Publishing Linked Open Data on the Web & the Role of Ontologies

María Poveda Villalón
Ontology Engineering Group
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Publishing Linked Open
Data on the Web &
the Role of Ontologies
mpoveda@fi.upm.es
@MariaPovedaV
4th April 2018
irstea

Publishing Linked Open Data onthe Web & the Role of Ontologies – Clermont-Ferrand2018
Licence
2
§ This work is licensed under Creative Commons
Attribution – Non Commercial – Share Alike License
§ You are free:
o to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work
o to Remix — to adapt the work
§ Under the following conditionss
o Attribution — You must attribute the work by inserting
• “[source http://www.oeg-upm.net/]” at every reused slide
• A slide declaring: “This material is partially based on
“Publishing Linked Open Data on the Web &
• the role of ontologies” by María Poveda Villalón”
o Non-commercial
o Share-Alike

About these slides
3
§ This material has been elaborated by María Poveda
Villalón reusing content from her colleagues at OEG:
o Asunción Gómez-Pérez
o Oscar corcho
o Raúl García-Castro
o Mari Carmen Suárez de Figueroa-Baonza
o Etc.

Publishing Linked Open Data onthe Web & the Role of Ontologies – Clermont-Ferrand2018 4
Presentations

About María and a bit of OEG
5
Directors: Asunción Gómez-Pérez, Oscar Corcho
Position: 8º ranking UPM (200 groups)
Research group (30 people)
o 3 Full Professors
o 5 Associate Professors
o 3 Assistant Professors
o 7 Senior Postdocs
o 6 PhD Students
o 2 MSc and BSc Students
o 2 software engineers
o 1 system administrator
o 2 project managers
170+ Collaborations
50+ Visitors
http://www.oeg-upm.net/
https://github.com/oeg-upm
@oeg-upm
Post doc, Ontological Engineering, ontology
development, evaluation, linked (open) data
https://github.com/mariapoveda
@MaríaPovedaV

About María
6
§ Tools
• Ontology evaluation
- OOPS! OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner http://oops.linkeddata.es/
• Vocabulary registry
- OEG vocabularies http://vocab.linkeddata.es/
- Smart Cities http://smartcity.linkeddata.es/
• Vocabulary distributed development
- OnToology http://ontoology.linkeddata.es/
§ Methodologies
§ Linked Open Terms (work in progress) http://lot.linkeddata.es/

About María
7
§ Ontologies
o Internet of Things
• SAREF extensions, VICINITY
o Web of Things
o Scientific reviews
o Agricultural datasets
o Products and services for cibersecurity
o …
IoT WoT
Scientific
Reviews
Agri
datasets

Ontology Engineering Group at a glance
8
Ø Created in1995
Ø World-wide known in the research areas
§ Ontologies
§ Semantic Web and Linked Data
§ Multilingual linked Data
§ Open Data
§ eScience
Ø Projects (> 12M€)
§ 27 EU projects (7 as coordinator)
§ 54 National Projects
§ 27 contracts with companies
Ø Publications
§ > 100 journal papers
§ > 400 International conferences and book chapters
§ 7 Books
Ø Impact of publications
§ Asunción Gómez-Pérez (h:58, 20,000 citations)
§ Oscar Corcho García (h: 44, 11,000 citations)
Ø Services to the community
§ Host esDbpedia
§ Host linkeddata.es
§ Ontology development services
Ø Awards and Prizes
§ Ada Byron
§ Juan López de Peñalver
§ Fujitsu, Open data, ISWC, ESWC
§ SUR Awards Watson for Tech. Watch
Ø Supervision of students
§ 28 Ph.D thesis (9 awarded bestthesis prize)
§ >150 MS.C thesis and BS.C
Ø Events organization
§ 11 editions of the International Summer School
on Ontological Engineering and the Semantic
Web
§ > 50 WS and tutorials
Ø Standardization activities
§ >25 @ W3C, ISO, OASIS, etc.
Ø Mobility
§ PhD students: 3-6 months abroad
§ Postdocs: 1 month every 2 years
Ø Visibility
§ Program chairs of ESWC, ISWC, KCAP,
EKAW, TKE, TIA
§ Editorial board of Journals
§ Invited talks at conferences and events
§ Programme Committee presence

