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THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE KNUCKLEBALL PITCH: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS THAT THE SEAM AND SLOW ROTATION HAVE ON A BASEBALL,[object Object],By:  Michael Morrissey,[object Object],Advisor:  Dr. John Borg,[object Object],Committee Members:  Dr. Jon Koch and Dr. Phillip Voglewede,[object Object]
Different Pitches,[object Object],*All of these conditions are dependent upon the individual pitcher.,[object Object],[1] Adair, R.K., The Physics of Baseball. 1994, New York: HarperCollins.,[object Object],2,[object Object]
Baseball Terminology,[object Object],Four-Seam Orientation,[object Object],Two-Seam Orientation,[object Object],3,[object Object]
Baseball Terminology,[object Object],2 elongated figure “8” pieces of cowhide,[object Object],Cowhide is held together with red stitches,[object Object],Horseshoe lies behind seam,[object Object],Landing strip is along long piece of cowhide,[object Object],4,[object Object]
Background of the Knuckleball,[object Object],Invented by Eddie “Knuckles” Cicotte around 1908,[object Object],Perplexing because path of knuckleball never seems to repeat under same conditions,[object Object],“I always thought the knuckleball was the easiest pitch to catch.  Wait'll it stops rolling, then go to the backstop and pick it up.”- Bob Uecker,[object Object],[2] Clark, D., The Knucklebook. 2006, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.,[object Object],5,[object Object]
Background of the Knuckleball,[object Object],Prolific Knuckleball pitchers:,[object Object],Hoyt Wilhelm (5 time All-Star, Hall of Fame),[object Object],Phil Niekro (5 time All-Star, Hall of Fame),[object Object],Jesse Haines (Hall of Fame),[object Object],Current MLB Knuckleballers:,[object Object],Tim Wakefield, Boston Red Sox,[object Object],R.A. Dickey, Minnesota Twins,[object Object],Josh Banks, San Diego Padres,[object Object],Charlie Haegar, Los Angeles Dodgers,[object Object],6,[object Object]
Interview with R.A. Dickey,[object Object],7,[object Object],Jim Caple (ESPN) interview of R.A. Dickey on Mar 17, 2008,[object Object]
Strong Points in Interview with R.A. Dickey,[object Object],Feel is important,[object Object],Places fingernails into horseshoe area for grip,[object Object],Create late movement,[object Object],“Ball grips into air”,[object Object],Easiest pitch to throw, hardest to master,[object Object],Same pitch, different paths,[object Object],Good places for knuckleball:,[object Object],High wind and  humidity,[object Object],Boston and Pittsburgh,[object Object],Bad places for knuckleball:,[object Object],High heat,[object Object],Arizona and Colorado Springs,[object Object],8,[object Object]
Characteristics of the Knuckleball,[object Object],65 – 80 mph (95 – 117 ft/s),[object Object],Reynolds number of 1.4x105 to 1.8x105,[object Object],Data will be collected at 70 mph,[object Object],Two-seam orientation,[object Object],Rotation rate of 50 rpm,[object Object],One half of  a rotation from pitcher to catcher,[object Object],9,[object Object],Tim Wakefield,[object Object],Phil Niekro,[object Object],Eddie Cocotte,[object Object]
Movement of the Knuckleball,[object Object],10,[object Object],ViewDo: How To Throw a Knuckleball. June 16, 2006,[object Object]
Literature Review,[object Object],1672- Newton noticed how flight of tennis ball was affected by spin[3],[object Object],1852- Magnus found that rotation of cylinder created a lateral force[4],[object Object],1904- Prandtl discovered the boundary layer concept[5],[object Object],[3] Newton, I., New Theory of Light and Colours. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., 1672: p. 678-688.,[object Object],[4] Magnus, G., On the Deviation of Projectiles; and on a Remarkable Phenomenon of Rotating Bodies. Memoirs of the Royal Academy, 1852: p. 210-231.,[object Object],[5] Prandtl, L., Essentials of Fluid Dynamics. 1952, New York: Hafner Publishing Company, Inc.,[object Object],11,[object Object]
Literature Review,[object Object],1959- Lyman Briggs was first find deflection of baseball due to spin,[object Object],1971- Brown recorded flow visualization photos of baseball,[object Object],Brown’s photo of a spinning baseball with a rate of 900 rpm, counter-clockwise, and a speed of 70 ft/sec (47 mph).  Seams and rotation provide a downward trajectory.  (Brown, 1971),[object Object],Brown’s photo of a stationary baseball.  Seams, alone, produce lift.  (Brown, 1971),[object Object],[6] Brown, F.N.M., See the Wind Blow. 1971, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame.,[object Object],12,[object Object]
Literature Review,[object Object],1975- Watts and Sawyer recorded lateral force of baseball in 4-seam orientation at 46 mph as a function of different azimuthal angle,[object Object],Watts and Sawyer’s orientation of the baseball in the wind tunnel.  (Watts and Sawyer, 1975),[object Object],Watts and Sawyer’s results of the lateral force imbalance of a four-seam baseball as the angle changes.  (Watts and Sawyer, 1975),[object Object],[7] Watts, R.G. and E. Sawyer, Aerodynamics of a Knuckleball. American Journal of Physics, 1975. 43: p. 960-963.,[object Object],13,[object Object]
Motivation and Methodology,[object Object],To find why the knuckleball moves erratically,[object Object],What effect do the seams and rotation have on the aerodynamics of the knuckleball,[object Object],Methods:,[object Object],Force Balance Dynamometry,[object Object],Flow Visualization,[object Object],Hot Film Anemometry,[object Object],14,[object Object]
Force Balance: Goals,[object Object],Match Watts and Sawyer’s lift data,[object Object],4-seam orientation, 46 mph, statically,[object Object],4-seam orientation, 46 mph, spinning,[object Object],Find lift from knuckleball conditions,[object Object],2-seam orientation, 70 mph, spinning,[object Object],15,[object Object]
Force Balance: Match Watts and Sawyer’s Data,[object Object],4-Seam baseball, rotating statically, at 46 mph,[object Object],Follow minima and maxima as well as trend,[object Object],4-seam baseball is symmetric twice,[object Object],16,[object Object]
Force Balance: 4-Seam at 46 mph Data,[object Object],Lift oscillates between -0.1 to 0.1 lbs,[object Object],Lift goes in the direction of the nearest seam,[object Object],There is a variance when the stagnation is at a seam or midpoint between seams,[object Object],17,[object Object]
Force Balance: Wind Tunnel Setup,[object Object],Force Balance with spinning strut,[object Object],12 V DC motor was used to rotate baseball,[object Object],Laser diode system was built to measure rotation rate,[object Object],1 slit chopper plate,[object Object],36 slit chopper plate,[object Object],18,[object Object],DC Motor,[object Object],Photo Diode,[object Object],Laser,[object Object]
Force Balance: Spinning Strut, Static and Spinning Data,[object Object],Spinning strut data matches previous data,[object Object],19,[object Object]
Force Balance: Frequency Filter,[object Object],20,[object Object],Blade Pass Frequency: 280 Hz,[object Object]
Force Balance: 2-Seam Knuckleball,[object Object],Peak of lift is at 170°,[object Object],Minimum of lift is at 190°,[object Object],Orientation of baseball during data collection shown at right,[object Object],21,[object Object]
Force Balance: 2-Seam Knuckleball,[object Object],Maximum of lift is at 170°, which is near seam,[object Object],What effect does the seam have on the lift?,[object Object],Lift goes in the direction of the nearest seam when within 30° from stagnation,[object Object],Lateral force changes positive and negative, but not as much as the lift,[object Object],22,[object Object]
Force Balance: Standard Deviations,[object Object],Standard deviation of each lift was found,[object Object],2-Seam, spinning baseball had greatest variation,[object Object],This concludes that the lift is not consistent per angle of rotation,[object Object],Leads to unpredictability of baseball,[object Object],23,[object Object]
Flow Visualization: Goals,[object Object],Match existing data,[object Object],Separation on smooth sphere,[object Object],Study how separation changes as baseball rotates,[object Object],Find separation on landing strip and across the seams,[object Object],24,[object Object]
Flow Visualization: Setup,[object Object],Sage Action Helium Bubble Generator,[object Object],Photron Fastcam-APX RS CMOS high speed camera,[object Object],Laser diode system,[object Object],HP Oscilloscope,[object Object],Lighting system,[object Object],Two halogen lamps,[object Object],Two fresnel lenses,[object Object],Two black covers,[object Object],Matlab programs,[object Object],25,[object Object]
Flow Visualization: Matlab Code,[object Object],Problem with helium bubbles is that only a few are visible at a given time,[object Object],Matlab code superimposed images together,[object Object],300 helium bubble photographs,[object Object],Protractor,[object Object],Fiducial tracer,[object Object],Matlab code rotated image so stagnation was at 0°,[object Object],26,[object Object]
Flow Visualization: Separation on Smooth Sphere,[object Object],Superimposed image of helium bubbles on smooth sphere,[object Object],Separation is at 107±5°,[object Object],Accepted value is 110°[9],[object Object],Flow visualization method is correct to use for data collection,[object Object],27,[object Object],[8] Chang, P.K., Separation of Flow. 1970, Oxford, New York: Pergamon Press.,[object Object]
Flow Visualization: Separation on Baseball,[object Object],Seam induces separation,[object Object],Separation on landing strip is at 104±5°,[object Object],Near sphere of 107±5°,[object Object],28,[object Object]
Flow Visualization: Separation as Baseball Rotates,[object Object],29,[object Object]
Flow Visualization: Details of Separation on Rotating Baseball,[object Object],Separation varies from 88° to 122° during one rotation,[object Object],Seam carries separation so separation is induced by the seam,[object Object],Most movement of separation is during first 180°,[object Object],30,[object Object]
Flow Visualization: Separation and Lift,[object Object],Slight correlation between lift and separation,[object Object],Largest change in separation is between 90° to 130°,[object Object],31,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Goals,[object Object],Build hot film plug,[object Object],Calibrate with a smooth sphere,[object Object],Match published data,[object Object],Make observations with smooth sphere and trip wire,[object Object],Collect data:,[object Object],Landing Strip,[object Object],Before and after seam, clockwise,[object Object],Before and after seam, counter-clockwise,[object Object],32,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Assembly,[object Object],¼” diameter plug, 1” long,[object Object],Acrylic,[object Object],Aluminum tube,[object Object],5 micron diameter tungsten wire,[object Object],33,[object Object],5 µm tungsten wire,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Calibration,[object Object],Achenbach shear profile was used to calibrate the hot films,[object Object],Achenbach found shear stress on a smooth sphere as a function of degrees,[object Object],King’s Law was used for shear stress, where n=1/3,[object Object],34,[object Object],[9] Achenbach, E., Experiments on the Flow Past Spheres at Very High Reynolds Numbers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1972. 54: p. 565-575.,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Match Achenbach’s Data,[object Object],Hot film was placed in smooth sphere at same Re of Achenbach, Re=1.6x105,[object Object],Smooth sphere data fits published data,[object Object],Hot film was placed orthogonal and parallel to the flow,[object Object],Shear stress is much lower when hot film is parallel,[object Object],35,[object Object],[10] Achenbach, E., Experiments on the Flow Past Spheres at Very High Reynolds Numbers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1972. 