Energy Renovation of Hermans-Concert Hall

ENERGY RENOVATION
HERMANS-CONCERT HALL IN TIVOLI FRIHEDEN
Mónica Badia Marín
Marta Ciller Rivera
Lisa Teixeira
Thibaut Gasson
Tutor: Torben Clausen
04/06/2014

Interdisciplinary project Hermans-Concert Hall in Tivoli Friheden
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Project Proposal .............................................................................................................................3
1.2 What is a low energy building? ............................................................................................................3
2 PROJECT INFORMATION .........................................................................................................................5
2.1 Situation plan .................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Characteristics of the surroundings ...............................................................................................5
2.3 Building information .......................................................................................................................6
2.3.1 General description ................................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Floor plans ..............................................................................................................................7
2.3.3 Façades ...................................................................................................................................8
2.3.4 A/V ratio calculation ............................................................................................................ 10
2.3.5 Areas .................................................................................................................................... 11
3 BUILDING REGISTRATION .................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Constructive characteristics .............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.1 Structural elements .................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 U-values ............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.3 Building components ......................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.1 External wall ........................................................................................................................ 23
3.1.2 Roof 1 .................................................................................................................................. 24
3.1.3 Roof 2 .................................................................................................................................. 25
3.1.4 Roof 3 .................................................................................................................................. 26
3.1.5 Ground supported floor ...................................................................................................... 27
3.1.6 Basement walls .................................................................................................................... 28
3.1.7 Windows and outer doors ................................................................................................... 29
3.1.8 Linear loss and transmissions losses ................................................................................... 30
3.1.9 Technical installations ......................................................................................................... 30

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4 BE10 CURRENT BUILDING ................................................................................................................... 31
5 CONCLUSIONS CURRENT BUILDING .................................................................................................... 32
6 INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERVENTION PHASE ................................................................................. 34
6.1 cost-effectiveness ........................................................................................................................ 35
7 INTERVENTION PLAN ........................................................................................................................... 37
7.1 Analysis of the envelope proposals ............................................................................................. 37
7.1.1 External and basement walls............................................................................................... 37
7.1.2 Roofs .................................................................................................................................... 42
7.1.3 Ground supported floor ...................................................................................................... 45
7.1.4 Glazed area .......................................................................................................................... 48
7.2 Installations ................................................................................................................................. 52
7.2.1 Ventilation systems ............................................................................................................. 52
7.2.2 Hot domestic water ............................................................................................................. 62
7.2.3 Water savings ...................................................................................................................... 67
7.2.4 Solar panels ......................................................................................................................... 76
8 BE10 BUILDING AFTER INTERVENTION ............................................................................................... 79
9 CONCLUSION AFTER THE INTERVENTION ........................................................................................... 80
10 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 82

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT PROPOSAL
In the project we are going to refurbish a concert hall to make it a low energy frame. We are going to do a project based in the Danish Standards. The main goal is reach the energy frame for buildings in 2020. Sustainability requires the conciliation of environmental, social equity and economic demand that is why to reach the goal doing changes in the envelope, building installations and some refurbishment we will analyze the sustainable development principals: environmental dimension, economic dimension and social dimension.
1.2 WHAT IS A LOW ENERGY BUILDING? There is no global definition for low-energy buildings, but it generally indicates a building that has a better energy performance than the standard alternative and/or energy efficiency requirements in building codes. Low-energy buildings typically use high levels of insulation, energy efficient windows, low levels of air infiltration and heat recovery ventilation to lower heating and cooling energy. They may also use passive solar building design techniques or active solar technologies. These buildings may also use hot water heat recycling technologies to recover heat from showers and dishwashers.
Figure 1.1 Three big areas to improve
Figure 1.2 Environmental type for a house.

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INFORMATION PHASE
[General characteristics and presentation of the building]

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2 PROJECT INFORMATION
2.1 SITUATION PLAN
This project takes place in the city of Aarhus. Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark; it is on the east side of the peninsula of Jutland.
With 323,893 habitants, the city claims the unofficial title "Capital of Jutland".
2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURROUNDINGS
Aarhus lies roughly at the geographical center of Denmark, on the peninsula of Jutland. As a consequence of the city's growth, forests reach from the Marselisborg Forests in the south, to within a kilometer (0.6 mi) of the city center, while some forest areas are now completely surrounded by urban development, such as Riis Skov. Aarhus is built mostly around the harbor, which has been essential for the development of the city through the ages.
Figure 2.1 Aarhus Denmark situation
Figure 2.2 Concert Hall situated in the city.
Figure 2.3 Aarhus River

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The Aarhus Harbor has seen large expansions in recent years and is currently a very active construction site for a broad array of projects. The harbor was and still is predominantly industrial, although recreational and cultural uses have gradually increased there recently.
The new city district of Aarhus Docklands is being constructed next to the old marina of Aarhus Lystbådehavn in the north harbour, and is planned to comprise several residential and business buildings on newly constructed wharfs.
The old wharf holding Aarhus former ship building yard (nicknamed Dokken), now houses an array of businesses and cultural projects and organizations in the vacated buildings.
In the south, the large recreational marina of Marselisborg Yacht Harbour complete with restaurants, hotels, cafés, etc. was also constructed some years ago.
2.3 BUILDING INFORMATION
2.3.1 General description
The Concert Hall, Aarhus was originally designed by Kjær & Richter, and was inaugurated in 1982. With its new extension the Concert Hall has doubled in size, and now encompasses a wide range of functions that turn the total complex into a unique concert and educational institution of international standard.
Hermans has been on the drawing board for a long time and has now in the year 2013 finally become a reality. A large beautiful cultural center of Aarhus.
Figure 2.4 Old marina of Aarhus Lystbadehavn
Figure 2.5 Hermans - Concert Hall