We lead and manage the Open Data Institute @ Madrid
9
1. R&D on open data
2. ODI training courses
3. ODI open data
certificates
4. Organization of events:
datathons, hackathons,
seminars, etc.
5. Ecosystem of
stakeholders on the
publication and
consumption of Open
Data
§ http://madrid.theodi.org/

Collaboration with companies
10
,,,

Collaboration with international research groups
11
Univ. of Amsterdam
Free Univ. of Amsterdam
DFKI
Univ. of Augsburg
Univ. of Karlsruhe
Univ. of Koblenz
Univ. of Hannover
Univ. of Mannheim
Univ. of Bielefeld
Forschungszentrum Informatik
Inst. Angewandte Informatik EV
KIT
UMC-Mainz
Open University
Oxford University
Univ. of Manchester
Univ. of Liverpool
Univ. of Sheffield
Univ. of Aberdeen
Univ. of Edinburgh
Univ. of Southampton
Univ. of Hull
Univ. of Bedfordshire
Bournemouth Univ.
Univ. of Huddersfield
CNR
Univ. of Trento
Univ. of Bolzano
Univ. Studi Roma La Sapienza
Politecnico di Torino
KSL. Stanford Univ.
Wright State Univ.
Univ. of Galway (DERI)
Trinity College Dublin
Nat. Univ. of Ireland Maynooth
irstea
INRIA
W3C-ERCIM
Centre Scientifique et
Technique du Batiment
Univ. of Athens
TUC
Univ. of Creete
Centre for Research and Technology Hellas
Free Univ. of Brussels
Univ. of Wien
Univ. of NR & ALS
Univ. of Innsbruck
RMIT Univ.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Org.
Ústav Informatiky
Academy of Sciences
Univ. of Tel AvivUniv. of Brasilia
Univ. of Chile
Univ. of Zurich
Southeast Univ.
(China)
Zaporizhzhya Nat. Univ.
(Ukraine)
USC
UCoruña
UPV
UniZar
UPF
UJaen
UnEx
UCM

Participation in standardization activities
12
W3C- World Wide Web Consortium
§ Web of Things Working Group
§ Web of Things Interest Group
§ LBD Community Group
§ BPMLOD: Best Practices for Multilingual Linked
Open Data Community Group
§ CSV on the Web Working Group
§ eGovernmentInterest Group
§ Library Linked Data Incubator Group
§ LD4LT: Linked Data for Language Technologies
Community Group
§ LDP: Linked Data Platform Working Group
§ Media Annotations Working Group
§ ODRL Community Group
§ Ontolex: Ontology Lexica Community Group
§ prov: Provenance Working Group
§ prov-xg: Provenance Incubator Group
§ Research Object for Scholarly Communication
Community Group
§ RDB2RDFWorking Group
§ Semantic Sensor Networks Community Group
§ SPARQL Working Group
§ SDW: Spatial Data on the Web Working Group
§ RDF Stream Processing Community Group
§ Open Linked Education Community Group
§ Web of Things Working Group
§ Bioschemas for Lifesciences Community Group
OASIS
§ OSLC: Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration
ETSI
§ SmartM2M
§ ISG CIM
AENOR
§ Comité Técnico de Normalización CTN178 Ciudades
Inteligentes.Norma UNE 178301
Open Knowledge Foundation
§ Working Group on Open Data in Linguistics
ISO -International Organization for Standardization
§ ISO/TC 19150 - Geographic Information – Ontology
§ Ad-hoc Group Linked Data – ISO/TC211ISO/TC 37/SC
1 Principles and methods
§ ISO/TC 37/SC 3 Systems to manage terminology,
knowledge and content
§ ISO/TC 37/SC 4 Language resource management
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (CMI)
§ DCMI Metadata Provenance Task Group
§ DCMI Vocabulary ManagementCommunity
§ DCMI Bibliographic Metadata Task Group
Europeana Network
§ Technology Developer and Knowledge Partner /Expert
International Federation of Library Associations
(IFLA)
§ Semantic Web Special Interest Group

