structural glazing is term used to describe glass that is integral to the design of a building. It involves large glass panels, which usually bear some weight in the structure.

1. STRUCTURAL GLAZING AND CLADDING
Fixing and fabrication details

2. WHAT IS STRUCTURAL GLAZING?
• , structural glazing is term used to describe glass that is integral to the
design of a building: I
• t involves large glass panels, which usually bear some weight in the
structure.
• It can be used to create huge glass installations with minimal
obstruction.
• It can bear weight both horizontally and vertically.
• it can be bonded using everything from minimal glass beams and
supports to heavy-duty steel struts, meaning it can be used on
almost any scale, with almost any aesthetic imaginable.
• Everything from completely frameless sliding glass doors to load-
bearing high-strength glass floors can be created.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dvvo2fu178Q

3. WHERE WOULD STRUCTURAL GLAZING BE USED?
• Structural glazing is used extensively in skyscrapers,.
• Glass extensions are being increasingly adopted as a way of increasing
space and natural light without the frames
Components of a Curtain Wall
• Transom
• Mullions
• Vision Glass
• Anchor
transom or horizontal rails are horizontal members on the curtain wall
panel.
The mullions or vertical rails are anchored to the edge slab or beam.
These are mainly involved in supporting the dead weight of the curtain
wall.
In conventional or sticky curtain wall system each system has to be placed
one after the other.

4. FUNCTIONS OF CURTAIN WALLS IN BUILDINGS
1. Elimination of Water Penetration
• Water penetration is the fundamental function of a facade. Here bringing a completely
impermeable sealed curtain panel system is not possible. Hence two stages of
prevention are placed. Primary level where complete defense of water is conducted and
if that fails a secondary level where a direction to let percolated water to drained out
has to be provided.
2. Air impermeability
• This function is more of an environment concern to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide
due to rate of heat loss or gain within the external and internal environment.

5. FUNCTIONS OF CURTAIN WALLS IN BUILDINGS
3. Resistance to wind, thermal and acoustic action
• Wind actions are transferred by the cladding system to the building floors which act as a linear support.
Building cladding systems formed of large panels are usually one-way spanning. Each floor level
therefore supports one level of wind load on a building. Thermal insulation function which is strictly
necessary for a facade in order to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Insulated materials
are provided to both opaque as well as transparent areas. Acoustic Insulation too is necessary between
the inside and the outside environment mainly city centered building. Massive structural elements
possess higher acoustic insulation like masonry or concrete structures.
4. Solar levels
• This can be reduced by providing a selective solar control coating on one of the surfaces of the glass.
This coating is called selective because solar radiation of different wavelengths is selectively allowed to
pass through the coating: visible wavelengths of light are allowed to pass more freely than infrared
wavelengths. For example, spaces for exhibitions or displays of materials can undergo degradation due
to ultraviolet radiation. For this a UV-inhibiting film can be applied to the surface of glazing.

6. GLAZED CURTAIN WALLS
• Glazed curtain walls are exterior nonbearing wall consisting of vision glass or
opaque spandrel panel supported by metal framing.
TYPES:
• STICK SYSTEM
• UNITIZED SYSTEM
1. Stick system
• Mullions (sticks)are fabricated in the shop and installed and glazed in the field.
• Sticks are placed between floors vertically to support individual components,
such as horizontal mullions, glazing and spandrels.
• Loads are transferred through connections at floors or columns.
• The vertical deflection criterion is more stringent than a unitized system.
• It is low cost when compared to unitized system.

7. TYPES
Horizontal section
Vertical section
Openable windows fixing
instalation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T87dIt9wXh0

8. TYPES
2. Unit Panel System
• For large or labor-intensive projects, unit panel systems may be a cost-effective alternative to the stick system.
• In the unit panel system, panels are fabricated and assembled at the shop, and may be glazed there as well. The
panels are then taken to the field, where they are attached to a building structure.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYXpMkujo_8

9. TYPES
3. Column Cover and Spandrel System
• While column cover and spandrel systems are similar to unit and mullion
systems, they differ in that the building frame is emphasized with column
covers, which act as sticks.
4. Point Loaded Structural Glazing
System
• In this system, the vertical framing member can be comprised of stick, cable,
or another custom structure behind the glass. Glass is supported by a system
of four-point brackets, and joints are sealed with silicone.
5. Unit and Mullion System
• Similar to the stick system, mullions are the first tube to be installed in the
unit and mullion system. Spandrel and glazing, however, are inserted into
the stick system as a complete unit.