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The building Hermans was built by Tivoli Friheden with support from Salling Funds and designed by Gjøde & Paul Overgaard Architects and engineering firm Moe &. Brødsgaard.
Hermans is a total of 1.925 m² of which almost 500 m² It is a lobby, facing the park and open-air stage. There is room for 1400 standing or 800 seated spectators.
2.3.2 Floor plans
Figure 2.7 Floor plan distribution drawn with AutoCAD
Figure 2.6 Building Hall

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2.3.3 Façades
In the sketches below is shown the aspect of the façades. We just want to show the geometry, the materials and building characteristics are explain in the next section (3.Building registration).
Southeast façade:
1. Lobby 13. Office
2. Floor harrow
14. Makeup room 3. Scene 15. WC
4. Hallway
16. WC 5. Anteroom 17. Makeup room
6. Toilet (Ladies)
18. Corridor 7. HWC (Disabled) 19. Makeup room
8. Store
20. WC 9. Anteroom 21. WC
10. Toilet (Gentlemen)
22. Makeup room 11. Corridor 23. Staff room
12. Storm flap
24. Basement
Figure 2.8 Façade to the southeast drawn with AutoCAD

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Northwest façade:
Figure 2.9 Façade to the northwest drawn with AutoCAD
Southwest façade:
Figure 2.10 Façade to the southwest drawn with AutoCAD
Northeast façade:
Figure 2.11 Façade to the northeast drawn with AutoCAD

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2.3.4 A/V ratio calculation The surface area to volume (S/V) ratio (the three dimensional extrapolation of the perimeter to area ratio) is an important factor determining heat loss and gain. The greater the surface area the more the heat gain/loss through it. So small S/V ratio imply minimum heat gain and minimum heat loss.
The shape of a passive or a low energy house should be kept simple and should follow the rule that the surface area of the building envelope should be as small as possible. The theoretical shape of a building to reduce the maximum heat loss and avoid thermal buildings would be a sphere; because is the shape with smallest surface area.
To check the optimality of the concert we must calculate the area to volume ratio (the rate between house envelope area (A) and house heated volume (V)). The lowest ratio we would obtain the more efficient energy will be the building.
A/V ratio = 0.29
A/V ratio is a tool to see the compactness of the building; the standard stipulated value for a passive house is 0.7. Our building has a 0.29 value so is not even close to be a compact building for avoiding the heat loss. This would mean that we will have more thermal bridges, however is normal in big buildings like a concert of these dimensions.
Figure 2.12 A/V ratio calculation of the building

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2.3.5 Areas MAIN GROUNGFLOOR AREAS Area m²
1. Lobby
510,00
2. Floor harrow
582,00
3. Scene
288,00
4. Hallway
93,30 ROOMS GROUNDFLOOR AREAS Area m²
5. Anteroom
9,20
6. Toilet (Ladies)
30,60
7. HWC (Disabled)
4,80
8. Store
1,50
9. Anteroom
8,20
10. Toilet (Gentlemen)
18,80
11. Corridor
12,00
12. Storm flap
4,00
13. Office
9,40
14. Makeup room
11,00
15. WC
2,80
16. WC
2,80
17. Makeup room
10,00
18. Corridor
26,00
19. Makeup room
10,00
20. WC
2,80
21. WC
2,80
22. Makeup room
11,00
23. Staff room
30,00 BASEMENT Area m²
24. Basement
288,00 TOTAL AREA Area m²
1925,00

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STUDY PHASE
[Analysis of the energy behaviour of the building]

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3 BUILDING REGISTRATION
3.1 CONSTRUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
In Herman-Concert Hall we can find different kinds of constructive systems, depending on the zone, although the structure is composed by steel structure. In this part we will try to explain generally all the existent constructive systems.
3.1.1 Structural elements
External walls:
We find one type of external wall:
1. Eternit Plan: The eternit is a unique material due to its composition: it is mainly mineral material. Cellulose, sand and cement are mixed to form light and strong plates or panels.
It is a material that is very resistant in time with a typical lifetime of 60 years.
Eternit products offer many aesthetic possibilities (colors, materials, finishes ...) without maintenance constraints. It resists water, frost, mildew as well as pests. It is also fireproof.
2. Wooden formwork: it is the wall skeleton.
Figure 3.2 Wooden formwork
COMPONENTS
1. Eternit Plan 2. Wooden formwork
3. Wind barrier 4. Rafters
5. Insulation 6. Vapour barrier
7. Plaster
Figure 3.1 External Wall

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3. Wind barriers: This is a single-layered wind insulation membrane offering extremely high vapor permeability for use as a house wrap for timber-framed external walls, structures thermally insulated with mineral wool. It protects buildings against uncontrolled outside air inflow and moisture moving inwards. It also protects thermal insulation against loosing fibers, dust and moisture.
4. Rafters: No insulating value here only serves to assemble the materials
Figure 3.4 Wood rafters
5. Insulation (Rockwall): Stone wool has excellent properties:
• Thermal insulation
• Sound insulation
• fire protection
• Resistance to water
• Resistance to termites
Figure 3.5 Insulation Rockwool
Figure 3.3 Wind barrier

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6. Vapor barrier: The vapor barrier is intended to prevent the circulation of water vapor in the walls of the building. Consists of a waterproof membrane, it is installed in front of the insulation. With the vapor barrier, the building will not charge moisture due to condensation of water vapor. Differences between the high temperatures inside the building and outside create strong condensations that require the installation of a vapor barrier. It must be installed on the wall surface and always on the warm side of the walls.
Figure 3.6 Vapour barrier
7. Plaster (Gypsum board): Gypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel products that consist of a noncombustible core, composed primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the face, back and long edges. Plaster has a very good resistance to fire and it is a good thermal insulator.
Figure 3.7 Plaster gypsum board
We have calculated the amount of area and windows area in each façade. This step is explained in the table and drawings below: Façade Area (m²) Area of windows (m²) Total Area (m²)
Southeast
351.28
124.92
226.36 Northwest 340.40 19.44 320.96
Northeast
549.76
90.12
459.64 Southwest 549.76 58.84 490.92

