1.
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUE OF PHARMACY,
LUCKNOW
Presented by:-
MOHHAMAD AFAQUE
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry
( M. PHARM
Medicinal Chemistry)

2.
ANTIBIOTICS:-
Antibiotics Introduction:-
➢ Antibiotics are chemical substance which is inhibited the growth of micro-
organism or to kill the microorganisms are called antibiotics.
➢ The word antibiotics came from the word antibiosis which is discovered by
Louis Pastures in 1889.
Classification of antibiotics:
1. Based on Chemical structure
2. Based on mechanism of action
3. Based on chemical structure:-
a )Β-lactam antibiotic e.g. Penicillin, Cephalosporine.
b) Quinolines antibiotics:- e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacine

3.
 c) Tetracycline antibiotics:- e.g. Doxycycline, Oxyteracycline.
 d) Nitrobenzene antibiotics:- e.g. Chloramphenicol
 e) Aminoglycoside antibiotics:- e.g. Streptomycine, Neomycine.
 f) Macrolide antibiotics:- e.g. Azithromycine,
Erythromycine.
 g) Polypeptide antibiotics:- e.g. Bacitracin.
 h) Miscelleneous antibiotics:- e.g. Rifampicin, Lincomycin.

4.
 2. Based on mechanism of action:-
 a) Inhibit cell synthesis:- e.g. Penicilline, cephalosporine.
 b) Cause leankage from cell membrane:- e.g. Polypeptide- bacitracin.
 c) Inhibit protein synthesis:- e.g. Tetracycline, chloramphenicol.
 d) By interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis: e.g. Actinomycin
 e) Inhibit DNAgyrase e.g. Rifampicin
 f) Interfere with DNA synthesis e.g. Acyclovir.
 g) Interfere with intermediate metabolism e.g. Sulfonamide, sulfones.

5.
 What is Penicillin:-
 Penicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic, which is obtained from penicillium
notatum.
 Penicillin is a group of antibiotic that are commonly used to treat different
type of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections such as
syphilis, pneumonia.
 Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
General Structure of penicillin:-
R C
O
H
N
N
O
S
CH3
CH3
COOH
Amide
Beta-lactam
Thiazolidine ring
Carboxyl group
Side chain

6.
Structure of 6-AMP
Benzyl Penicillin (Penicillin-G):-
➢Penicillin-G also known as benzyl penicillin, it is an antibiotic which is used in
the treatment of bacterial infections.
➢It is obtained from penicillium notatam.
➢Benzyl penicillin is manufactured by a submerged culture technique using
p.chrysogenum in a sterile medium consisting mainly of corn steep liquor, several
inorganic salts and lactose.
H2N
N
O
S
CH3
CH3
COOH

7.
Structure of Penicillin-G:-
IUPAC Name:- 6(2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxy-1-aza-4-thia [3,2,0]
heptane-2-carboxylic acid.
OR
Chemical Name:- 6-(2-phenylacetamido) penicillanic acid
H
N
N
O
S
CH3
CH3
COOH
C
O
H2
C
1 2
3
4
5
6
7

8.
➢ It is stable in powder forms so must be stored in sterile well closed container
in cool, dry place.
Brand name:- for penicillin-G sodium
1. Sodium penicillin-G,
2. Novacillin
For benzyl penicillin potassium
1. Penicillin,
2. Penicillin-G potassium
Formulations:-
. Benzyl penicillin i.p
Benzyl penicillin injection I.P, B.P

9.
USES:-1. It is used in the treatment of streptococcal infection,
Pneumococcal infections, syphilis, tetanus and rat fever.
Amoxicillin:-
➢ Amoxicillin is a penicillin derivative which is used to treat different types
of bacterial infections which is obtained by gram-positive bacteria.
Structure of Amoxicillin:-
H
N
N
O
S
CH3
CH3
COOH
C
O
H
C
NH2
HO
1 2
3
6
7
4
5

10.
IUPAC Name:-
➢ 6-[2’-amino-2’-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxy-1-aza-4-
thiabicycle[3.2.0]heptanes-2-carboxylic acid
OR
➢ 6-[2’-amino-2’-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide]penicillanic acid
Storage and stability:-
➢ Capsules and pills should be kept at room temperature, and away from light
and moisture.
➢ It should not be store in refrigerated.

11.
Types of formulations:-
1. Tablets
2. Suspensions
Brand Name:-
1. Amoxil
2. Trimox
3. Novamox
Uses:-
1. It is used in the treatment of various types of infections such as pneumonia,
nose, ear, skin and urinary infections.
2. It is also used in the treatment of stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter
pylori.

12.
Cloxacillin:-
➢ Cloxacillin is an antibiotic that is used in the treatment of several infections
which is caused by beta-hemolytic streptococcal, pneumococcal, and
staphylococcal infections.
Stability and storage:-
➢ It should be kept away from light and moisture at room temperature 20-
25℃.
➢ It should be stored in refrigerated under temperature 2-8℃.
Type of formulations:- 1. Cloxacillin capsules, I.P, B.P
2. Cloxacillin injection, I.P, B.P, 3. Powder

13.
Brand Name:-
1. Tegopen
2. Cloxapen
3. Cloxacillin
4. Klox
Uses:-
1. It is used to treat bacterial infections.

14.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics:-
➢ The amino glycoside antibiotics include gentamicin, neomycin and
streptomycin.
➢ These compounds attached with two amino groups linked with two or
more sugar molecules.
➢ They are very soluble in water and the solutions are quite stable.
➢ They are broad spectrum antibiotics but mainly active against Gram-
negative bacteria.
Streptomycin:-
➢ Streptomycin is an antibiotic which is produced by streptomyces
griseus.
➢ It is an aminoglycoside antibacterial and antimycobaterial agents.

15.
Stability and storage:-
➢ It can be store at room temperature.
➢ It can also be store in refrigerator.
Types of formulations:-
1. Powder for injection
Brand name:-
1. Brucella
Uses:-
1. Streptomycin is used for the treatment of tuberclusis.

16.
Tetracyclines:-
➢Tetracycline is a potent, broad- spectrum antibacterial agent.
➢ It is active against both Gram- positive and Gram- negative bacteria.
➢ They are also used in the treatment of sexually transmitted and
Gonococcal diseases, urinary tract infections and bronchitis.
➢ Tetracycline is manufactured by the fermentation of streptomyces or by
the catalytic hydrogenolysis of 7-chlorotetracycline in which the chlorine
atom present at 7-position is replaced by hydrogen.

17.
General Structure of tetracycline:-
7-Chlorotetracycline
R1= Cl, R2= OH, R3= CH3, R4= H
5-Oxytetracycline:- R1= H, R2= OH, R3= CH3, R4= OH
O
R1 R2 R3
OH
R4
OH
N
OH
CONH2
O
CH3
CH3
OH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12

18.
Doxycycline:-
➢ Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic drug derived from
tetracycline which is inhibit protein synthesis.
➢ It can be used for the treatment of various bacterial infections.
➢ It is a second generation tetracycline it has less toxic than first
generation tetracyclines.
Storage and stability:-
➢ It should be stored at room temperature between 15-30℃ in air tight,
light-resistant containers.
Types of formulations:- 1. Capsule, 2. Tablet, 3. Powder

19.
Brand name:-
1. Doryx
2. Oracea
3. Adoxa TT
Uses:-
Doxycycline is used in several types of infections caused by Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria such as:
1. Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia.
2. Typhus fever.

20.
Minocycline:-
➢ Minocycline is a tetracycline derivative, 7-dimethylamino but lacking 5-methyl
and hydroxyl groups.
➢ It is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections.
Stability and storage:-
➢ It should be store at 4℃ for two days.
➢ It is water soluble produces a clear, yellow to amber solution when heated.
Types of formulations:-
1. Capsules
2. Injection
3. Tablets

21.
Brand name:-
1. Minocin
2. Minocin kit
3. Dynacin
4. Solodyn
Uses:-
1. Minocycline is used for the treatment of infections which is caused by
microorganisms, such as typhus fever, Q fever etc.

22.
Macrolide antibiotics:-
➢These are a group of antibiotics containing a macrocyclic lactone ring
with attached deoxy sugars.
➢ These are obtained by various strains of streptomyces and many other
compounds.
➢ Macrolide compounds are erythromycin, carbomycin, oleandomycin.
➢ They are mainly active against Gram positive bacteria and also active
against a few Gram negative bacteria such as Haemophilus-Brucella
group.
➢ The most important of these antibiotics is erythromycin.
➢ Erythromycin is the drug which was obtained in 1952 from
streptomyces erythreus.

23.
Erythromycin:-
➢ Erythromycin was isolated in 1952 from the culture of Streptomyces
erythreus by Mcguire and co-workers.
➢ Erythromycin is a bacteriostatic macrolide antibiotic.
➢ It is widely used in various infections caused by gram-positive bacteria
and gram-negative bacteria.
Stability and storage
➢ It should be stored at a temperature below 30℃.
Types of formulations:- Tablet 2. Capsules 3. Powder

24.
Brand Name:-
1. Erthyrocin,
2. E-Mycin
3. Ilosone
Uses:-
➢ It is also used in STD, like syphilis.
➢ It is used to treat ear, urinary tract and skin infections.

25.
Azithromycin:-
➢ Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic with a long half-
life and a high degree of tissue penetration.
➢ It is used in various gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial
infections.
Storage and stability:-
➢ Azithromycin pills, suspension, and extended-release suspension are
kept at room temperature, away from heat and moisture.
Types of formulations:-
1. Tablets 2. Suspension,

26.
Brand name:-
1. Zithromax, 2. Zithromax Tri-Pak, 3. Zithromax Z- Pak, 4. Zmax.
Uses:-
➢ Azithromycin is used to treat many different types of infections caused by
bacteria, such as respiratory infections, skin infections, ear infections, eye
infections and STD.

27.
Chloramphenicol Introduction:-
➢ Chloramphenicol is the first, isolated from streptomyces venezuelae bacteria in
1947.
➢ It has a bacteriostatic action, and inhibit the bacterial protein biosynthesis.
➢ It has a broad spectrum of activity, it is mainly used for the treatment of
topically for skin and eye infections.
➢ It is a naturally nitro compound, It contain nitro aromatic compound.
➢ It is active against viruses and bacteria. It is the first antibiotic to be
synthesized on a large scale.

28.
Structure of chloramphenicol:-
IUPAC Name:- 1(4-nitrophenyl)- 2(1,1dichloroacetamido) propan 1,3-diol.
Stability and storage:-
➢ It should be stored in tightly closed, light-resistant containers.
Formulations: 1. Chloramphenicol capsules, I.P, B.P
2. Chloramphenicol Eye drops, I.P B.P, 3. Chloramphenicol Eye ointment,
I.P, B.P .
C
O2N
H
OH
C
H
NHCOCHCl2
CH2OH

29.
Brand Names:-
Chlorocid, Chloromycetin, Enteromycetin.
Uses:-
➢ It is very useful in the treatment of eye and ear infections.
➢ It is used in the treatment of typhoid fever.
➢ Chloramphenicol is sometimes used for rickettsial diseases