BI
OLOGI
CAL MOLECULES

INTRODUCTION
Majority of the elements that compose the
human body are oxygen, carbon and hydrogen.
These elements are obtained from a myriad of
biogeochemical processes that happen to an
individual everyday.
Looking at a close picture of the mentioned
elements, we see that different molecules
found within the cells fuel, not only humans but
all living things.

BI
OLOGI
CAL MOLECULES
PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACID

PROTEIN
most abundant organic compound
amino acids
essential in the cell structure
gene activators, membrane receptors, clotting
factors and many more
maintains fluid balance in the body;acid-base
aids in the replication, transcription and translation
of DNA

essential amino acids: obtained through consumption
of foods rich in protein; example of essential amino
acids are: isoleucine, leucine, lycine, methionine,
phenylalanine,threonine,tryptophan and valine
non-essential amino acids: produced by the body,
examples are alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic
acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine,
histidine,proline,serine and tyrosine.
PROTEIN

CARBOHYDRATES
Cn(H2O)n
the most abundant biochemical in the world
composed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
effective energy-yielding nutrients and
building materials

TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
DISACCHARIDES
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
POLYSACCHARIDES
Cellulose
Chitin
Starch
Glycogen

Monosaccharides
simplest form of sugar (1sugar unit)
C6H12
O6
Fructose
found in fruits,
honey
and corn syrups
Glucose
the only sugar used
by the body that
provides energy;
abundant in the
blood
Galactose
important
component that
serves marker to
identify blood types

Sucrose
table sugar
(glucose +fructose)
Disaccharides
simplest form of sugar (1sugar unit)
C12H22O11
Lactose
milk and
milk
products
(glucose +
Maltose
found in beers

Cellulos
e cell walls
of plants
and bacteria
Polyccharides
components of the structural parts of living things and
storage of energy
Chitin
exoskeletons
of animals
Starch
a stored energy
from potatoes,
wheat,bread,
pasta
Glycogen
animal starch
stored in liver
and muscle

LIPIDS
are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic class of carbon-containing
compounds
Types of Lipids
Fats - composed of 1 glycerol and three fatty acids (triglycerides)
- deposited in adipose tissues and as source of energy
- serves as cushion to internal organs
- serves as insulators
Steroids - cholesterol, sex and adrenocorticoid hormones and ergosterol
Phospholipids - present in the cell wall/membrane

NUCLEIC
ACIDS
made up of nucleotide
store information that is
used by cells to maintain,
repair and reproduce
cells.
there are two kinds of
nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA

James Watson and Francis Crick
in 1953
2 helical strands
carries instructions that control
the activities of the cell
carrying the genetic information
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

James Watson and Francis Crick
in 1953
2 helical strands
carries instructions that control
the activities of the cell
carrying the genetic information
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

uses the instructions from DNA
to make proteins
named after the ribose sugar
found in the molecules backbone
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid

Messenger RNA (mRNA) - transmit genetic instructions
coded in the DNA inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm
particularly in the ribosome where it is translated into
amino acids to produce proteins
Transfer RNA (tRNA)- found in the cytoplasm of the cell
and translates the code of mRNA into amino acids by
attaching amino acis to the ribosomes facilitating
protein synthesis.
RNA Ribonucleic Acid

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - the protein factory of the cell
and are abundant in the cytoplasm
RNA Ribonucleic Acid

REFERENCES
GENERAL BIOLOGY BY LORIMAR PUBLISHING
CONCEPTUAL SCIENCE AND BEYOND BY BRILLIANT
CREATIONS
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 REVISED EDITION BY REX
BOOKSTORE