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Southeast façade:
Figure 3.8 Glazing area in southeast front drawn with AutoCAD
Type 1: 18.92 m²
Type 2: 11.52 m²
Northwest façade:
Figure 3.9 Glazing area in northwest front drawn with AutoCAD
Type 1: 1.48 m²
Type 2: 10.60 m²

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Southwest façade:
Figure 3.10 Glazing area in southwest front drawn in AutoCAD
Type 1: 18.92 m²
Type 2: 10.60 m²
Northeast façade:
Figure 3.11 Glazing area in northeast front drawn in AutoCAD
Type 1: 18.92 m²
Type 2: 11.52 m²

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Ground supported floor:
COMPONENTS
Figure 3.12 Ground Supported floor
1. Capillary break layer 2. Insulation
3. Concrete 4. Cement screed
1. Capillary break layer: The granular material serves as a capillary break and a place to "store" the water until it can be absorbed back into the surrounding soil.
Figure 3.13 Capillary break layer
2. Insulation (polystyrene): rigid panels of insulations. They provide good thermal resistance and often add structural strength to the building.
Figure 3.14 Insulation polystyrene
3. Concrete: any loads imposed on the concrete floor are carried directly and fairly uniformly by the ground under the floor. Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, sand and gravel. Portland cement is the glue that causes the mixture to harden or consolidate into a durable construction material. This hardening is caused by a chemical reaction between the cement and the water used in mixing the concrete.
4. Cement screed: A floor screed is a cementation material made from a 1:3 or 1:4 ratio of cement to sharp sand. It is applied into the solid in-situ concrete ground floor slab.
Figure 3.15 Concrete layer

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Roof:
We find different types of roof, depending on the part of the building where it is located. The difference between them is the insulation thickness and its location. COMPONENTS
Figure 3.16 Roof type
1. Foil 2. Insulation
3. Insulation 4. Shuttering
5. Plaster 6. Wood concrete
1. Foil: Consist of a polyethylene sheet. This plastic membrane is made with a reflective film.
It offers users the guarantee of a summer and winter comfort. It is simple and quick to implement. It also ensures the air tightness as well as water.
Figure 3.17 Foil layer
2. Insulation: Rockwool, also known as mineral wool or stone wool is a type of insulation made from actual stone. It is an excellent insulator, sound baffle and possesses a very high melting point. Rockwool is very heat resistant, a good insulator and sound retardant it is often used for fire stops, fire proofing and other temperature sensitive applications like cooking appliances.
Figure 3.18 Roof insulation

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3. Shuttering: It serves to support materials on the roof. And also, it maintains the roof structure.
Figure 3.19 Shuttering
4. Wood concrete: Technically, it is to make great wall sections using the principle of the wooden frame and then fill with mixture mortar wood chips (previously coated with cement and hydraulic lime).
Wood-Concrete provides excellent thermal inertia and a good sound insulation.
Figure 3.20 Wood concrete
Basement walls: COMPONENTS
Figure 3.21 Basement walls
1. Insulation 2. Concrete
1. Insulation (Extruded Polystyrene): This is the product that I typically use to insulate basement walls. It’s reasonably priced, light weight and easy to use. This product is also used to insulate the outside of foundation walls and even under slabs 2. Concrete: Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, sand and gravel.
Figure 3.22 Insulation basement walls

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3.2 U-VALUES
U-value calculation
A U-value is a measure of heat loss in a building element such as a wall, floor or roof. It can also be referred to as an ‘overall heat transfer co-efficient’ and measures how well parts of a building transfer heat. This means that the higher the U value the worse the thermal performance of the building envelope. A low U value usually indicates high levels of insulation.
They are useful as it is a way of predicting the composite behavior of an entire building element rather than relying on the properties of individual materials.
U-value for constructive elements
The most important step to be able to calculate the U-Value of a constructive element is to know the built up of each element. We will have to calculate the resistance of each building material and taking into account the thermal resistances for internal and external surface as well. So, the formula is: 푈= 1 푅푠푖+푅푠푒+푅1+푅2+푅퐴 =( 푤 푚2퐾 )
Where:
Rsi: Thermal resistance of internal surface
Rse: Thermal resistance of outside surface
푅퐴: Thermal resistance of unvented air cavities
푅1,2: Thermal resistance of building components
We can get the thermal conductivity of the building materials in “DS418:2011 table F.2. Design values for other building materials” and in “Passive House Planning Package 7, 9. Worksheet U-Values, table 1”.

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Figure 3.23 Surface resistances DS418:11; table F.2
We will analyse the U-value data of each constructive element in this table:
Constructive element Total thickness element (mm) Thermal resistance U-Value calculation (W/m²K) Rsi Rso
External wall
329
0.13
0.04 0.14
Roof 1
789
0.17
0.04 0.08
Roof 2
508
0.17
0.04 0.09
Roof 3
930
0.17
0.04 0.07
Ground supported floor
520
0.10
0.04 0.16
Basement walls
600
0.10
0.04 0.16

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3.3 BUILDING COMPONENTS
3.1.1 External wall
Figure 3.24 Components external wall
The external wall consists of 15 x 60 mm wooden moldings in oak, which is mounted on 8mm plan Eternit. Total thickness of the construction is 329 mm.
- Eternit plan: Homogeneous mixture of cement, cellulose and synthetic organic fibers.
* Weight is 15kg/m2
* Density is 1.65g/cm3
- Insulation: made of rock wool (240mm)
Structure form the out inside Component layer d (m) ƛ ( W/mK) R (m²K/W)
1. Eternit Plan
0.008
0.180
0.044 2. Wooden formwork 0.022 0.260 0.084
3. Wind barrier
0.001
0.000
0.000 4. Rafters 0.045 0.360 0.125
5. Insulation
0.240
0.037
6.486 6. Vapour barrier 0.001 0.000 0.000
7. Plaster
0.012
0.350
0.034 Total sum of thermal resistances 0.329 6.773
U-value of the construction
U=0.14 W/(m²K)
Figure 3.25 External wall U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool

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3.1.2 Roof 1
- Foil: thermal conductivity: 0.95 W/mK.
- Plywood: Plywood blocks heat more effectively than, for example, aluminium.
* thermal conductivity: 0.13 W/mK
- Insulation:
- Plaster :
- Wood concrete:
* Thermal conductivity: 0.16 W/mK
1. Foil
0.001
1.400
0.0007 2. Insulation 0.095 0.035 2.714
3. Insulation
0.290
0.035
8.285 4. Shuttering 0.025 1.500 0.017
5. Plaster
0.013
0.210
0.061 6. Wood concrete 0.025 0.160 0.156 Total sum of thermal resistances 0.449 11.233
U=0.087 W/(m²K)
Figure 3.27 Roof type 1 U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool
Figure 3.26 Components roof type 1

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3.1.3 Roof 2
- Protan foil: Flexibility at low temperatures EN 495-5 -30ºC.
* Weight >1,4 kg/m
- Top rock roof insulation: Water absorption shortly, WS ≤ 1 kg / m² EN 1609.
- Sound insulation: non-combustible.
* thermal conductivity: 0.4 W/mk
- Metal deck: elastic limit >250 N/mm²; limit break > 330 N/mm².
1. Protan foil
0.001
1.400
0.0007 2. Top rock roof insulation 0.330 0.150 2.200
3. Lydunderlagaplade
0.050
0.007
7.142 4. PE foil 0.024 0.000 0.000
5. Trapezoidal profile
0.127
0.170
U=0.097 W/(m²K)
Figure 3.29 Roof type 2 U-value calculation PHPP calculation tool

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3.1.4 Roof 3
Figure 3.31 Roof type 3 U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool
- Protan foil: Flexibility at low temperatures EN 495-5 -30ºC.
* Weight >1,4 kg/m
- Insulation:
- Plaster:
1. Foil
0.022
1.400
0.015 2. Insulation 0.095 0.035 2.714
3. Insulation
0.350
0.035
10.000 4. Shuttering 0.025 1.500 0.017
5. Plaster
0.013
0.210
U=0.076 W/(m²K)

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3.1.5 Ground supported floor
Figure 3.32 Components ground supported floor
- Cement screed
* thermal conductivity : 1.400 W/mK
- Concrete:
- Insulation:
- Capillary break layer:
1. Capillary break layer
0.150
0.090
1.677 2. Insulation 0.200 0.035 5.714
3. Concrete
0.220
2.000
0.110 4. Cement screed 0.100 1.400 0.071 Total sum of thermal resistances 0.520 7.561
U=0.130 W/(m²K)
Figure 3.33 Ground supported floor U-Value calculation using PHPP calculation tool

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3.1.6 Basement walls
Figure 3.34 Components basement walls
- Insulation:
- Concrete:
1. Insulation
0.200
0.035
5.714 2. Concrete 0.400 2.000 0.200 Total sum of thermal resistances 0.520 5.914
U=0.169 W/(m²K)
Figure 3.35 Basement wall U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool

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3.1.7 Windows and outer doors
We have not a lot of information about the windows and doors, but we have considered that we have double glazed windows called INTERPANE for the German Interprise, which has a solution guarantees of the glass g-Value = 1.1 W/m²K]and U-Value = 1.4 W/m²K and thickness dimensions of 24 mm (4+16+4).
Figure 3.36 Windows and outers doors of Hermans Concert Hall
Category: Glazing
Figure 3.37 IPLUS E heat insulation with double glazing
Product name: iplus E top heat insulation with double glazing Manufacturer: AGC interpane
INDUSTRIE AG D 37697 Lauenförde, Sohnreystr. 21, GERMANY

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3.1.8 Linear loss and transmissions losses
We can find the linear loss value for the joints in DS418.
Figure 3.38 Linear loss minimum requirements in DS418
So to calculate the transmission losses in foundations we will take 0.15 [W/mK] and through the joints between external walls and windows, gates or doors, we will take 0.03 [W/mK].
We will calculate the transmission losses with BE10.
3.1.9 Technical installations
We have no a high knowledge about the installations in Hermans-Concert Hall. So we will try to take some data similar to the minimum requirements found in the building regulation.
BR10
 Ventilation system: we have a mechanical exhaust ventilation system that incorporates heat recovery with a temperature efficiency of 70%. We have a system with a variable air volume and so we estimate that the power consumption is around 2100 J/m3.
Figure 3.39 Ventilation system requirements defined in BR10, section 8. Services
 Mechanical cooling: the building is not using a mechanical cooling system.
 Heating system: we use district heating.
 Domestic hot water: we use also district heating.

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4 BE10 CURRENT BUILDING
In this part we will run the current building in BE10 program to determine the energy behaviour, which will help us to determine the interventions we will make in the future to improve it. So, this part is really important because will affect to all the work we will do after the results.
We have followed the guide “SBI- direction 213: BE10 calculation guide version 4.08.07” to run the building in the program, and we also took some values from BR2010 regulation, due to we have not a complete knowledge about the building. In this part is very important the special conditions we took account for our building.
The results that we got from BE10 are exposed below:
Figure 4.1 BE10 key numbers current building
As we can see in the results, our building is quite far from the low energy frame requirements currently. We will have to reduce the current energy requirement a lot, at least the BR2010 energy frame.
In the ANNEX D We can see all the steps that we follow for the BE10. We explained with detail all the data taken in each part and where they come from.
We will have to reduce the yearly consumption in 149 kWh/m². This means a reduction of 56%.
Individual consumption per each installation.
Energy frames for low energy building class 2015 and 2020.

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5 CONCLUSIONS CURRENT BUILDING
After making a thorough study of the Concert Hall status we conclude that it is a new-dated building, is not even close to fulfil the current energy efficiency requirements. We will make some renewal proposals to achieve the energy efficiency requirements of 2010, moreover we will try to meet as well 2015 and 2020 energy efficiency requirements as we established in our targets.
Firstly, we will make a research of new materials, trying to find the more feasible for our project, both financially and by its properties. Furthermore, we will replace as well some of the materials such as insulation, superficial layers, to other more innovative or in better conditions.
In addition, we will entirely change the ventilation system. The system is going to be placed a heat recovery system that can fulfil the demands, as well as reduce the energy consumption.
Ending up we will make a proposal of a sustainable energy system. We will study the liability to supply the full or partial demand of water and heating with solar panels.
Moreover we will research other types of sustainable energy that are financially suitable to this project.
This refurbishment will presume a high payment, but at the same time this renewal will benefit in a few years.

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INTERVENTION PHASE
[Analysis of the energy behaviour of the building]

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6 INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERVENTION PHASE
The aim of this intervention phase is to improve on the building’s energy consumption at least to the point of accomplishing the standards of the Danish regulations for 2020 and have a sustainable building.
The intervention will be made taking into account some points:
 We will not modify the internal distribution in the building. We will focus on the building envelope.
 We will propose different solution and try to analyze them from energy behavior point of view, constructive feasibility and economic.
 We will choose solution as easy as possible from a constructive point of view.
 We will try the current structure as much as possible.
 The main idea in not changing the whole constructive element. From the beginning we will try to focus on how to improve the existing one to get a better energy behavior.
The aspects that we decide to improve can be exposed in two big groups: Building envelope and installations. Each one contains different points where we will work individually to find suitable solutions. The scheme of the intervention is describe below: INTERVENTION PLAN ENVELOPE INSTALLATIONS
ENERGY
Different proposals for:
Walls
Glazed windows
Ground floor
Roof
Improve the actual ones
Include mechanical ventilation
FEASIBILITY STUDY Calculate annual savings Difference between the energy requirement in the different proposals Investment cost Decide if it is feasible > 1,33
INTERVENTION
Taking into account:
Energy savings of each intervention
Feasibility
Life cycle
Easiest and best solution for the users.
Decide the best option for the project
To use less energy coming from fossil fuels and use green energy we will study and analyze alternative means of harvesting energy like PV panels, Ground source heat exchangers, and waste water treatment.

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6.1 COST-EFFECTIVENESS
As it’s said in Building Regulations ‘Buildings must be constructed so as to avoid unnecessary energy consumption for heating, hot water, cooling, ventilation and lighting while at the same time achieving healthy conditions’. It means that while constructing or modernizing a building, lowering the costs, this economic effectiveness should be taken into account, combined with ensuring residents healthy conditions. And that’s what we want to achieve, by using cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), which is a tool that gives alternatives to identify the best option to invest. It helps in making decision to achieve a result at the lowest cost.
According to recommendation in BR10, we calculated the cost-effectiveness through a formula, which says that structural measures are effective if annual savings multiplied by the lifetime, divided by investment are larger than 1.33, which means that the measure concerned is paying for itself within around 75% of its expected lifetime. 퐶표푠푡−푒푓푒푐푡푖푣푛푒푠푠: 푙푖푓푒푡푖푚푒·푠푎푣푖푛푔푠 퐼푛푣푒푠푡푚푒푛푡 >1.33
Lifetime: It is the length of time that something is useful, or works. It refers to the length of time that something functions or is useful. The table below show the different parameters of the lifetime.
Figure 6.1 Lifetimes to calculate cost-effectiveness BR10
This factor should be higher than 1.33, if not the work is not cost- effective, so that it is the tool that will determine the feasibility of each improvements.

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Investment: Investment includes all costs associated with running the enterprises, materials, labors work, transport, scaffolding, costs of roofing, and other.
Savings: The saving will be the money that we will save yearly after the intervention. To know it, we will run the changes in BE10 and we will check the future consumption. Then, we will compare it with the current one, to know the difference or, how much energy we save. We will transform this energetic saving into money, taking into account that we will take 1,9468kr. Like the current price of the kWh. We also consider that the electricity price is expected to increase around 5% yearly.
So now, the goal is get an average kWh price in the whole lifetime period, depending how long it is. The calculation are exposed below.
Lifetime expected Current price (2014) Price last year % Price increase Average price for the lifetime (AP) 10 Years 1,9468 kr. 3.02 (2023) 55% 2,45 kr. 15 Years
3.85 (2028)
98%
2,80 kr. 20 Years 4.92 (2033) 153% 3,22 kr. 30 Years
8.01(2043)
311%
4,31 kr. 40 Years 13.52(2053) 594% 5,88 kr.

37
7 INTERVENTION PLAN
7.1 ANALYSIS OF THE ENVELOPE PROPOSALS
7.1.1 External and basement walls
We are going to study different types of solutions to improve the quality of the walls of the building.
Our building has 2 different types of walls; the external walls and the basement walls. The external walls, are composed with a big glazed, but in this part, we are going to consider only the opaque part of them, due to the glazed of the windows will be study in another point.
As Hermans Hall is not an old building we can consider that the insulation is in a good conservation state, so we do not have to remove it. Therefore, the solution would be to apply new layers in the outside face or in the indoor one. In order to choose the best option we can analyse each possibility: TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION OUTDOOR FACE ADD: insulation in the outdoor face. INDOOR FACE ADD: Insulation plus gypsum board in the indoor face. U VALUE
0,10 W/m2k
0,11 W/m2k ASPECT Acceptable Good EXECUTION OF WORK (difficulty 1-3)
3
2 MANTAINANCE Good Acceptable

38
Type 1: The first option that we consider was to apply more insulation in the outer face. With this option is easier to avoid possible condensations that could be done inside the facade wall. However, this option is not possible to apply with basement walls.
Even so, we think that this would not be the best choice. As we say, we cannot apply this option in the basement walls, and if we work in the outer face, we will need to install scaffolds, which would suppose an increment on the price.
This option, would make sense if the building would be older and the finishing layers would be in a bad condition, so changing them would be useful. In our building, is no reason to change layers with another material, because we will change the aesthetic of the building as well.
Type 2: The second option would be to modify the façade in the indoor face. Normally is better to increase the thickness of the façade inside instead of outside, in order to avoid problems with building regulations.
At the same way, we do not need to remove important parts of the façade avoiding the unnecessary waste of material that it would suppose, and we would avoid the safety systems needed in the outside works. Moreover, the same solution would be used for external walls, and for the basement walls.
So, we decide to choose this type of intervention, and we will add a new internal insulation layer finished by a gypsum board wall. We have chosen new insulation material, aerogel insulation is derived from silica gel.
Spacetherm®
Spacetherm is an ultra-thin insulation for thermal upgrades, saving valuable space without altering the exterior fabric of the building. Spacetherm can be supplied on its own and cut to size or laminated to a number of facings to suit your individual requirements. Its remarkable performance is achieved through the use of flexible aerogel blankets. The insulation used in Spacetherm is material derived from silica gel. Advantages: Eco-Friendly product, resist module growth, k factor of 0.015 W/mk.
Figure 7.1 Spacetherm insulation

39
Spacetherm, is an expensive material but this brings another benefits. We need only 40mm of it, and the u-value reduces considerably. That is good, because we do not have to increase a lot the width of the wall.
Figure 7.2 Technical information spacetherm
Figure 7.4 Current external wall and new external wall
Figure 7.3 Current basement wall and new basement wall

40
Energy behavior improvement:
1. Eternit Plan
0.008
0.180
0.044 2. Wooden formwork 0.022 0.260 0.084
3. Wind barrier
0.001
0.000
0.000 4. Rafters 0.045 0.360 0.125
5. Insulation
0.240
0.037
6.486 6. Vapour barrier 0.001 0.000 0.000
7. Plaster
0.012
0.350
0.034 8. Aerogel insulation 0.040 0.015 2.667
9. Gympsumn board
0.015
0.033
U=0.10 W/(m²K)
1. Insulation
0.200
0.035
5.714 2. Concrete 0.400 2.000 0.200
3. Aerogel insulation
0.040
0.015
2.667 4. Gympsumn board 0.015 0.033 0.450 Total sum of thermal resistances 0.575 9.031
U=0.110 W/(m²K)
We reduce the U-Value 0.05 (W/m²K)
We reduce the U-value= 0.059 W/m²K
BASEMENT WALL
EXTERNAL WALL

41
EXTERNAL WALLS CURRENT NEW TYPE U-Value wall 0,15 W/m²K 0.10 W/m²K Transmission loss (W)
6.038,83 W
4.193,63 W % reduction losses - 30,56 % Saving in kWh/m² year
-
1,8 Total savings (kWh) - 3574 Thickness increase (mm)
-
55
BASEMENT WALLS CURRENT NEW TYPE U-Value wall 0,169 W/m²K 0.11 W/m²K Transmission loss (W)
438,72 W
285,56 W % reduction losses - 34,90 % Saving in kWh/m² year
-
0,3 Total savings (kWh) - 594 Thickness increase (mm)
-
55
Cost-effectiveness study:
LIFETIME EXPECTED
SAVINGS YEARLY
INVESTMENT
COST EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR Energy (kWh) AP (kr) Savings (Kr)
External walls
40 years
3.574
5,88
21.015,12
232.983,58
3,61 Basement Walls 40 years 594 5,88 3.492,72 46.149,09 3,03
As we can see, the cost effectiveness factor is higher than 1.33, so this solution is feasible in our building renovation.

42
7.1.2 Roofs
The criteria involved in the choice of insulation are: energy efficiency, acoustic performance, embodied energy, phase, price, region in which the dwelling is located, etc.
Like we know: 30% of the heat that escapes from a poorly insulated house through the attic and roof (25% against the walls, 10 to 15% glass and windows and 7 10% of the soil). It seems, in the opinion of all professionals insulation, the most convincing are held insulation values from mineral and vegetable wool, expanded clay, hemp, perlite and expanded cork.
One of the easiest interventions to improve the building envelope is to make some modifications in the roof structure. Changing the whole element would be quite expensive and constructively difficult, but the current structure let us make easy changes without needing to replace everything.
We do not want to change the whole element so we will focus on the insulation. In this case, we will contemplate two possible solutions to analyze:
 Option A: remove the current roofing felt cover to add more insulation thickness
 Option B: don’t remove anything; just add insulation above the current roof and roofing felt cover as finishing.
But finally even with these two solutions we cannot improve our finals U-Values.
Because it is already a really good one and the material used, the Rockwool is almost the better one. In case that we would decide move the entire roof to replace the Rockwool by a glass wool for instance (0.04 W/m²K to 0.03W/m²K), it will cost too much for the improvement, which is not really important and more efficient.
Moreover it is the same for the two others roofs, we have already good isolation: ROOF Roof 1 Roof 2 Roof 3 U-Value 0.087 W/m²K 0.097 W/m²K 0.076 W/m²K
So we don’t need to replace the isolation of the materials.

43
Type 1: If we choose to change the isolation material we can reduce the U-value of 0.01 W/m²K, but it will cost a lot of money and it will not improve so much the isolation. But we keep the currents construction materials.
Type 2: We decide to not change something and keep the current value because this is already a really good one.
 MANUFACTURER: SAGLAN
 PRODUCT NAME: GLASS WOOL
 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: 0.031 W/mK
 THICKNESS: 95 mm + 290 mm
Saglan has outstanding sound and thermal insulation properties. The SAGLAN cutting service is very valuable and covers large insulation thicknesses up to 300 mm.
Figure 7.5 Technical data SAGLAN Current TYPE TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION  Foil  22mm Plywood 45mm reglar C/C 95mm  95mm first isolation (rockwool)  290mm second isolation (rockwool)  25mm shuttering  Vapor barrier  Plaster  30 mm wood concrete Remove the rockwool by the glass wool. But no changes about the construction materials No modification U-VALUE
0.087 W/(m²K)
0.079 W/(m²K)
0.087 W/(m²K) ASPECT Good Acceptable Good EXECUTION OF WORK (difficulty 1-3)
-
2
1 MANTAINANCE Good Good

44
ROOF 1 CURRENT NEW TYPE U-Value roof 0,087 W/m²K 0,079 W/m²K Transmission loss (W)
363,92 W
354,93 W % reduction losses - 2,47 % Saving in kWh/m² year
-
0 Total savings (kWh) - 0
LIFETIME EXPECTED
SAVINGS YEARLY
INVESTMENT
ROOF 1
40 years
0
5,88
0
0
0
As we can see, the intervention is not feasible, due to the small reduction in the U-value and the cost involved in the intervention of the roof, the best option is to leave the currently layers.
1. Foil
0.001
1.400
0.0007 2. Insulation 0.095 0.031 3.064
3. Insulation
0.290
0.031
9.354 4. Shuttering 0.025 1.500 0.017
5. Plaster
0.013
0.210
U=0.079 W/(m²K)
We reduce the U-Value 0.007 W/m²K (W/m²K)

45
7.1.3 Ground supported floor
Currently, the ground supported floor structure is composed by a capillary break layer, 200mm insulation above the ground, 220mm concrete element and a 100mm cement screed layer. According to the intervention criteria, we want to damage the current structure of the main ground floor areas (Lobby- Floor harrow- Scene- Hallway) as minimum as possible. So we suggest the following solutions:
 Type 1: remove the cement screed in order to create a new insulation layer 150mm thick and built again a cement screed layer 50mm thick. We also want to set a moisture barrier at the bottom.
 Type 2: don’t remove anything and create a vapor barrier on the top of the current cement screed. Add 150mm EPS insulation and build another cement screed layer 50mm thick.
Figure 7.6 Current floor and new floor CURRENT FLOOR TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION  150mm of capillary break layer.  200mm insulation above the ground  220mm concrete element  100mm cement screed layer.  Remove the cement screed to create a new insulation layer of 150mm.  Built a new one of 50mm thick.  Set a moisture barrier. No modification, just put a vapor barrier, add 150mm of insulation and another screed U VALUE
0.130 W/(m²K)
0.084 W/(m²K)
0.084 W/(m²K)

46
Structure form the out inside TYPE 1 Component layer d (m) ƛ ( W/mK) R (m²K/W)
0.150
0.090
1.677 2. Insulation 0.200 0.035 5.714
3. Concrete
0.220
2.000
0.110 4. Insulation 0.150 0.035 4.285
4. Cement screed
0.050
1.400
U=0.084 W/(m²K)
Structure form the out inside TYPE 2 Component layer d (m) ƛ ( W/mK) R (m²K/W)
0.150
0.090
1.677 2. Insulation 0.200 0.035 5.714
3. Concrete
0.220
2.000
0.110 4. Cement screed 0.100 1.400 0.071
5. Vapour barrier
-
-
- 6. Insulation 0.150 0.035 4.285
7. Cement screed
0.050
1.400
U=0.084 W/(m²K)
As we can see, we don’t have any difference with the reduction of the u-value between the type 1 and the type 2, so we will chose the type 2 because it is easier to execute. ASPECT Good Good Good EXECUTION OF WORK (difficulty 1-3)
-
3
2 MAINTENANCE Good. Expensive Acceptable

47
TYPE 2
Manufacturer: SANDBEPS
Product name: S and B Lambdatherm
Dimensions: Standard board sizes 2400 x 1200 mm
Thickness: 150 mm
Figure 7.7 Sandbeps floor
LIFETIME EXPECTED
SAVINGS YEARLY
INVESTMENT
FLOOR TYPE 1
40 years
3.762,00
5,88
22.120,56
579.444,25
3,37 FLOOR TYPE 2 40 years 3.762,0 5,88 22.120,56 262.628,58 3,37
Both intervention are effective but we chose the type 2 because it is easier to install and cheaper.
FLOOR CURRENT NEW TYPE 1 NEW TYPE 2 U-Value floor 0,130 W/m²K 0,084 W/m²K 0,084 W/m²K Transmission loss (W)
2.502,5 W
1.617,00 W
1.617,00 W % reduction losses - 35 % 35 % Saving in kWh/m² year
-
1,9
1,9 Total savings (kWh) - 3.762 3.762

48
7.1.4 Glazed area
One of the most important interventions in the building will be the replacement of the current windows and set new ones. This aspect is important because a high percentage of the façades is glazed.
We have to take into account that the current windows are formed by double glazing (4+16+4) and steel frames. We will look in the market some windows to reduce the U-value (currently it is PHPP U-Values) and in consequence the heat losses through the glazed area.
We have supposed a possible manufacturer for the current glazing area and then we search in it one of the possible solutions for our building. In the other hand, the second possible solution we have searched in a different manufacture with the possibility to compare both.
We have one type of windows but with different dimensions (we mean big windows which are located in southwest, southeast and northeast façades, and small windows which are located in northwest façade), so we will explore to find both.
These are the main characteristics for the glazing and frames in normal windows: WINDOWS Current glazing Glazing type 1 Glazing type 2 Manufacturer AGC interpane AGC interpane Adams-fensterbau, RITTER Product name
Iplus neutral E
Iplus 3CE
Climatic-90 MD PH-F05 Layer of glazing Double glazing Triple glazing Triple glazing Pane thickness
24 mm (4+16+4)
44 mm (4+12+4+12+4)
48 mm (4+16+4+16+4) U-value window 1.4 W/m²K 0.75 W/m²K 0.72 W/m²K g-value glazing installed
1.1 W/m²K
0.50 W/m²K
0.50 W/m²K Frame Steel aluminium frame Steel aluminium frame Steel aluminium frame Description
Iplus neutral E – The insulation glass iplus neutral E consists of two glass panes separated by a hermetically sealed space. The space between the panes is filled with an inert gas and one of the glass surfaces is coated with an iplus E layer.
Iplus 3E and iplus 3CE – super insulation glass types for ultra-low- energy houses and passive houses
Profile colour white with black seals
Passive houses certification

