GERES [en] Biomass Energy Value Chain in Cambodia

Analysis of biomass energy
supply and demand in Cambodia

Consultation workshop on Cambodia
wood and biomass energy strategy

Mathieu Ruillet | GERES Cambodia| Siem Reap, Nov 2012

Wood/Biomass energy value chain in Cambodia
2 SUSTAINABLE
CHARCOAL BALANCE
PRODUCTION IS AT STAKE DEMAND
3 MANAGEMENT
CHAR
COAL households ALTERNATIVE
(rural and urban) SOURCING 4
and
household-scale BIO BIO
FUEL industry CHAR WASTE
WOOD
energy energy
supply demand
CHAR BIO
1 BRIQ GAS
FOREST BIO industrial
MANAGEMENT GAS /
commercial users

others

alternative sourcing

Analysis of biomass energy supply and demand in Cambodia | Nov 2012 | Mathieu Ruillet 2

Wood/Biomass energy value chain in Cambodia:
forest management
2 SUSTAINABLE
CHARCOAL BALANCE
3 MANAGEMENT
CHAR
and
WOOD
energy energy
supply demand
CHAR BIO
1 BRIQ GAS
MANAGEMENT GAS /
commercial users

others



Forest management in Cambodia: an overview

• 60% of the national territory is covered by forests
181,035 km2 country area
• Woody biomass is still the main cooking fuel in
100,940 km2 covered by
forest
Cambodia: it represents the main fuel in rural
households (almost 100%) and the most popular
23 protected areas one in urban households (almost 60%)
91% • Population growth and limited access to electricity
put an extra burden on woody biomass
of Cambodian households rely
on woody biomass for cooking • Biomass is a renewable source only if the forest has
time to regenerate (sustainable exploitation)
only 20%
• High rate of deforestation may not only bring about
of Cambodian households a shortage of fuelwood but also soil degradation
have access to electricity and impoverishment of agricultural land
90% of rural households have no • Overall balance between offer and demand is
access to electricity and rely currently positive, there is however a discrepancy
entirely on biomass since wood energy situation varies between areas
5,500,000 tons
national yearly demand of fuelwood

Source: National Census 2008, UNDP 2010, FAO 2011


Forest management in Cambodia:
wood energy situation varies between areas

BIOMASS ENERGY DEMAND
IN RURAL AREAS
WOOD SUPPLY BASSIN/
BIOMASS ENERGY SUPPLY Fuelwood is collected for free from
forest lands close to the villages
Charcoal is bought from
Traditional
illegal, inefficient kilns
Charcoal Kilns

Flooded
Evergreen/ Forests
Natural Forests
Community
Rural Settlements in Lowland Urban/izing Areas
Forests
Agricultural Fields &
Rural Settlements in
Flooded Areas Industrial Areas

BIOMASS ENERGY DEMAND IN URBAN AREAS
Both firewood and charcoal are outsourced
Urban development exerts significant pressure
on areas not positively affected by development


Forest management in Cambodia:
wood energy situation varies between areas

Only a certain (?) portion of the extracted
wood is actually used as fuelwood
Source: FAO 2008


Sustainable balance supply-demand of biomass:
actions and constraints in forest management
LEGAL AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS

Other • Limited environmental
• CBSFLMP project (2006-2010) projects consciousness
• Goal: secure local forests • Weak law enforcement
• Target group: 451 villages / 200,000 ha against illegal wood cutting
• Some achievements: 65 field-level • No regulation of charcoal
training sessions on community production
forestry; 33 nationals trained to FOREST • Lack of data on wood use
become community forestry trainers MANAGE
MENT

• University Capacity Building Project Policies
• Goal: address the shortage of trained needed?
biologists and reliable biodiversity data
• Some achievements: first Cambodia’s
Master’s Degree in Biodiversity POLICY
conservation; over 100 biologists FRAMEWORK
trained to date


charcoal production
2 SUSTAINABLE
CHARCOAL BALANCE
3 MANAGEMENT
CHAR
and
WOOD
energy energy
supply demand
CHAR BIO
1 BRIQ GAS
MANAGEMENT GAS /
commercial users

