to control the behavior of others ,
even against their will.
 Political Power is a basic force on the political
Process and in structuring society.
 “the probability that one actor within a social
relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will des
pite resistance. (Weber 1975:152)

7. Society does not approve of the way that power
is applied.
This type of power is called coercion.
Society approves of the way that power is applied.
This type of power is called authority.

9.  Authority is legitimized by the historical beliefs and
practices of a society.
Authority is derived from rules and laws
Rules are written in constitutions or charters
Authority rests solely on the “gift of graces”. It is based
On the leader’s possession of an ability to attract and win foll
owers, his ability to perceive and verify this for himself and fo
r others.

12. – An abstract description that reveals the essential features
– Types of authority are ideals.
– The highest political authority within a territory
– The people who are directing the state

13. The political elite may desire, acquire, exercise and maintain power as ends in
themselves, and as means of achieving the ends for which they are intended.
Being subject to abuse and misuse, power should be limited through the followi
ng ways:
1. Theory of checks and balances
2. Political pluralism
3. Popular sovereignty
4. Theories on a supreme law or the “natural law” and
5. Human factors

14. Filipinos have restored to different means to legitimizing power and in the use of
influence to affect decision-making process. Consensus has been made
through voting, political counseling, patronage, public opinion formation, and refe
rendum.
1.Voting
2.Political counseling
3.Patronage
4.Molding of public opinion

16. is usually a formally organized association that seeks to influence public policy.
Interest group, also called special interest group or pressure group,
any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally organized, that, on th
e basis of one or more shared concerns, attempts to influence public
policy in its favor. All interest groups share a desire to affect government
policy to benefit themselves or their causes.
Their goal could be a policy that exclusively benefits group members or one segme
nt of society
(e.g., government subsidies for farmers) or a policy that advances a broader
public purpose (e.g., improving air quality). They attempt to achieve their goals by lob
bying—that is, by attempting to bring pressure to bear on policy
makers to gain policy outcomes in their favor.

17.  Economic Interests - ubiquitous and the most prominent in all countries.
There are several different kinds of economic interests.
Ex. business groups, labour groups,farm groups, professional groups
Cause groups- are those that represent a segment of society but whose primary purpose is
noneconomic and usually focused on promoting a particular cause or value.
This category is wide-ranging, including churches and religious organizations, veterans’ groups,
and groups supporting the rights of people with disabilities.
Some cause groups are single-issue groups, focusing very narrowly on their issue to the
exclusion of all others—such as those favoring or opposing abortion rights or foxhunting—thoug
h most cause groups are more broadly based.

18.  Public interests- groups promote issues of general public concern
(e.g., environmental protection, human rights, and consumer rights).
 Private and Public Institutional Interests - constitute another important category.
These are not membership groups (hence, they are termed interests as opposed
tointerest groups) but private organizations such as businesses or public entities such as govern
ment departments.
 Non-associational groups and interests

25. As society becomes more urbanized and industrialized, complex problems
arise in carrying out the tasks. The bureaucracy aims to meet these problems
for ,
As Merton(1964; 489) pointed out, “The chief merit of the bureaucracy is
its technical efficiency with a premium placed on precision, speed, control,
continuity , discretion, and optimal returns on input.”

28.  Voting is the main form of political participation in liberal democratic societies and t
he study of voting behavior is a highly specialized sub-field within
political science.
The analysis of voting patterns invariably focuses on the determinants of why people
vote as they do and how they arrive at the decisions they make.
Sociologists tend to look to the socio-economic determinants of support for
political parties, observing the correlations between class, occupation,
ethnicity, sex, age and vote; political scientists have concentrated on the
influence of political factors such as issues, political programmes, electoral
campaigns, and the popularity of party leaders on voting behaviour.
However, both disciplines share much the same terrain, and increasingly have tended
to overlap in their analytical approaches .

31. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power
and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain
ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a
group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of
them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of
moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests.
Political ideologies have two dimensions:
1. Goals: How society should be organized.
2. Methods: The most appropriate way to achieve this goal.