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. F a k u l t e t z a F i z i č k u h e m i j u
Sta su Polimeri ?
• Termoplastični materijali koji se trenutno najviše koriste kao ambalažni materijali su
poliolefini, kao što su polietilen visoke gustoće (engl. high density polyethylene, HDPE),
polietilen niske gustoće (engl. low density polyethylene, LDPE) i polipropilen (PP).
• Razlog njihove široke primjene su dobra mehanička svojstava, laka prerada i velika
fleksibilnost, a glavni nedostatak je nerazgradivost.
• Od drugog svjetskog rata dolazi do naglog razvoja polimera i njihove primjene u
proizvodnji polimernih materijala.
• Razlog njihove široke primjene je dobra preradljivost, niska gustoća te poželjna
fizikalna, kemijska, mehanička, toplinska i električna svojstva
Umesto uvoda-
.Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH
Šta su polimeri ?
 Polimeri su velike molekule (makromolekule) organskog porijekla sastavljene od
ponavljajućih jedinica, odnosno mera (grč.poli-puno i meros-dio).
• Organska molekula sastavljena od mera ima veliku molekulsku masu i čini monomer.
Reakcijom polimerizacije iz monomera nastaju dugolančane molekule ugljikovodika,
polimerne molekule, a broj ponavljanih jedinica čini stupanj polimerizacije.
• Za većinu polimera broj ponavljanih jedinica iznosi oko 100, no on se može povećavati
i do 100 000.
3
.Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH
Hemija polimera ?
 Dakle, polimeri su sve prirodne i sintetske materije velikih molekulskih masa koje su nastale
povezivanjem jedne ili više vrsta ponavljajućih strukturnih jedinica-mera
• Kao rezultat kemijske reakcije između monomernih jedinica nastaju makromolekule i one su
osnovne gradivne jedinice polimernog sistema.
• Osnovne dielove organskih polimera čine ugljikovi i vodikovi atomi koji su vezani primarnim
kovalentnim vezama. Mogu sadržavati i anorganske elemente, pa u tom slučaju govorimo o
djelomično organskim polimerima.
• U polimerima, osim primarnih veza, djeluju i sekundarne veze, odnosno međumolekulske i
unutarmolekulske privlačne sile. Rezultat jakih međumolekulskih sila koje rastu s porastom
duljine lanca makromolekula su odlična fizička svojstva polimera
4
.Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH
Podela polimera ?
 Prema podrijetlu dijele se u dvije osnovne skupine: prirodni i sintetski polimeria
• Utvrđeno je da su najvažniji spojevi u prirodi (bjelančevine, škrob, celuloza i prirodni
kaučuk) sastavljeni od makromolekula, te su samim time polimeri. Također prirodni
polimeri su i svila, vuna, pamuk te prirodni polimeri od kojih su načinjeni živi organizmi
kao što su polisaharidi, hormoni, fermenti i slično
• Takvi prirodni polimeri od kojih su načinjeni živi organizmi nazivaju se biopolimerima iako se
danas ovaj naziv koristi i za polimere koji su dobiveni u laboratoriju od monomera iz prirode
( modifikovani su), a ne samo za makromolekule koje možemo naći u takvom obliku u
prirodi. Dakle, prirodni polimeri nastaju biosintezom u živim organizmima i to su npr. škrob,
proteini, peptidi, DNA, RNA monomerne jedinice prirodnih polimera su šećer, amino
nukleinske kiseline te se takvi polimeri nazivaju biopolimeri 5
.Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH
Was ist physikalische Chemie?
• Charakterisierung von Stoffen und Prozessen mit physikalischen Messmethoden
• Beschreibung chemischer Prozesse mit physikalisch-mathematischen Methoden
• Erforschung und Erarbeitung der theoretischen Grundlagen der Chemie
6
.Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH
Untergebiete der physikalischen Chemie
• Thermodynamik (PC I)
• Kinetik (PC II)
• Quantenmechanik (PC III)
• Spektroskopie :Anwendung der Quantenmechanik
• Magnetresonanz (PCIV)
• Optische Spektroskopie (PCV)
•Theoretische Chemie usw.
: Beschreibung chemischer Gleichgewichte
: Geschwindigkeit chemischer Reaktionen
: Struktur und Dynamik von Atomen/Molekülen
7
.
Fakultet za fičku hemiju
Graphische Darstellung
8
.
Fakultet za fičku hemiju
SI Einheiten
9
.
Fakultet za fičku hemiju
SI Einheiten (neues System)
10
.
Fakultet za fičku hemiju
SI-Präfixe
11
.Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH
1 Sekunde (s)
100 s
1 Millisek. (ms)
10-3 s
1 Mikrosek. (s)
10-6 s
1 Attosek. (as)
10-18 s
Alter des Universums
~ 1018s
Zeitskala der
Elektronenbewegung
~ 10-18s
1 Femtosek. (fs)
10-15 s
1 Picosek. (ps)
10-12 s
1 Nanosek. (ns)
10-9 s
Beispiel für die Verwendung von Präfixen: Zeitskalen
12
• izbor analitičke metode
Zakljucak
13

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Polimeri

  • 1. . F a k u l t e t z a F i z i č k u h e m i j u Sta su Polimeri ?
  • 2. • Termoplastični materijali koji se trenutno najviše koriste kao ambalažni materijali su poliolefini, kao što su polietilen visoke gustoće (engl. high density polyethylene, HDPE), polietilen niske gustoće (engl. low density polyethylene, LDPE) i polipropilen (PP). • Razlog njihove široke primjene su dobra mehanička svojstava, laka prerada i velika fleksibilnost, a glavni nedostatak je nerazgradivost. • Od drugog svjetskog rata dolazi do naglog razvoja polimera i njihove primjene u proizvodnji polimernih materijala. • Razlog njihove široke primjene je dobra preradljivost, niska gustoća te poželjna fizikalna, kemijska, mehanička, toplinska i električna svojstva Umesto uvoda-
  • 3. .Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH Šta su polimeri ?  Polimeri su velike molekule (makromolekule) organskog porijekla sastavljene od ponavljajućih jedinica, odnosno mera (grč.poli-puno i meros-dio). • Organska molekula sastavljena od mera ima veliku molekulsku masu i čini monomer. Reakcijom polimerizacije iz monomera nastaju dugolančane molekule ugljikovodika, polimerne molekule, a broj ponavljanih jedinica čini stupanj polimerizacije. • Za većinu polimera broj ponavljanih jedinica iznosi oko 100, no on se može povećavati i do 100 000. 3
  • 4. .Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH Hemija polimera ?  Dakle, polimeri su sve prirodne i sintetske materije velikih molekulskih masa koje su nastale povezivanjem jedne ili više vrsta ponavljajućih strukturnih jedinica-mera • Kao rezultat kemijske reakcije između monomernih jedinica nastaju makromolekule i one su osnovne gradivne jedinice polimernog sistema. • Osnovne dielove organskih polimera čine ugljikovi i vodikovi atomi koji su vezani primarnim kovalentnim vezama. Mogu sadržavati i anorganske elemente, pa u tom slučaju govorimo o djelomično organskim polimerima. • U polimerima, osim primarnih veza, djeluju i sekundarne veze, odnosno međumolekulske i unutarmolekulske privlačne sile. Rezultat jakih međumolekulskih sila koje rastu s porastom duljine lanca makromolekula su odlična fizička svojstva polimera 4
  • 5. .Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH Podela polimera ?  Prema podrijetlu dijele se u dvije osnovne skupine: prirodni i sintetski polimeria • Utvrđeno je da su najvažniji spojevi u prirodi (bjelančevine, škrob, celuloza i prirodni kaučuk) sastavljeni od makromolekula, te su samim time polimeri. Također prirodni polimeri su i svila, vuna, pamuk te prirodni polimeri od kojih su načinjeni živi organizmi kao što su polisaharidi, hormoni, fermenti i slično • Takvi prirodni polimeri od kojih su načinjeni živi organizmi nazivaju se biopolimerima iako se danas ovaj naziv koristi i za polimere koji su dobiveni u laboratoriju od monomera iz prirode ( modifikovani su), a ne samo za makromolekule koje možemo naći u takvom obliku u prirodi. Dakle, prirodni polimeri nastaju biosintezom u živim organizmima i to su npr. škrob, proteini, peptidi, DNA, RNA monomerne jedinice prirodnih polimera su šećer, amino nukleinske kiseline te se takvi polimeri nazivaju biopolimeri 5
  • 6. .Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH Was ist physikalische Chemie? • Charakterisierung von Stoffen und Prozessen mit physikalischen Messmethoden • Beschreibung chemischer Prozesse mit physikalisch-mathematischen Methoden • Erforschung und Erarbeitung der theoretischen Grundlagen der Chemie 6
  • 7. .Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH Untergebiete der physikalischen Chemie • Thermodynamik (PC I) • Kinetik (PC II) • Quantenmechanik (PC III) • Spektroskopie :Anwendung der Quantenmechanik • Magnetresonanz (PCIV) • Optische Spektroskopie (PCV) •Theoretische Chemie usw. : Beschreibung chemischer Gleichgewichte : Geschwindigkeit chemischer Reaktionen : Struktur und Dynamik von Atomen/Molekülen 7
  • 8. . Fakultet za fičku hemiju Graphische Darstellung 8
  • 9. . Fakultet za fičku hemiju SI Einheiten 9
  • 10. . Fakultet za fičku hemiju SI Einheiten (neues System) 10
  • 11. . Fakultet za fičku hemiju SI-Präfixe 11
  • 12. .Fakultetzafičkuhemiju– `FFH 1 Sekunde (s) 100 s 1 Millisek. (ms) 10-3 s 1 Mikrosek. (s) 10-6 s 1 Attosek. (as) 10-18 s Alter des Universums ~ 1018s Zeitskala der Elektronenbewegung ~ 10-18s 1 Femtosek. (fs) 10-15 s 1 Picosek. (ps) 10-12 s 1 Nanosek. (ns) 10-9 s Beispiel für die Verwendung von Präfixen: Zeitskalen 12
  • 13. • izbor analitičke metode Zakljucak 13