10. Column covered and spandrel system
Point loaded Point loaded

11. TYPES OF GLASS
1. Obscured glass
Pinhead(bajari), flora(tomato), chameli, and pyramid are the different verities of obscured glass. Bajari is the
most popular and commonly used for glazing.
• It is not transparent and allows light and ventilation as well as privacy.
• One side of this glass is plain and smooth, other side is rough in texture like fine food grains as “bajari”,
giving it the name bajari glass.
• Available in 3mm,4mm and 5mm thickness.
• The glass sheets are available in the size 120cm*180cm and 120cm*210cm.

12. TYPES OF GLASS
2. Plain glass
• Plain glass is used for aluminum windows and M. S. windows.
• It is available in thickness varying between 2mm to 19mm.
• It is completely transparent.
• Both side of the glass are plain and smooth.
• It does not allow privacy unless specially treated.
3. Tinted glass
• Most often used for aluminum windows.
• It is available in the same thicknesses as lain glass.
• Privacy may be gained with this glass.

13. TYPES OF GLASS
4. Wired glass
• It is manufactured by rolling molten glass with a steel wire mesh that is embedded in it.
• This glass is used in fire break doors and in roof glazing because the wire mesh holds the broken glass
together and so minimized the danger of the glass breaking into pieces.
Istulatinon glass

14. STRUCTURAL GLAZING WORK PROCEDURE
• Check all the windows for its straightness and bends, fixity, rigidity in fixing, etc.
• Before fixing the glass, ensure that all the work inside the flats is complete. A coat of distemper
painting should also be complete to minimize the chances of breakage of glass.
• Ensure that the window is properly scraped, cleaned, and painted with a coat of oil paint.
• The measurements of glass panels should be taken at the site.
• Glasses are cut to the required size and brought to the site for fixing.
• Check the glazing clips and putty(lambi) for quality and brand.
• Cut the glass using a cutter with a diamond point.
• M. S. clips are fixed in every hole.
• The putty at an angle, i.e., about 45 degrees to glass.
• Smooth the surface of the putty with a cut piece of glass.
• Clean the window glasses with wet duster paper to remove paint stains.

15. STRUCTURAL GLAZING GLASS FIXING TO ALUMINUM
WINDOWS
• Generally, plain glass is used for aluminum windows.
• Check the tracks of aluminum windows for its level
straightness, the width of the track, smoothness of track, etc.
• Cut the glass as per the required size.
• Provide rubber packing strips on edges of the glass and
prepare the panel to fix in the track.
• The required size of the glass should be less by 2mm than the
size of the panel.
• Fix the panels on the track and check it for free movement. It
should not shake considerably prepare the panels to fix in the
track across the track.

16. STRUCTURAL GLAZING GLASS FIXING TO WOODEN
WINDOWS
• Ensure that one coat of oil paint is applied to the wooden window.
• Measurements should be taken on site.
• Fix the M. S. grill, if any, before fixing the glass panel and two coats
of oil paint.
• Ensure that the beading Patti on one side of the panel is applied
rigidly (on which M. S. grill is fixed) and keep the other side of the
beading Patti loose.
• Remove all the loose beading pattis.
• Fix the glass panel in the space touching the other side of the fixed
beading pattis.
• Then fix the beading patti on the other side carefully with panel
pins to prevent the glass from breaking.

17. TYPES OF GLAZING PANELS AND METHODS
1. Dry Glazed
• In this approach, compression stresses are applied to fix metal panels or glass units into the glazing
pocket of the frames. The necessary compression force can be obtained using rubber gaskets and
occasionally structural tapes. Generally, the rubber gasket, which is compressed in advance, are placed
on either side of the glazed element, and panels may be glazed from the exterior or interior based on
the system.