54: p. 565-575.,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Shear Stress on a Smooth Sphere with Trip Wire,[object Object],Shear stress was found on smooth sphere with trip wire,[object Object],Hot film parallel to flow was small, once again,[object Object],Hot film upstream of trip wire experienced decrease in shear at 60°,[object Object],Hot film downstream of trip wire experienced largest increase in shear at 45°,[object Object],36,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Effect of Trip Wire on Smooth Sphere,[object Object],Tripping wire was placed 60° upstream from the hot film,[object Object],Shear stress matches smooth sphere data up to 60°,[object Object],Tripping wire delays separation when trip wire is 10° to  60° from stagnation,[object Object],37,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Positions in Baseball,[object Object],Hot films were placed in the landing strip and between the seams,[object Object],Perpendicular to free stream velocity,[object Object],Hot films surrounding seam were used while ball was rotating clockwise and counter-clockwise,[object Object],Together, this allowed 5 hot films on one ball,[object Object],38,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Morrissey and Achenbach Data,[object Object],Shear stress on landing strip of baseball almost identical to the shear stress found by Achenbach,[object Object],39,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Shear Stress at Landing Strip,[object Object],Stagnation is at 180°,[object Object],Shear stress is zero because flow follows curvature of ball,[object Object],Maximum shear is about 60° from stagnation,[object Object],Turbulent wake 288° to 81°,[object Object],Relatively symmetrical over stagnation,[object Object],Flow visualization images match hot film data,[object Object],40,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Shear Stress on Landing Strip,[object Object],Shear stress is greater as the ball rotates away from stagnation,[object Object],Local Reynolds number is greater as the hot film rotates towards stagnation,[object Object],Could rotation delay separation on bottom half of baseball?,[object Object],41,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Separation Difference in Respect to Rotation ,[object Object],Separation is delayed when hot film is rotating away,[object Object],Hot film between seams record small amounts of shear stress,[object Object],Hot film upstream of seams have less shear than hot film downstream of seam,[object Object],Hot film downstream of seam has small change of slope at 40°,[object Object],42,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Smooth Sphere Trip Wire Compared to Baseball Data,[object Object],Baseball data is when hot film is rotating towards stagnation,[object Object],Nearly same trends are noticed of shear stress when hot film is placed upstream and downstream of trip wire and baseball seam,[object Object],Therefore, seam acts as a trip wire,[object Object],Seam delays separation?,[object Object],43,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Delayed Separation and Lift,[object Object],Most knuckleball pitchers hold the baseball at 120° azimuthal angle,[object Object],Most change in lift is during the knuckleball rotation,[object Object],This large change achieves the deception a baseball pitcher is looking for,[object Object],44,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry: Delayed Separation and Lift,[object Object],At 170°, lift is at it’s maximum,[object Object],A seam is 20° and 40° away from each side of stagnation,[object Object],Trip wire shows that separation delay is when trip wire is 10° to 60° from stagnation,[object Object],Therefore, delayed separation occurs on right side of ball.  Conclusively, lift is to the left ,[object Object],Same occurs at 190° when lift is at it’s minimum,[object Object],45,[object Object]
Overall Summary,[object Object],Landing Strip acts as a smooth sphere,[object Object],Flow visualization and hot film,[object Object],Seams carry separation toward and away from stagnation,[object Object],Flow visualization and hot film,[object Object],Seams initiate and delay separation,[object Object],Initiate at when seam is 90° to 120° from stagnation (flow visualization and hot film),[object Object],Evidence that separation is delayed when seam is 10° to 60° from stagnation (hot film),[object Object],Evidence that rotation of baseball delays separation (not confirmed),[object Object],Magnus effect is only 6.579x10-7 lbs,[object Object],46,[object Object]
