KinPhy

1. KinPhy: A Kinetic In-Band Channel for Millimetre-Wave Networks Mohammed Alloulah Zoran Radivojevic, René Mayrhofer, and Howard Huang Mohammed Alloulah, Zoran Radivojevic, René Mayrhofer, and Howard Huang. 2019. KinPhy: A Kinetic In-Band Channel for Millimetre-Wave Networks. In The 17th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys ’19), November 10–13, 2019, New York, NY, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3356250.3360039

2. 2 Bell Labs, Cambridge Zoran Radivojevic René Mayrhofer Howard HuangMo Alloulah Bell Labs, Cambridge JKU, Linz Bell Labs, Murray Hill

3. 0 10GHz 20GHz 30GHz 40GHz 50GHz 60GHz 70GHz 80GHZ 90GHz 100GHz Next Gen WiFiWiFi vast spectrum dense, compact antenna arrays 1-1 0 0.5 2 -0.5 04 0 6 -0.5 8 0.5 -110 1 E H sub 6GHz 60GHz ﬁner wavelength mm-wave

4. 0 10GHz 20GHz 30GHz 40GHz 50GHz 60GHz 70GHz 80GHZ 90GHz 100GHz Next Gen WiFiWiFi vast spectrum dense, compact antenna arrays 1-1 0 0.5 2 -0.5 04 0 6 -0.5 8 0.5 -110 1 E H sub 6GHz 60GHz ﬁner wavelength mm-wave Challenge networking orthodoxies

5. Voltage OFDM Waveform -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Frequency (d) Communication Sensing (a) Communication only Communication and Sensing Communications Payload Sensing Preamble Communications Payload Communications Preamble Communications Preamble (b) Up Down Start Frequency End Frequency ~~ ~~ Start Time End Time Time Voltage Frequency Time Chirp Waveform (c) Vision: Joint Communication & Sensing for Millimetre-Wave Networks

6. Voltage OFDM Waveform -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Frequency (d) Communication Sensing (a) Communication only Communication and Sensing Communications Payload Sensing Preamble Communications Payload Communications Preamble Communications Preamble (b) Up Down Start Frequency End Frequency ~~ ~~ Start Time End Time Time Voltage Frequency Time Chirp Waveform (c) Vision: Joint Communication & Sensing for Millimetre-Wave Networks

7. Voltage OFDM Waveform -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Frequency (d) Communication Sensing (a) Communication only Communication and Sensing Communications Payload Sensing Preamble Communications Payload Communications Preamble Communications Preamble (b) Up Down Start Frequency End Frequency ~~ ~~ Start Time End Time Time Voltage Frequency Time Chirp Waveform (c) Vision: Joint Communication & Sensing for Millimetre-Wave Networks Built-in, high-ﬁdelity sensing mode in next gen networks Will make possible new compelling capabilities

8. KinPhy Kinetic Physical Layer:=

9. KinPhy Kinetic Physical Layer:= Physically oscillating metasurfaces Trans’d Reﬂ’d Transmitted Reﬂected Node 2 Node N Node 1 …

10. KinPhy Kinetic Physical Layer:= Micrometre-scale vibrations of phone form factors can backscatter information to an mm-wave router Physically oscillating metasurfaces Trans’d Reﬂ’d Transmitted Reﬂected Node 2 Node N Node 1 …

11. [I] Some Technicalities

12. READER CHANNEL METASURFACE Transmitter Receiver Transmitted Signal Reﬂected Signal Physical Oscillations KinPhy Consists of 2 components + channel - metasurface - radar reader

13. READER CHANNEL METASURFACE Transmitter Receiver Transmitted Signal Reﬂected Signal Physical Oscillations Channel Over-the-air round-trip radio signal strength decays in 4th power of distance

14. READER CHANNEL METASURFACE Transmitter Receiver Transmitted Signal Reﬂected Signal Physical Oscillations Channel Prx ∝ Ptx R4 i.e. ∝ 1 R4 Over-the-air round-trip radio signal strength decays in 4th power of distance

15. READER CHANNEL METASURFACE Transmitter Receiver Transmitted Signal Reﬂected Signal Physical Oscillations Channel Prx ∝ Ptx R4 i.e. Calls for robust metasurface modulation to compensate for distance-dependent losses ∝ 1 R4 Over-the-air round-trip radio signal strength decays in 4th power of distance

16. READER CHANNEL METASURFACE Transmitter Receiver Transmitted Signal Reﬂected Signal Physical Oscillations Metasurface Consists of 2 components + channel - metasurface - radar reader

17. Metasurface Precise mechanical actuation for accurate phase modulation of reﬂected mm-wave. μm

18. Metasurface Precise mechanical actuation for accurate phase modulation of reﬂected mm-wave. μm Iterative in-house prototyping

19. Metasurface Precise mechanical actuation for accurate phase modulation of reﬂected mm-wave. μm Iterative in-house prototyping Measurement Display Control Panel Excitation Ampliﬁer Device Under Test Microscope

20. Metasurface Precise mechanical actuation for accurate phase modulation of reﬂected mm-wave. μm Iterative in-house prototyping Measurement Display Control Panel Excitation Ampliﬁer Device Under Test Microscope Device Under Test Measurement Display Microscope

21. Winning Metasurface Design 2 © Nokia 20162 © Nokia 2016 <Change information classification in footer> Vibrating surface mm-wave Ground plane SIDE view TOP view Structure of Vibrating reflective surface Conductive jig Piezo actuators d d+Dd

22. Winning Metasurface Design 2 © Nokia 20162 © Nokia 2016 <Change information classification in footer> Vibrating surface mm-wave Ground plane SIDE view TOP view Structure of Vibrating reflective surface Conductive jig Piezo actuators d d+Dd Fabrication details in paper

23. Metasurface In Action

25. READER CHANNEL METASURFACE Transmitter Receiver Transmitted Signal Reﬂected Signal Physical Oscillations KinPhy Consists of 2 components + channel - metasurface - radar reader

26. Radar Shine mm-wave onto remote metasurface Decode kinetically backscattered signal READER CHANNEL METASURFACE Transmitter Receiver Transmitted Signal Reﬂected Signal Physical Oscillations

27. Radar Shine mm-wave onto remote metasurface Decode kinetically backscattered signal FFT CFAR Peak Detection raw radar ADC Fast-Time FFT CFAR Peak Detection Slow-Time Preprocessing PSD Integration DOA MIXER DESPREADER Peak Detection DSSS Demod coded surface info: - range - range rate - angle - KSSI range info range rate info 0 10 20 30 40 lag (sec) 20 30 40 50 60 70 despreader(dB) 20 40 60 80 100 freq. (Hz) -20 0 20 40 60 PSD(dB/Hz) 0 50 100 150 200 250 range bin 20 40 60 80 power(dB) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 range rate bin 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 power(dB) (a) overall pipeline (b.i) (b) output (b.ii) (b.iii) (b.iv)

28. Radar Shine mm-wave onto remote metasurface Decode kinetically backscattered signal FFT CFAR Peak Detection raw radar ADC Fast-Time FFT CFAR Peak Detection Slow-Time Preprocessing PSD Integration DOA MIXER DESPREADER Peak Detection DSSS Demod coded surface info: - range - range rate - angle - KSSI range info range rate info 0 10 20 30 40 lag (sec) 20 30 40 50 60 70 despreader(dB) 20 40 60 80 100 freq. (Hz) -20 0 20 40 60 PSD(dB/Hz) 0 50 100 150 200 250 range bin 20 40 60 80 power(dB) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 range rate bin 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 power(dB) (a) overall pipeline (b.i) (b) output (b.ii) (b.iii) (b.iv) Signal processing details in paper

29. Implementation In-house metasurface

30. Implementation In-house metasurface Oﬀ-the-shelf Radar from Texas Instruments Conﬁgurable FMCW signalling DAQ for raw data 10 dBm Tx power

31. Evaluation 5m Radar Metasurface •Distance: d ∈ [1, 3, 5]m •Bandwidth: [1.75, 3.5] GHz •Gold code: [63, 127, 511] chips •Yaw: [0, ±5, ±10, ±22.5, ±45, ±67.5, 90, 180]° •Pitch: [0, ±22.5, ±45, ±67.5, 90]° Dataset

32. Results - Detection Accuracy 1.75 GHz 3.5 GHz Investigate eﬀects of distance, axial alignment, coding gain, and bandwidth

33. Results - Detection Accuracy 1.75 GHz 3.5 GHz Finding 1: coding gain compensates for distance and axial misalignment losses

34. Results - Detection Accuracy 1.75 GHz 3.5 GHz Finding 2: Using less bandwidth enhances performance

35. Results - Kinetic Signal Strength Indicator (KSSI) Investigate KSSI in yaw and pitch as a function of distance and coding gain

36. Results - Kinetic Signal Strength Indicator (KSSI) Finding 3: Decent KSSI even when metasurface was i.e. facing away from radar 180o

37. Results - NLOS Detection Finding 4: Many successful demodulations were possible from NLOS reﬂections in a cluttered oﬃce environment, originating from as far as 12 metres away

38. [II] Provocations & Applications

39. KinPhy Applications

40. Beam alignment KinPhy Applications [Abari & Hassanieh SigComm ’18]

41. KinPhy Applications Surface sequence A Surface sequence C … 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 time time Multi-metasurface KinPhy Metasurface sequence A Metasurface sequence B Metasurface sequence C BeamA Beam BBeam C Node 2 Transmitted Reﬂected Node 1Beam alignment at physical-layer ?

42. KinPhy Applications Security & Privacy

43. Current Spontaneous Authentication Is “Clunky” Apple echo-system example: Screen Mirroring

44. Current Spontaneous Authentication Is “Clunky” Apple echo-system example: Screen Mirroring (1)

45. Current Spontaneous Authentication Is “Clunky” Apple echo-system example: Screen Mirroring (1) (2)

46. Current Spontaneous Authentication Is “Clunky” Apple echo-system example: Screen Mirroring (1) (2) (3)

47. Current Spontaneous Authentication Is “Clunky” Apple echo-system example: Screen Mirroring (1) (2) (3) (4)

48. KinPhy-Enabled Spontaneous Authentication

49. Conclusions KinPhy is a novel “mechanical” backscatter channel Maps onto commodity tri-band routers [capable of communications sensing] & modern haptics. Empirically shown to work indoors under realistic conditions and assumptions Affords particular benefits to spontaneous secure interaction Physically oscillating metasurfaces Trans’d Refl’d Transmitted Reflected Node 2 Node N Node 1 …

50. Cheers alloulah [@] outlook . com

KinPhy

KinPhy

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