others



Charcoal production: some basic figures

192,400 national demand • Traditional charcoal producers operate with low-
tons of charcoal per year efficiency technologies (i.e. ground-pit kilns) with
uncontrolled carbonization processes
6.5 kg/1 kg • High conversion ratios and low calorific values
conversion ratio 1,251,000 bring about a greater demand for firewood
firewood/charcoal with tons • Charcoal is produced in rural areas (mostly areas
traditional ground-pit kiln of firewood around Kirirom, southeast of Kampong Speu)
needed yearly • Charcoal is mainly transported to and consumed
26.4 GJ/ton to cover in urban areas
calorific value of national demand • Charcoal transportation has both an economic
charcoal produced of charcoal and environmental impact
with traditional ground-pit kiln • Due to rarefaction of resources, price of charcoal
increases steadily
15.6 GJ/ton
calorific value of fuelwood
of national demand for charcoal
48% comes from Phnom Penh
Source: GERES Cambodia analysis


actions and constraints in charcoal production

Other
LEGAL AND TECHNICAL
projects
CONSTRAINTS

• No regulation for charcoal
production
CHARCOAL • Limited basic knowledge of
• Some achievements: 1 Yoshimura producers and no rigid compliance
PRODU
Kiln installed in the Sustainable to standards and specifications
Charcoal Pilot Center of GERES in CTION • Low affordability of producers
Takeo and 2 in Pursat • Lack of financial
• Conversion ratio of 4.5 incentives/institutional
• Calorific value of 29.3 MJ/kg mechanisms to bridge the financial
(tested in IUT-LUACOB, France) gap between low affordability of
• Potential yearly savings of producers and high price of
470,600 tons of firewood efficient kilns
Policies
• Taken into account the higher
needed?
calorific value, savings of 37% of
woody biomass can be achieved POLICY
• Support by public authorities is FRAMEWORK
becoming stronger

demand management
2 SUSTAINABLE
CHARCOAL BALANCE
3 MANAGEMENT
CHAR
and
WOOD
energy energy
supply demand
CHAR BIO
1 BRIQ GAS
MANAGEMENT GAS /
commercial users

others



Demand management of biomass energy:
households and household-scale industry

84% of Cambodian households use • Households and household-scale industries are
firewood for cooking purposes the biggest consumers of firewood in Cambodia
• Biomass consumption for domestic cooking in
an average rural 7% rural and urban areas accounts for more than
household consumes prefer charcoal 50% of Cambodian energy consumption
every day
• Household-scale industries have a limited
3.135 kg 1.543 kg thermal efficiency (18-24% according to the
of firewood of charcoal industry), which could be improved by utilizing
efficient stoves and kilns
an average urban household
• Improved stoves and kilns are expensive and
consumes daily 2.1 kg difficult to afford for households and household-
3.11 kg of firewood scale industries
of charcoal a palm sugar industry
consumes daily
a rice wine
104 kg
distillery
of firewood
42.5 kg

Source: GERES Cambodia analysis and monitoring tests, National Census 2008


households and household-scale industry
LEGAL, TECHNICAL
AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Other CONSTRAINTS
projects • Lack of technical knowledge
• Lack of technical specifications, no
energy efficiency standards for
stoves made in Cambodia and for
products entering Cambodia
• New Lao Stove (NLS) and Neang DEMAND • Lack of precision of current data
Krongrey Stove (NKS): improved MANAGE • Lack of financial/tax incentives for
cookstoves for households MENT improved stoves and kilns
• Some achievements of NLS: over • Limited access to credits for
1,800,000 stoves sold; 35,000 household-scale industries due to
NLS produced/month in 42 their informal character
production centers; avoided • Difficulties in changing the
deforestation for 10,000 football consumption patterns and cooking
pitches; savings of 9-25% of habits of end-users
woody biomass (according to Policies • Low level of awareness on the
cooking habits) needed? potential of energy efficiency
• Some achievements of NKS:
almost 360,000 stoves sold; 42 POLICY
production centers in 9 provinces FRAMEWORK

Demand management of biomass energy:
the case study of garment and brick factories

• Demand from small and medium-size industries
1,600,000 m3 obtained
in Cambodia is a threat to a sustainable forest
annually from abandoned rubber management
plantations to supply brick, tile and
• Supply from old rubber plantations is almost
garment industry exhausted, industries are using other types of
273,000 tons volume of wood and biomass energy fuels (especially rice
fuelwood consumed per year by husks)
69 garment factories • Improved machinery (e.g. boilers for ironing in
in Cambodia, corresponding to the garment industry) could be employed to
increase the overall energy efficiency of the
3,900 ha per year
industrial processes and reduce the demand for
fuelwood
50,000 tons volume of
• Other potential measures comprise the
fuelwood consumed per year by
reutilization of industrial waste
40 brick factories
in Cambodia, corresponding to
750 ha per year

Source: GERES Cambodia analysis, UNDP 2010, IFC study


the case study of garment and brick factories
LEGAL, TECHNICAL
AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONSTRAINTS
• Lack of technical knowledge
• Lack of technical specifications, no
Projects
energy efficiency standards for
and data?
stoves made in Cambodia and for
products entering Cambodia
DEMAND • Lack of precision of current data
MANAGE • Lack of financial resources for small
MENT and medium local companies and
absence of affordable borrowing
schemes (rather high interest rates
from local banks up to 9.5% per
year)
• Lack of financial/tax incentives for
improved machinery
Policies • Low level of awareness on the
needed? potential of energy efficiency

POLICY
FRAMEWORK

2 SUSTAINABLE
CHARCOAL BALANCE
3 MANAGEMENT
CHAR
and
WOOD
energy energy
supply demand
CHAR BIO
1 BRIQ GAS
MANAGEMENT GAS /
commercial users

others



Alternative sourcing from biochar:
the case study of the garment industry

69 • Biochar (carbonized wood through pyrolysis
garment factories process) results as a residue from industrial,
commercial and domestic processes
in Cambodia generate monthly
• Generated biochar is dumped and absolutely
4,000 tons underutilized and can be used to produce char
of biochar briquettes with high calorific value
energy efficiency of 40% • Case study of a sample of garment factories (69
the garment industry that can be out of 310) show a potential for incrementing the
increased up to 46% energy efficiency of the industry through
by converting biochar reprocessing industrial waste
into char briquette • Data about production of biochar by other
calorific value demand sectors not available
of char briquette 29.5 GJ/ton
obtained from biochar processing

26.4 GJ/ton calorific value of
traditional charcoal

Source: GERES Cambodia case study 2008


Alternative sourcing from biochar: actions and
constraints in char briquette production
LEGAL, TECHNICAL AND SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS

• Lack of technical knowledge
(need to import machinery from
neighbouring countries)
ALTER • Need for frequent and expensive
NATIVE maintenance due to high-pressure
SOURCING operation of machinery
• 3 existing factories utilizing • Uncompetitive price
biochar, coconut waste and other (high operation costs)
residues to produce char • Challenging
briquette (Sustainable Green diffusion/commercialization
Fuel Enterprise (SGFE), Khmer • No fiscal facilitation/tax
Clean Charcoal (KCC) and a joint exemptions for the import of
initiative between Thai and specific machinery used for the
Khmer entrepreneurs production of char-briquettes
• Current joint production scale • No standards/accreditation of the
Policies
around 80 ton/month raw materials used for the
needed?
• Potential for expansion of production of char-briquettes
production capacity up to 200 POLICY
ton/month and above FRAMEWORK

any question?
2 SUSTAINABLE
CHARCOAL BALANCE
3 MANAGEMENT
CHAR
and
WOOD
energy energy
supply demand
CHAR BIO
1 BRIQ GAS
MANAGEMENT GAS /
commercial users

others



Main points and next steps

• A sustainable biomass energy chain would represent a valuable way to secure a self-sufficient
energy supply to one targeted sector (e.g. households and HSIs) and can be viewed as a
development driver for Cambodia on the long run
• Sustainable balance between biomass energy supply and demand is at stake
• Focus on four main areas of intervention:
1) FOREST MANAGEMENT
2) CHARCOAL PRODUCTION
3) DEMAND MANAGEMENT
4) ALTERNATIVE SOURCING
• For any of these areas there are already some projects being implemented by development
agencies and constraints preventing those projects from having full positive impact on the
balance between biomass energy supply and demand

• Current data lack precision, comprehensiveness and updating!


Thank you!

Wishing you a fruitful discussion

GERES [en] Biomass Energy Value Chain in Cambodia

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