18. TYPES OF GLAZING PANELS AND METHODS
2. Wet Glazed
• In this technique, the infill element is placed and attached to the frame
using proper attaching agents such as silicone sealant. The sealant
application process should be conducted properly otherwise the
attachment agent would not work suitably. For example, the perimeter
need to be prepared sufficiently and then the sealant element is applied to
the perimeter. Structural silicone glazing as shown in figure-4 is a particular
kind of wet glazed utilization that need utmost attention and observation
of the sealant. The process begins with applying the adhering agent to the
aluminum frame and then the panel is placed into its position. The silicone
would create a bond, which can withstand lateral loading, between the
aluminum frame and the panel. It is recommended to carry out such
process in closed spaces such as factories and shops since the adhesion of
the agent would decease when dusts are present on the surfaces. The
structural silicone glazing can be made for one or two storey heights.
Figure-5 illustrates the direction of the structural silicone glazing applied in
a multi storey building.

19. TYPES OF GLAZING PANELS AND METHODS
3. Point Supported Glass Systems
• This system has been used since 1960s and it has undergone
some development but its basics remain the same. It consists of
strengthened or tempered glass through which holes are
provided to attach it to the structure using proper means such
as bolted fittings as shown in Figure-6 and Figure-7. It can be
observed form these figures that the fittings cause smallest
obstruction of views due to their small sizes. The glass is
commonly tempered by exposing it to high degree of
temperature during its processing. This will reduce possible
damages during its life fitting manufacturing are mostly
controlled by architectural intent. Point supported systems are
considerably pleasing aesthetically but it needs great cautions
to obtain required detailing and precision. The analysis of point
supported system is quite complicated and it may need to use
finite element modeling to specify loads transfer and stress
through an by fittings.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiV6K4pSJAc

20. TYPES OF GLAZING PANELS AND METHODS
4. Cable Net
• Cable is another type of glazing panel construction that
provide substantial views. It is an elegant glazing panels that
does not need framing but it could be costly and expensive.
Due to the effect on loading on the panels, not only does cable
net structural analysis is required to be carry out accurately but
also construction works need massive coordination. Cable net
walls are commonly flexible that is why they are likely to deflect
extremely. This may make occupants uncomfortable but the
functionality of the building will not be influenced and its
aesthetic views would not be distorted.

21. FACADE
Double Skin Wall
• This type of curtain is considered to be the most expensive
compared to other ordinary types of panel construction.
• It is quite complex and consist of two skin of glass or façade,
and the space between the facades is employed to
manipulate energy comes from sunlight and ventilation
are installed that employs the warm air in the space between
glass walls.
• It should be said that the ventilation could be natural, fans, or
mechanically controlled.

22. FACADE
Single skinned
• fabric blinds
• Louvres (can be angled or cantilevered)
• Projecting roof
• Movable shading devices
• External control devices can be expensive as
they are exposed to weathering and have a
high cost of maintenance.
Double skinned
• can promote ventilation
• acts as a buffer in the winter
• may prevent the interior building from
overheating.

23. FACADE
Warmed air rises in the facade cavity and
escapes through vents at the top of the
building. This causes low pressure in the
facade cavity, which draws fresh air in from
the atrium; heating and cooling are
supplied by separate water return systems."
Green Building research project, 1990,
Future Systems, Jan Kaplicky and Amanda
Levete.
For the offices facing outwards a double-skin
facade is planned; in summer it allows for natural
ventilation of the offices by opening windows in
the inner skin, while adjustable louvres in the
cavity protect against glare and direct sunlight..."
Commerzbank headquarters, Frankfurt, 1991-97,
Sir Norman Foster and Partners.

24. • WHAT IS STRUCTURAL GLAZING WORK PROCEDURE - GLASS FIXING, TYPES, PRECAUTION (atozbuilding.in)
• Curtain Wall System - its Types, Details, Functions and Advantages (theconstructor.org)
• https://www.cantifix.co.uk/blog/what-is-structural-glazing/
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Summary-of-seismic-performance-evaluation-results_tbl2_353406808
• http://www.arch.ttu.edu/courses/2013/spring/3502_perl/Garza/02/Default.htm
• https://www.buildings.com/articles/34557/shedding-light-curtainwall-systems
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/9052623/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBJxkcYWK4s
References: