Nanotechnology

2. Is nanotechnology the gateway to the future for
human beings on Earth?
Where does our imagination take us?
2

3. Definition
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and
control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to
100 nanometers, where unique phenomena
enable novel applications.”
“Encompassing nanoscale science,
engineering and technology, nanotechnology
involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and
manipulating matter at this length scale.”
(National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007)
3

4. What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is:
Comprised of nanomaterials with at least one
dimension that measures between approximately 1 and
100 nm
Comprised of nanomaterials that exhibit unique
properties as a result of their nanoscale size
Based on new nanoscale discoveries across the various
disciplines of science and engineering
The manipulation of the nanomaterials to develop new
technologies/applications or to improve on existing
ones
Used in a wide range of applications from
electronics to medicine to energy and more
4

5. History
The concepts of nanotechnology are not inherently new to nature or to the
history of mankind. Science and nature have taught us that biological
systems are built using small cells and proteins that follow an intrinsic
plan dictated by infinitesimally small genetic coding (Roukes, et al., 2002).
A well documented and early example of a manmade nanoprocess is the work
of Medieval stained glass makers who used small nanosize gold particles
of varying sizes to create the different color hues found in stained glass
windows of Medieval churches and structures. Hence, gold particles display a
different form of color depending on their size at the nanoscale (Ratner and
Ratner, 2003). Gold at the larger scale, the macro scale, such as a gold brick
reflects the well known yellowish color.
Stained glass windows. Picture of gold nano particles.
5

6. Structural design of “Tattoo Needle”
6

7. Birth of Nanotechnology
In contemporary times, manufacturing tolerances of
parts have approached nanometric dimensions,
especially in the manufacturing of semiconductor
devices. However, the term “nanotechnology” was not
used until 1974 by Professor Norio Taniguchi, whose
work and research was in the area of high precision
machining.
Professor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University used
the word “nanotechnology” to describe the science
and technology of processing or building parts with
nanometric tolerances. Essentially, Professor Taniguchi’s
theoretical concepts involved the use of electron, ion
beam, and laser beam processes for machining
tolerances at the nanoscale.
7

8. Dr. Richard P. Feynman
•The first well documented talk on the possibilities of
nanotechnology was made by one of the most distinguished
American physicists, Richard Feynman(1918-1988).
•Dr. Feynman’s talk was called There Is Plenty of Room at
the Bottom, and he delivered it on December 12, 1959, before
the American Physical Society meeting held at Caltech. In
his talk, Feynman challenged the scientific community to
think small in terms of solving future problems.
•Feynman stated:
“Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the
Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?” .
8

9. Feynman’s vision previewed the collaboration between
the sciences, the need for more powerful measurement
tools such as the electron microscope that could allow
atomic viewing and manipulation. He believed that
engineers and scientists had to work together to
develop tools that would have the ability to see and
manipulate atoms and molecules in order to solve
problems using nanotechnology.
Feynman said:
“The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly
helped if our ability to see what we are doing, and to do
things on an atomic level, is ultimately developed–a
development which I think cannot be avoided.”
(Zyvex, 2007)
9

10. Atomic Scale
• Following figure shows a computer image of the nano ice double
helix.
• In the nano ice image, oxygen atoms are blue in the inner helix,
purple in the outer helix. Hydrogen atoms are white.
Feynman also discussed how matter at the atomic scale
behaves differently than matter at the macroscopic scale since, he
mentioned, at the atomic scale atomic size particles respond to
forces governed by quantum mechanics as opposed to larger
systems which are governed by classical Newtonian mechanics.
10

11. Eric Drexler Engines of Creation
•Coined the term “Grey
Goo”…the potential The Coming Era
problem of self-replicating of Nanotechnology
and autonomous artificial
intelligence machines. By K. Eric Drexler
[Eric Drexler’s book, Engines of Creation, first
published in 1986, popularized the innovative
possibilities of nanotechnology. Drexler talked
about the dangers of nanotechnology and
specifically mentioned the “Grey Goo”
phenomena. Grey Goo is the term given to the
potential problem of self-replicating and
autonomous artificial intelligence machines that can
take over the world and wipe out life as we know it
DNA damage.
today.]
11

12. Metrology:
Measurement equipment or metrology tools, as they are often called, have
been the foundation stone of nanotechnology because they have allowed us to see what
we are doing at the atomic scale. Tools such as the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM),
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
provide the bridge between the macro world and the nano world. The ability to see
and characterize matter at the atomic scale began the work that Feynman imagined.
In 1981, two gentlemen, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer of IBM Zurich,
invented the scanning tunneling microscope for which they received the Nobel Prize
in Physics in 1986. The scanning tunneling microscope works by sliding a very small
tip, about the size of an atom, over a surface at an extremely close proximity – within a few
atomic layers - and uses electronics to translate the surface topography into a visual
image (Ratner and Ratner, 2002). In this manner, the scanning tunneling microscope
produces a visual representation of the material being scanned much like a key
cutting machine traces and makes a copy of the original key.
12

13. Buckyballs:
Three gentlemen—Harold Kroto from the University of Sussex, Robert Curl
and Richard Smalley from Rice University—were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
in 1996 for their discovery of a new composition of carbon, i.e., Carbon 60.
This new compound, which only measures about one nanometer in diameter,
was called a Buckminsterfullerene or “Buckyball.” Carbon 60 (C 60) has 60 carbon
atoms covalently bonded and forming geometric 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons—the
same geometric configuration found in most foot balls (Booker & Boysen, 2005).
Buckyballs are produced through a low pressure carbon vaporization process. The
original technique only produced small quantities, but current processes produce Carbon60
or buckyballs at a much higher rate. Buckyballs are also used to form carbon Nanotubes.
These Nanotubes can be used to form transistors and, depending on their configuration, they
can be made to be conductors or insulators (Ratner & Ratner, 2002). Carbon is a very
interesting element because it has four electrons in its outer shell, just like silicon,
and is allotropic—which means it can take on different forms. Both diamond and graphite
are made from carbon.
Carbon-60 buckyball is
shaped like a Foot ball.
13

14. Fullerenes:
Carbon 60 (C60) was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who went by the
nickname “Bucky.”
Fuller’s most noted architectural design was the geodesic dome. The geodesic
dome is a sphere which is made up of geometric triangular shapes. It is a very
rigid construction and very strong in terms of its weight to volume. The C60
Buckyball was named in Fuller’s honor (Wikipedia, 2007)
A “Buckyball.” Dome over biosphere in Montreal.
14

15. Thus we can say that…….
………..Nanotechnology is
universal and persistent.
It is an emerging field in all
areas of science, engineering and technology.
Now you are
Welcome to
NanoWorld!
15

16. 1 Nanometer = 1 x 10-9 meter
= 1 x 10-3 μm
= 3.281 x 10-9 feet
= 39.37 x 10-9 inches
16

17. Equivalence of A Nanometer:
There are 1 billion (1,00,00,00,000) nanometers in 1
meter
There are 1 million (10,00,000) micrometers (or
microns) in 1 meter
A line of ten hydrogen atoms lined up side by side
is 1 nanometer long
Our finger nail grows 1 nanometer in 1 second
The diameter of our hair is approximately 50,000
nanometers
The abbreviation for nanometer is “nm”
17

18. Scale of Things—Nanometers
18

19. Particle size classification
19

20. Nanotechnology Language
Yow!
•Nanobio
•Nanodots
•Nanowires
•Nanoelectronics
•Nanobots
•Nanomaterials
Searching for nanotechnology.
20

21. Nanomaterials are not simply another footstep in the miniaturization of
materials. They often require very different production approaches.
Two approaches of producing nanotechnology systems:
Top-down and bottom-up.
1) Top-Down Fabrication:
•Start with a large piece of material
•Remove sections of material to “carve” a specific pattern or shape
•Has been used for centuries to manufacture artwork, tools and devices
This method is used by computer chip manufacturers (Booker &
Boysen, 2005). The producers of chips begin the process with large bulk silicon
wafers and then manufacture the devices on top of them through a series of
printing, layering, doping and removal steps that ultimately lead to a
functional device. The printing is done through a reduction process called
photolithography. This process has evolved since the 1960 s, into one that is now
printing line width dimensions at the nanometer scale.
Photolithography
21

22. 2. Bottom-up Fabrication:
•Start with catalyst particles and/or a substrate
•Expose to a gas or liquid
•Reaction leads to the growth of a solid nanostructure or nanoscale self-assembled
layer
•Properties such as temperature, pressure, surface quality, composition, catalyst
size, etc. influence growth characteristics
The bottom-up approach to nanomanufacturing is analogous to the way
biological systems are made. In biology, cells grow tissue, organs, plants, hair, etc.
through the process of self assembly. This approach is now being studied in
nanotechnology. Drexler wrote about self assembling nanoparticles, and this type
of research is already taking place, even though at a elementary level as compared
to Drexler’s vision.
The use of biological microorganisms to synthesize or form nanoparticles
is being studied. This is an interesting concept since it maintains to use organic
material to grow inorganic metals. In several studies, certain types of bacteria are
shown to produce gold or silver particles. Researchers also found that “the
exposure of lactic acid bacteria present in the way of buttermilk to mixtures of
gold and silver ions can be used to grow alloy nanoparticles of gold and silver”
(Mandal, et al., 2005).
An example of a molecular self
assembly through hydrogen bonds.
22

23. Nanostructures/Nanomaterials
Nanostructures are materials that, in at least one dimension,
measure approximately 1 – 100 nm
Nanostructures or nanomaterials exhibit properties different
from their macroscale counterparts (their “big brothers”) such
as:
Mechanical strength (how hard they are to break)
Electrical conductivity (how fast electrons flow through them)
Thermal conductivity (how fast heat flows through them)
Chemical reactivity (how well/fast they react with other
chemicals)
Transparency (how well you can see through them)
Magnetism (whether or not they are magnetic)
… and many more…
Microstructures, the cousin to nanostructures, typically measure
between 100 nanometers and 100 micrometers in at least one
dimension, but likely do not exhibit unique properties like
nanostructures.
23

24. Why does this happen?
Nanostructures obey the same fundamental laws of the
universe as everything else in nature
But… some things that are negligible (can be ignored) at
big scales cannot be ignored at small scales
For example:
Imagine we are an electron moving through a “big” copper wire
1 cm in diameter – we may never see the boundaries of the
wire because we are so small compared to its diameter
Imagine we are an electron moving through a “small” copper
wire 1 nm in diameter (more comparable to the electron’s size) –
now we strike to the boundaries of the wire often, which
affects how we move through that wire
Therefore, the 1 nm diameter copper wire exhibits different
electrical properties than its macroscale counterpart!
24

25. Science of Nanostructures/Nanomaterials
Nanoscale in One Dimension:
Thin films , Layers and Surfaces-
One dimensional nanomaterials, such as thin films
and engineered surfaces, have been developed and used
for decades in fields such as electronic devices
manufacture, chemistry and engineering.
Monolayers (layers that are one atom or molecule deep)
are also routinely made and used in chemistry.
Engineered surfaces with tailored properties such as
large surface area or specific reactivity are used in range
of applications such as fuel cells and catalysts.
25

26. Two Dimensions of Nanoscale:
Two dimensional nanomaterials such as tubes
and wires have generated considerable interest among the
scientific community in recent years.
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were first observed by
Sumio Iijima in 1991. CNTs are extended tubes of rolled
graphene sheets. There are two types of CNT:
1) single-walled (one tube)
2) multi-walled (several concentric tubes)
CNT are
-mechanically very strong with Young’s
modulus over 1 terapascal, i.e., CNT are as stiff as
diamond.
-flexible about their axis and
-can conduct electricity extremely well.
Models of different singlewall nanotubes:
Inorganic Nanotubes, Nanowires and Biopolymers etc… 26

27. Three Dimensions of Nanoscale:
nanoparticles :
Three dimensional nanomaterials such as nanoparticles of
less than 100 nm in diameter.
Fullerenes (Carbon 60):
In the mid-1980s a new class of carbon materials was
discovered called carbon 60 (C60). Harold Kroto, Robert Curl
and Richard Smalley, the experimental chemists who discovered
C60 named it “Buckminsterfullerene”. C60 are spherical
molecules about 1 nm in diameter, comprising 60 carbon
atoms arranged as 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons: the
configuration of a football.
Several applications are envisaged for fullerenes, such as
miniature ‘ball bearings’ to lubricate surface, drug delivery
vehicles and in electronic circuits.
Dendrimers:
Dendrimers are spherical polymeric molecules, formed
through a nanoscale hierarchical self-assembly process. 27

28. Quantum Dots:
Nanoparticles (2–10 nm in diameter) of
semiconductors were theorized in the 1970s and initially
created in the early 1980s, emit light in a specific
wavelength range.
Recently, QDs have found applications in
composites, solar cells (Gratzel cells) and fluorescent
biological labels (i.e., to trace a biological molecule) which
use both the small particle size and tuneable energy
levels.
Recent Advances in chemistry have resulted in the
preparation of monolayer-protected, high-quality,
monodispersed, crystalline QDs as small as 2 nm in
diameter, which can be conveniently treated and
processed as a typical chemical reagent.
28

29. Some Current Applications
of
Nanotechnology
29

30. Solar Cells:
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Improved efficiencies:
Novel nanomaterials can harness more of the sun’s
energy
Lower costs:
Some novel nanomaterials can be made cheaper
than alternatives
Flexibility:
Thin film flexible polymers can be manipulated to
generate electricity from the sun’s energy
30

31. Computing:
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Faster processing speeds:
Miniaturization allows more transistors to be packed
on a computer chip
More memory:
Nanosized features on memory chips allow more
information to be stored
Thermal management solutions for electronics:
Novel carbon-based nanomaterials carry away heat
generated by sensitive electronics
31

32. Clothing:
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Anti-odor properties: silver nanoparticles embedded in
textiles kill odor causing bacteria
Stain-resistance: nanofiber coatings on textiles stop liquids
from penetrating
Moisture control: novel nanomaterials on fabrics absorb
perspiration and wick it away
UV protection: titanium nanoparticles embedded in textiles
inhibit UV rays from penetrating through fabric
In addition to above …..
-Sunscreens and Cosmetics applications
-Composites, -Clays, -Coatings and Surfaces,
-tougher and Harder Cutting Tools, -Paints, -Remediation
-Fuel Cells, -Displays, -Batteries,-Fuel Additives,-catalysts
32

33. Batteries:
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Higher energy storage capacity and quicker recharge:
Nanoparticles or nanotubes on electrodes provide
high surface area and allow more current to flow
Longer life:
Nanoparticles on electrodes prevent electrolytes from
degrading so batteries can be recharged over and over
A safer alternative:
Novel nano-enhanced electrodes can be less
flammable, less costly and less toxic than conventional
electrodes
33

34. Sporting Goods and Equipment:
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Increased strength of materials:
Novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube-based
nanocomposites give the player a stronger swing
Lighter weight materials:
Nanocomposites are typically lighter weight than their
macroscale counterparts
More “perfect” fabrication of materials:
controlling material characteristics at the nanoscale
helps ensure that a ball flies in the direction of applied force
and/or reduces the chance for fracture of equipment
34

35. Cars:
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Increased strength of materials:
novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube
nanocomposites are used in car bumpers, cargo liners
and as step-assists for vans
Lighter weight materials:
lightweight nanocomposites mean less fuel is used
to make the car go
Control of surface characteristics:
nanoscale thin films can be applied for optical
control of glass, water repellency of windshields and to
repair of nicks/scratches
35

36. Food and Beverage:
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Better, more environment friendly adhesives for fast
food containers:
Biopolymer nanospheres instantly staple surfaces
together
Anti-bacterial properties:
Nano silver coatings on kitchen tools and counter-tops
kill bacteria/microbes
Improved barrier properties for carbonated beverages
or packaged foods:
Nanocomposites slow down the flow of gas or water
vapor across the container, increasing shelf life
36

37. The Environment:
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Improved ability to capture groundwater
contaminants:
Nanoparticles with high surface area are injected
into groundwater to bond with contaminants
Replacements for toxic or scarce materials:
Novel nanomaterials can be engineered to exhibit
specific properties that mimic other less desirable
materials
37

38. Some Future Applications
of
Nanotechnology
38

39. Body Armor:
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Stronger materials for better protection:
Nanocomposites that provide unparalleled strength and
impact resistance
Flexible materials for more form-fitting wearability:
Nanoparticle -based materials that act like “liquid
armor”
Lighter weight materials:
Nanomaterials typically weigh less than their macroscale
counterparts
Dynamic control:
Nanofibers that can be flexed as necessary to for soldiers
or stiffen to furnish additional protection in the face of danger
39

40. Drug Delivery:
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
New vehicles for delivery:
Nanoparticles such as buckyballs or other cage-like
structures that carry drugs through the body
Targeted delivery:
Nano vehicles that deliver drugs to specific locations in
body
Time release:
Nanostructured material that store medicine in
nanosized pockets that release small amounts of drugs over
time
40

41. Cancer:
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Earlier detection:
Specialized nanoparticles that target cancer
cells only – these nanoparticles can be easily imaged to find
small tumors
Improved treatments:
Infrared light that shines on the body is
absorbed by the specialized nanoparticles in the cancer
cells only, leading to an increased localized temperature
that selectively kills the cancer cells but leaves normal cells
unharmed
41

42. Molecular Manufacturing:
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Ability to build structures, materials, devices and
systems from the “bottom-up” atom by atom or
molecule by molecule
“Nanobots” or “nanomachines” that can position
atoms or molecules to build with atomic accuracy
Zero to little waste because atoms are placed exactly
where they should go
42

43. Sensors:
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Higher sensitivity:
High surface area of nanostructures that
allows for easier detection of chemicals, biological
toxins, radiation, disease, etc.
Miniaturization:
Nanoscale fabrication methods that can be
used to make smaller sensors that can be hidden and
integrated into various objects
43

44. Next Generation Computing
(Quantum, DNA, Molecular)
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
The ability to control atomic scale phenomena:
quantum or molecular phenomena that can be
used to represent data
Faster processing speeds
Lighter weight and miniaturized computers
Increased memory
Lower energy consumption
44

45. Nanorobotics:
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Miniaturized fabrication of complex nanoscale
systems:
nanorobots that propel through the body and
detect/ cure disease or clandestinely enter enemy
territory for a specific task
Manipulation of tools at very small scales:
nanorobots that help doctors to perform sensitive
surgeries
45

46. Water Purification:
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Easier contamination removal:
Filters made of nanofibers that can remove small
contaminants
Improved desalination methods:
Nanoparticles or nanotube membranes that allow
only pure water to pass through
Lower costs
Lower energy use
46

47. More Energy/Environment Applications…
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Improvements to solar cells
Improvements to batteries
Improvements to fuel cells
Improvements to hydrogen storage
CO2 emission reduction:
nanomaterials that do a better job removing CO2
from power plant exhaust
Stronger, more efficient power transmission cables:
synthesized with nanomaterials
47

48. Scope of
Nanotechnology
in
India
48

49. The scope for nanotechnology in India is quite huge.
Numerous Indian firms use nanotechnology in the
manufacturing of their products.
In addition to this, the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) has started about 30 laboratories
(dedicated to research in Nanotechnology) just to increase
the research possibilities of nanotechnology in India.
Students of nanotechnology have the opportunity to get
jobs as soon as they finish their education in this
interesting field.
This technology will be used in diagnostic kits, improved
water filters and sensors and drug delivery. The research
is being conducted on using it to reduce pollution
emitted by the vehicles.
49

50. Looking at the progressive prospects of Nanotechnology in
India, Nanobiosym Inc., a US-based leading
nanotechnology firm plans to set up India’s first integrated
nanotechnology and biomedicine technology park in Himachal
Pradesh.
Nanotechnology has certainly acquired an essential position in
the Indian Economy and Scientific Research Department and it
is expected to reach the pinnacle of Development thereby
making India a role model for the countries of the world.
50

51. Top Nanotechnology Firms in India
These are a few firms of Indian origin that employs nanotechnology
in their day to day projects:
Auto Fibre Craft NanoFactor Materials Technologies
Bee Chems Nanoshel
Bilcare Neo-Ecosystems
Cranes Software Quantum Corporation
Dabur Pharma Quantum Materials Corporation
Eris Technologies Reinste Nano Ventures
Icon Analytical Equipment Saint-Gobain Glass
Micromaterials (India) United Nanotechnologies
Micromaterials (P) Ltd U-Shu Nanotech
Mittal Enterprises Velbionanotech
Mp3s Nanotechnology Yashnanotech
Nano Cutting Edge Technology
NanoCET
NanoBio Chemicals
51

52. Career opportunities
available in the field
of
nanotechnology
52

53. The career opportunities existing in nanotechnology are quite great.
The applications of nanotechnology range from complex medical
diagnostic devices to building better batteries and cosmetics etc.
It is also applied in the field of aircraft manufacturing and research.
Because of these many applications available in Nanotechnology, the job
opportunities are not at all scarce.
Job opportunities are at hand in areas such as:
Auto and aerospace industries Medical fields
Biotechnology Military
Electronics/semiconductor industry National security
Environmental monitoring and Optoelectronics
control
Pharmaceuticals including drug
Food science including quality delivery, cosmetics
control and packaging
Sports equipment
Forensics
University and National research
Materials science including textiles, labs.
polymers, packaging, among other
53

54. Academic Scope of Nanotechnology in India:
Nanotechnology originated in India around 20 years back.
It is in its early development phase and therefore the industry keeps a keen
watch over the students who pursue M. Tech. in nanotechnology.
There are several career opportunities for such students in domestic as well as
international markets.
Higher Studies including Research:
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati,
National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
Aligarh Muslim University
Amity Institute of Nanotechnology
Banaras Hindu University
54

55. Delhi University
Biosys Biotech Lab & Research Centre, Chennai
Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Noida
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
University of Madras, Tamil Nadu
National Institute of Technology, Krukshetra
Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research,
Bangalore;
Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi;
National Chemical Laboratory, Pune;
Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh;
Defense Materials Store Research & Development
Organizations, Kanpur
55

56. List of different Courses available in India:
Doctor of Philosophy in
• Nanotechnology
• Nanoscience & Technology
Master of Technology in
• Nanotechnology
• Science & Technology
• Nanomedical sciences
• Healthcare Nanotechnology
Master of Science in
• Nanotechnology
• Nanoscience
• Nanobiotechnology
• Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
B.Sc. Nanotechnology
Diploma in Nanotechnology
Certificate course in Nanotechnology
Advanced P.G. Diploma in Nanotechnology 56

57. Recent government job notifications in the nanotechnology
sector:
• Scientist C-B jobs at Nanotechnology Application Centre of
Allahabad University
• Nanotechnology Laboratory Assistant – Central University of
Jharkhand
In addition to these organizations, the following
organizations are engaged in research activities in the
nanotechnology sector and candidates can find employment
opportunities in these organizations as well:
• Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh
• National Chemical Laboratory, Pune
• National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi
• Nano Mission, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi
57

58. Anyone with an M.Tech. degree in
Nanotechnology is able to get a salary of approximately
Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 30,000 per month. This is a field that
has variety of scope for performance, incentives and
other benefits.
Depending on the performance, experience
and nature of work, the pay package may vary from Rs.
6,00,000 to Rs. 12,00,000 per annum.
58

59. Foreign aspects of Nanotechnology
Career prospects:
There are various associated career prospects when it comes to the
Nanotechnology course. The USA as well as the UK is the prime sites where
various job opportunities such as in the field of medicine, in the field of
treating cancer or other plaque and such others. Also there is huge scope for
the research oriented jobs as the government in these countries pumps
millions of funds into these projects which in the end are all dedicated to the
prime look out of the general’s health and condition. Furthermore, the work
also include the general aspects of the candidates’ orientation and method.
Thus, the foreign countries provide ample area where the candidate can turn
out their career in the right direction.
Conclusion:
Thus, looking at these criterion, one can easily identify the various
involved prospective aspects and conclude the overall development of one’s life
in these conditions. Hence, the foreign do offer lots of potential that covers the
overwhelming thoughts of the candidates. Therefore the foreign countries are
excellent places to build one career and provide the ideal situation for
blooming of one’s career.
59

60. Key differentiators between
Nanotechnology and Nanoscience
•Nanotechnology is the engineering field which manipulates and
utilizes the nanoscale objects for manufacturing various useful
products whereas Nanoscience is the field which involves the
study of behavior and related issues of nanoscale materials and
thus deriving the governing laws and theoretical explanations.
•Nanotechnology is the field which utilizes the knowledge in
nanoscience and is applied to diverse areas whereas Nanoscience is
all about the study and observations of nanoscale materials.
Although Nanotechnology and Nanoscience are the research areas
which deal with the same materials, there are lots of differences
between them.
60

61. 61