fluid

2. Fluid Therapy
• is the administration of fluids to a patient as a treatment or preventative
measure.
• It can be administered via an intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous,
subcutaneous and oral routes.
• 60% of total bodyweight is accounted for by the total body water.

3. Cont.…
• Fluid therapy is indicated either when there is a loss of fluid to any part
of these compartments or there is a risk of loss of fluid.
• The severity of the fluid loss, and the compartment from which it has
been lost, influence the choice of fluid and the speed at which it needs
to be administered.
• If fluid therapy is performed as a treatment then it is necessary to
diagnose and treat the underlying condition.

4. Cont.…
• IV fluid therapy is used to maintain homeostasis when enteral intake is
insufficient (e.g., when a patient is “nil by mouth” or has reduced
absorption), and to replace any additional losses.
• These losses may occur from the gastrointestinal tract (due to vomiting,
diarrhea or a fistula) or the urinary tract (e.g., diabetes insipidus), or be
caused by blood loss from trauma or surgery.
• In addition, insensible losses can increase during fever or after suffering
from burns because the barrier function of the skin is impaired.

5. Cont.…

6. Indications
• Hypotension
• Hypovolemia
• Electrolyte, metabolic and acid base disorders
• Decreased oxygen delivery
• Geriatric patients at risk of organ failure

7. Osmosis is the net movement of water across a semi permeable membrane.
• The movement is caused by a concentration gradient due to different solute
concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Osmotic Pressure is the pressure caused by the solutes within the solution.
The solute concentration prevents water movement across the membrane.

8. Tonicity is the term used to compare the osmotic pressure of different
solutions
• hypotonic solution is one that has an osmotic pressure lower than plasma.
• isotonic solution is one that has an osmotic pressure the same as plasma.
• hypertonic solution is one that has an osmotic pressure higher than plasma.

9. Cont.…
• Hypovolemia is a reduction in normal blood volume which can be caused by:
• Excessive sweating
• Water deprivation
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Hemorrhage
• Pathological dilatation of capacity of the circulatory system, and therefore a
relative reduction in circulating blood.
• Hypervolemia' is an increase in blood volume, which can be caused by congestive
heart failure.

10. Types of Fluids
1.Crystalloids are able to enter all body compartments.
2.Colloids are restricted to the plasma compartment.
If there is an electrolyte imbalance present then it may be necessary to
add the appropriate electrolyte solution