Future Work,[object Object],Lift and lateral forces as function of pressure and humidity,[object Object],Chase Field, Phoenix, Arizona- Lowest humidity,[object Object],Minute Maid Ballpark, Houston, Texas- Highest humidity,[object Object],Fenway Park, Boston, Massachusetts- Highest pressure,[object Object],Coors Field, Denver, Colorado- Lowest pressure,[object Object],Flow visualization,[object Object],Bottom half of the baseball,[object Object],Side of the baseball,[object Object],Ink dot and solvent ,[object Object],Confirm that seam delays separation,[object Object],47,[object Object]
Acknowledgements,[object Object],Advisor: Dr. John Borg,[object Object],Committee Members:,[object Object],Dr. Jon Koch,[object Object],Dr. Phillip Voglewede,[object Object],Machinists:,[object Object],Ray Hamilton,[object Object],Tom Silman,[object Object],Dave Gibas,[object Object],Dr. Robert Nelson at Notre Dame University,[object Object],48,[object Object]
Questions?,[object Object],49,[object Object]
BACKUP SLIDES,[object Object],50,[object Object]
Baseball Setup,[object Object],Holes for baseball were found for each orientation,[object Object],4-seam:,[object Object],Midpoint between seams,[object Object],2-seam: ,[object Object],Repeat 4-seam process on each side,[object Object],Midpoint between points was found,[object Object],Checked with distance between seams,[object Object],51,[object Object]
Baseball Orientation,[object Object],Before any setup was constructed, it was important to configure the direction of the force vectors,[object Object],This was then applied to ELD’s force balance dynamometer,[object Object],52,[object Object]
Force Balance: Wind Tunnel Setup,[object Object],Design of a peep hole, mirror, and protractor was used to view orientation of baseball,[object Object],53,[object Object]
Force Balance: Calibration,[object Object],Calibration was done with a series of weights,[object Object],Drawing of lift calibration,[object Object],54,[object Object]
Force Balance: Apparatus,[object Object],Force balance recorded lift and drag,[object Object],Force balance was rotated to record lift and lateral forces,[object Object],Two different stings were used:,[object Object],Static strut,[object Object],Spinning strut,[object Object],55,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry:,[object Object],Data is mirrored at 180°,[object Object],56,[object Object]
Hot Film Anemometry:,[object Object],57,[object Object]
Literature Review,[object Object],2001- Leroy Alaways and Mont Hubbard, along with Sikorsky and Watts and Ferrer’s data found that orientation of baseball and spin parameter changes the lift coefficient,[object Object],The combination of all three data sets, showing the relationship between all three.  (Alaways and Hubbard, 2001),[object Object],[8] Alaways, L.W. and M. Hubbard, Experimental Determination of Baseball Spin and Lift. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2001. 19: p. 349-358.,[object Object],58,[object Object]
Force Balance: Magnus Effect,[object Object],Coefficient of Lift, Spin Parameter, is 0.001014,[object Object],59,[object Object],Magnus force is calculated to be 6.579x10-7 lbs, therefore, negligible,[object Object]
Conclusion: Hot Film Anemometry,[object Object],High shear stress when ball is initially rotating,[object Object],Shear stress causes the baseball to rotate backward,[object Object],60,[object Object]
Conclusion: Flow Visualization,[object Object],Seams control rotation rate until the pressure recovers over the seam,[object Object],61,[object Object]

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Aerodynamics Of A Knuckleball Pitch Presentation

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Notas del editor

  1. Dome - no windHigh humidity – “ball grips air better”Heat – sweaty hands and soft fingernails lose gripGrip is indorsed by Niekros and WakefieldSome grip at landing strip area
  2. Dome - no windHigh humidity – “ball grips air better”Heat – sweaty hands and soft fingernails lose gripGrip is indorsed by Niekros and WakefieldSome grip at landing strip area
  3. Prandtl - asymmetry on boundary layer can cause lift
  4. Watts and Sawyer’s results
  5. Watts data used baseball in 1975: horsehide baseball instead of cowhide?
  6. Surrounding photos is 71 and 91 degrees.
  7. 4-seam drill hole:p. 412-seam drill hole: p. 45
  8. CHECK SLIDE