On-going and recent EU research projects
13
§ STARS4ALL (H2020- Coordinator): citizen science (light pollution)
§ VICINITY (H2020): Open virtual neighbourhood network to connect IoT infrastructures and smart
objects
§ SlideWiki (H2020): educational material and open data
§ Mobile-AGE (H2020): open data for elderly people
§ TransformingTransport (H2020): open data about transport
§ BigStorage (H2020 – Coordinator): Storage-based Convergence between HPC and Cloud to handle
Big Data (ETN)
§ easyTV (H2020): Easing the access of Europeans with disabilities to converging media and content
§ Lynx (H2020 – Coordinator): Building the Legal Knowledge Graph for Smart Compliance Services
in Multilingual Europe
§ GoF4R (H2020): Governance of the Interoperability Framework for Rail and Intermodal Mobility
§ TheyBuyForYou (H2020): generating and exploiting open data about public contracting
§ DELTA (H202): energy efficiency
§ Recent
o 3cixty (H2020 EIT Digital): city data markets and tourism
o SemDATA (FP7 - Coordinator): semantic data management (Marie Curie IRSES)
o KOPAR (FP7): semantic e-Science (Marie Curie)
o SIMON (FP7): transport data and accessibility
o CLARITY (H2020 CSA): open data impact analysis and roadmapping
o DrInventor (FP7): opening new opportunities to general research communities

Our Research Areas
14
Linked Data-based
Data Integration
Open
Science
(Social)
Semantic
Web
Data-driven
language technologies
Ontological Engineering
1995
19972000
2004 2008

Ontological Engineering
15
§ METHONTOLOGY and NeOn
methodologies for building Networks of
Ontologies
oWorld-wide used
METHONTOLOGY (1997)
NeOn (2010)
Ontologies
• Metadata Vocabularies (@W3C)
• Provenance (@W3C)
• Internet of Things (@W3C @ETSI)
• Geography (@IGN, CENIG)
• (Multi)-Media (@W3C)
• Knowledge Management
• Software Engineering
(OSLC@OASIS)
• Tourism
• User experience
• AENOR vocab. for smart cities
• Libraries (@BNE)
• Health (@WHO)
• e-Science
• …
Knowledge Resources
O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. ImplementationO. Formalization
1
Non Ontological Resource
Reuse
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering
3
Ontological Resource
Reuse
Ontology Restructuring
(Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization)
8
O. Localization
9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
O. Aligning
O. Merging
Alignments
Ontological Resource
Reengineering
4
6
5
5
RDF(S)
OWL
Flogic
4 6
2
2
3 4
5 6
6
Ontology Design
Pattern Reuse
Ontological Resources
7
O. Repositories and Registries
Flogic
RDF(S)
OWL
O. Design Patterns
2
Non Ontological Resources
Thesauri
DictionariesGlossaries Lexicons
Taxonomies
Classification
Schemas
Scheduling

Ontology engineering tools
16
§ Ontology evaluation
o OOPS! OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner
http://oops.linkeddata.es/
§ Vocabulary documentation
o HTML: Widoco
https://github.com/dgarijo/Widoco/
o Diagrams: AR2DTool
http://ar2dtool.linkeddata.es/
o Vocabulary registry
• OEG vocabularies
http://vocab.linkeddata.es/
• Smart Cities http://smartcity.linkeddata.es/
o Vocabulary distributed development
o OnToology http://ontoology.linkeddata.es/

Linked data Technologies and Projects
17
Geometry2RDF
shp2RDF
geo REST service
annotation
Sem4TagsMarimbaNOR2OMorph
SPARQL
-Stream
Linked Library Data
VisualisationMap4RDF
Sensor Data
Visualisation
Visualization
RDF Generation and Linking
Conditional
Access
Diagnoseand
repair
LDP4j
Access
Agora

Linked data applications
18
Culture (@BNE) Geographical (@IGN) Metereological (@AEMET)
News and Media (@Prisa, RTVE) Internet of Things( @CRTM, Bike sharingsystem)
Smart Cities and Open Data (@ Zaragoza, GobAragón, Jacathon, Catalogues)
Host of esDBpedia
ApplicationLifecycle M. (BancoSantander)

Publishing Linked
Open Data on The
Web and the role of
Ontologies

Why?

Web of documents
21

Web of documents
22
充分突出
普通全
記錄
70 6c 65 6e 6f 20 65 78
74 72 61 6f 72 64 69 6e
61 72 69 6f 0d 0a 70 6c
65 6e 6f 20 6f 72 64 69 6e
61 72 69 6f 0d 0a 61 63
74 61 0d 0a
Need: semantics

Web of documents
23
INEAEMET
Data exposed in
the Web via
HTML

Web of documents
24
INEAEMET
Data exposed in
the Web via
HTML
Municipalities with less population
where there is more snow?

Web of documents
25
INEAEMET
Population 2013
Llanaves 8Population 2014
Llanaves 8
Population 2015
Llanaves 8
Measurement 13:00:0021nov2013
Llanaves snow 6m
Llanaves snow 6m
Llanaves snow 6m
Need: linking

Why?
No semantics
Isolated data
What?

Population 2013
Llanaves 8
Population 2015
Llanaves 8
Llanaves snow 6m
Llanaves snow 6m
Llanaves snow 6m
Publishing linked data
27
INEAEMET Municipality
Observation
Population
has population
measured in

Population 2013
Llanaves 8
Population 2015
INE:Llanaves 8
Llanaves snow 6m
Llanaves snow 6m
INE:Llanaves snow 6m
Publishing linked data
28
Observation
Population
has population
measured in

The collection of Semantic Web technologies provides an environment where
application can query that data, draw inferences using vocabularies, etc.
Web semántica y datos enlazados
14
https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/data
Linked Data is the collection of interrelated datasets on the Web
Population 2013
Llanaves 8
Population 2015
INE:Llanaves 8
Llanaves snow 6m
Llanaves snow 6m
INE:Llanaves snow 6m
Observation
Population
has population
measured in

Why?
No semantics
Isolated data
What?
Linked Data
How?
Semantic Web

Linked Open Data (I)
31
★ On the web (whatever format)
with an open licence
• e.g: pdf

Linked Open Data (II)
32
• e.g: pdf
★ ★ Machine-readable, structured
• e.g: excel table
ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/

Linked Open Data (III)
33
• e.g: pdf
★★★ Non-proprietary format
• e.g: csv instead of excel

Linked Open Data (IV)
34
• e.g: pdf
★★★★ RDF & W3C standards
• e.g: use URIs as identifiers
http://datos.bne.es/persona/XX1718747.rdf

Linked Open Data (V)
35
• e.g: pdf
★★★★ RDF & W3C standards
• e.g: use URIs as identifiers
★★★★★ Link to other data
• e.g: point to URIs from other data
providers
http://datos.bne.es/persona/XX1718747.rdf

Linked Data Principles
36
o Use URIs to identify things (everything, persons, works,
places, etc.)
• https://w3id.org/people/mpoveda
• https://plus.google.com/+MaríaPovedaVillalón

37
places, etc.)
o Use HTTP protocol allowing others to retrieve information
about those URIs
https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

38
places, etc.)
about those URIs
o Provide useful information using standards as the RDF data
model to describe resources
Subject Objectpredicate
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> a foaf:Person .
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:family_name "Poveda-Villalón"^^xsd:string .
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:givenname "María"^^xsd:string ;
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:holdsAccount<https://twitter.com/MariaPovedaV> .
…

39
places, etc.)
about those URIs
o Link to other URIs
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:givenname "María"^^xsd:string .
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:based_near <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Madrid> .
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:schoolHomepage <http://www.fi.upm.es/> .
…

40
places, etc.)
about those URIs
o Link to other URIs
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:givenname "María"^^xsd:string .
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:based_near <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Madrid> .
<http://w3id.org/people/mpoveda> foaf:schoolHomepage <http://www.fi.upm.es/> .
…

Vocabularies (ontologies)
41
• Vocabularies define the concepts and relationships
used to describe and represent an area of concern.
Definition taken from: http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/ontology
• An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared
conceptualization
Definition taken from: Studer, R., Benjamins, V. R., & Fensel, D. (1998). Knowledge
engineering: principles and methods. Data & knowledge engineering
Define terms, hierarchies,
properties, relations, etc.
Use standard languages
like RDF Schema & OWL
Slide adapted from “Soporte para desarrollo de vocabularios para datos abiertos: Un caso
de uso para contaminación acústica” Oscar Corcho, Paola Espinoza y María Poveda

Ontologies: Knowledegde and Data
42
Ontology
Instances
Knowledge
level
Concepts
Taxonomies
Relationships
Attribuites
Axioms
Data
level Instances of concepts
Relations between intstances

Watermark station Vantage 1 at
Montoldre
Sensor Model Value Timestamp
Probe 1 Davis
6440
150 2012-10-08
11:57:17
Probe 2 Davis
6440
130 2012-10-08
11:57:17
…
sosa:Sensor
ssn:System
Example
sosa:Observation
time:TemporalEntity
owl:Thing
ex:probe1
sosa:observes
sosa:resultTime
sosa:hasSimple
Result
sosa:hasSubSystem
<<subclassOf>>
Ontology level
ex:probe2
ex:watermark
Station rdf:type
sosa:hasSub
System
ex:obs1probe1
sosa:observes
Data level
“150”
ex:obs1probe2
sosa:observes
“130”
sosa:hasSimpleResult

Montoldre
Probe 1 Davis
6440
150 2012-10-08
11:57:17
Probe 2 Davis
6440
130 2012-10-08
11:57:17
…
sosa:Sensor
ssn:System
Example
sosa:Observation
time:TemporalEntity
owl:Thing
ex:probe1
sosa:observes
sosa:resultTime
sosa:hasSimple
Result
sosa:hasSubSystem
<<subclassOf>>
Ontology level
ex:probe2
ex:watermark
Station rdf:type
sosa:hasSub
System
ex:obs1probe1
sosa:observes
Data level
“150”
ex:obs1probe2
sosa:observes
“130”
sosa:hasSimpleResult Give me all sensors
in the system

Montoldre
Probe 1 Davis
6440
150 2012-10-08
11:57:17
Probe 2 Davis
6440
130 2012-10-08
11:57:17
…
sosa:Sensor
ssn:System
Example – Small Inference
sosa:Observation
time:TemporalEntity
owl:Thing
ex:probe1
sosa:observes
sosa:resultTime
sosa:hasSimple
Result
sosa:hasSubSystem
<<subclassOf>>
Ontology level
ex:probe2
ex:watermark
Station rdf:type
sosa:hasSub
System
ex:obs1probe1
sosa:observes
Data level
“150”
ex:obs1probe2
sosa:observes
“130”
sosa:hasSimpleResult Give me all systems

Montoldre
Probe 1 Davis
6440
150 2012-10-08
11:57:17
Probe 2 Davis
6440
130 2012-10-08
11:57:17
…
sosa:Sensor
ssn:System
Example
sosa:Observation
time:TemporalEntity
owl:Thing
ex:probe1
sosa:observes
sosa:resultTime
sosa:hasSimple
Result
sosa:hasSubSystem
<<subclassOf>>
Ontology level
ex:probe2
ex:watermark
Station rdf:type
sosa:hasSub
System
ex:obs1probe1
sosa:observes
Data level
“150”
ex:obs1probe2
sosa:observes
“130”
sosa:hasSimpleResult Give me all devices

sosa:Sensor
ssn:System
Example - Combine ontologies - Multi inheritance
sosa:Observation
time:TemporalEntity
owl:Thing
ex:probe1
sosa:observes
sosa:resultTime
sosa:hasSimple
Result
sosa:hasSubSystem
<<subclassOf>>
Ontology level
ex:probe2
ex:watermark
Station rdf:type
sosa:hasSub
System
ex:obs1probe1
sosa:observes
Data level
“150”
ex:obs1probe2
sosa:observes
“130”
Ontology level
saref:Sensor
saref:Device
Give me all
devices

sosa:Sensor
ssn:System
Example – Complementary information
sosa:Observation
time:TemporalEntity
owl:Thing
ex:probe1
sosa:observes
sosa:resultTime
sosa:hasSimple
Result
sosa:hasSubSystem
<<subclassOf>>
Ontology level
ex:probe2
ex:watermark
Station rdf:type
sosa:hasSub
System
ex:obs1probe1
sosa:observes
Data level
“150”
ex:obs1probe2
sosa:observes
“130”
Ontology level
saref:Sensor
saref:Device
rdfs:Literal
saref:hasModel
“Davis 6440”
saref:hasModel

Benefits
49
§ Provide semantics/context
§ Disambiguation, prevent errors
§ Facilitate data reuse
§ Facilitate data integration
o Different formats, sources, schemas, languages..
§ Facilitate dataset maintenance
§ Reasoning, inference
§ Mechanism used in the Web of Data

Implementation
50

Evaluation
51
• Ontology editors • Reasoners:
• Pellet
• Fact
• Hermit
• etc
+
http://oops.linkeddata.es

Documentation
52
§ Ejemplo owl y html
https://github.com/dgarijo/Widoco/

Reuse & Share
53
http://vocab.linkeddata.es/
Organizational level (OEG) Community
http://lov.okfn.org

Handle versions and distributed environments
54
Evaluation reports
HTML documentation
Diagrams
Permanent Ids
Content negotiation
Bundle
Pre-view
http://ontoology.linkeddata.es

Why? What?
How?
Technology
Who?
Ontologies
No semantics
Isolated data
Semantic Web

datos.bne.es
56
Person
(bne:C1005)
Work
(bne:C1001)
Expression
(bne:C1002)
Manifestation
(bne:C1003)
Item
(bne:C1004)
creator of
(OP5001)
realized through
(OP1002)
realization of
(OP2002)
materialized in
(OP2001)
materialization of
(OP3002)
exemplified by
(OP3001)
exemplar of
(OP4001)
created by
(OP1005)
is subject
(OP1007)
has subject
(OP1006)
Work
(bne:C1001)
Concept
(skos:Concept)
has subject
(OP1010)
has subject
(OP3008)
is subject
(OP5003)
has subject
(OP1008)

Linked Open Data - example
57

Wikipedia in RDF example
58
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Institut_national_de_recherche_en_sciences_et_technologies_pour_l'environnement_et_l'agriculture

schema.org example
59
https://search.google.com/structured-data/testing-tool
https://www.ennetflix.mx/sidetracked/22659
Transparencia adaptada de “Vocabularies for Linked Data” de Raúl García Castro,
Asunción Gómez Pérez y María Poveda Villalón

Why? What?
How?
Technology
Who?
Examples
No semantics
Isolated data
Ontologies
Semantic Web

Wrapping up
§ Need of structured and annotated data on the Web
§ Resources are not open by default
§ Take care of ontologies as we do for data (publish,
document, license, etc.)… they can also be 5 stars:
★ On the web (whatever format) with an open licence
(pdf, UML, + text describing your model)
★ ★ Structured format (OWL)
★★★ Include descriptions (labels, comments, provenance)
★★★★ Different formats (ttl, rdf/xml…)
★★★★★ Link to other vocabularies
61

Questions?
62
Why? What?
How?
Technology
Who?
Examples
No semantics
Isolated data
Thanks for you
attention
Ontologies
Semantic Web

Publishing Linked Open Data on the Web & the Role of Ontologies

Publishing Linked Open Data on the Web & the Role of Ontologies

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