49
CURRENT GLAZING
Figure 7.8 Current glazing in our building
GLAZING TYPE 1
Figure 7.9 New glazing type 1

50
GLAZING TYPE 2
Figure 7.10 New glazing type 2
Translation:
 Veka 6 - chamber profile, mounting depth 90/84mm
 2 elastic compression seals
 1 additional medium seal, positioned on the wing
 Profile colour white with black seals
 Dirt-protection profile in the frame rebate below
 Energy-saving glass three times with 0.5 Ug and g 51, warm edge
Energy behaviour improvement:
The next step is to analyse how the installation of this changes in BE10. It is sure that the transmission losses will decrease because the U-value get better, but another aspect that will help us to reduce even more the losses is the solar transmittance (g-value) of the window.
Taking into account that in Demark they are using energy pane for the last 10 years at least and that the new ones will be triple glazing, the g-value of the new windows will be 0,50. Currently g-value is 1.1. WINDOWS CURRENT TYPE 1 TYPE 2 U-Value window 1.4 W/m²K 0.75 W/m²K 0.72 W/m²K Transmission loss (W)
20.066,40 W
10.749,80 W
10.319,80 W % reduction losses - 46.42 % 48.57 % Saving in kWh/m² year
-
8,5
8,9 Total savings (kWh) - 16.830,00 17.622,00

51
According to the saving calculations in BE10 and the investment, we will calculate the cost-effectiveness of both options to choose the best one.
LIFETIME EXPECTED
SAVINGS YEARLY
INVESTMENT
GLAZING TYPE 1
30 years
16.830,00
4,31
72.537,30
169.157,64
12,86 GLAZING TYPE 2 30 years 17.622,00 4,31 75.950,82 162.704,60 14,00
In this case, both are feasible but the best option to apply is the Glazing type 2 since the effectiveness factor is higher and the investment cost is cheaper.

52
7.2 INSTALLATIONS
The installation system is the principle source of heat of the building, and the other focus point to avoid
heat losses and improve the energy efficiency of a building.
7.2.1 Ventilation systems
The design criteria for the indoor environment are intended to assist in providing a satisfactory indoor
environment for people in ventilated buildings. The indoor environment comprises the thermal
environment, the air quality and the acoustic environment. Good ventilation provides a comfortable
indoor environment with a low health risk for the occupants and uses a small amount of energy.
Reducing the indoor sources of pollution and preferably adapting the ventilation rate to the actual
demand are more important than increasing the outside airflow rate.
Air quality is first and foremost determined by the ventilation used and by indoor pollution, including
moisture production caused by the behavior of the users. Building materials with the lowest possible
emissions of pollutants should always be used. The continuous renewal of air also prevents forms a CO2
concentration too high.
The quality of the indoor climate is extremely important because we spend the greater part indoors. The
indoor climate must therefore be such that it not only reduces the risk of exposure to discomfort, illness
or pathogens but also achieves comfortable conditions.
A good indoor climate has a positive impact on the ability to concentrate and work. A good indoor
climate is defined not only by the absence of effects, which may cause discomfort or illness but also by
the presence of factors, such as good acoustic and lighting conditions, which evoke positive sensations
and impressions. A good indoor climate is achieved by means of a combination of the design, layout and
fitting out of the building.

53
System selection
By the new Danish laws, today have to respect an energy performance framework for low-energy
building. We have to use ventilation unit with heat recovery system. The existent ventilation system
efficiency we suppose that is below 70 %. In order to reach a higher efficiency we decide to install a new
system with a better performance.
Mechanical ventilation installations can achieve a greater thrust than natural ventilation systems and are
therefore less sensitive to variations in the outdoor climate.
Some of the principal benefits of the mechanical
ventilation are:
• Allows the placement of filters at the
entrance of fresh air, in order to keep the pipes
clean and purify the fresh air, therefore creating
a healthy indoor climate with much less air
pollutants such as pollen, dust, carbon particles,
etc.. This benefit is for people with allergies and
small children, but it requires discipline to
maintain.
• Health and comfort thanks to the fresh
air which is distributed permanently indoor and
the rapid dissipation of outdoors, less dust etc..
The fact of not having to open the windows to
ventilate avoids external noise pollution (traffic,
highway, airport, etc.)
 There are no cold air, nobody who feel cold and no draught, like when you open the windows to
ventilate.
 Lower energy costs thanks to heat recycling and exploitation of excess heat to heating and possibly
hot domestic water.
 The valid demands concerning energy consumption can more easily be observed.
Figure 7.11Ventilation system

54
How does it work?
On the one hand, there is a supply ventilation device which introduces the outdoor-air, and distributes it to all the spaces where there is a need of fresh, using ducts and diffusers placed in each of these rooms.
On the other hand, there is a return ventilation device made also by ducts and diffuser which throw away the moisture, the hot and the polluted air from the wet rooms like bathrooms, kitchen. Both devices produce air flows through the “over-flow areas" into the moisture-producing rooms (kitchen, bathroom, and toilet).
This system is an advanced central ventilation system with heat recovering for buildings for extraction. The system is demand-controlled, so that the volume of air is adapted to the current demand all the time. The ventilation system secures optimal comfort and good indoor climate with continuous ventilation day and night.
There is a so-called heat exchanger or heat recovering system where the heat from the extracted air is transferred to the inlet air, and after that the cooled extracted air is thrown out to the open air.
On the extraction side the air passes through a filter in order to protect the system’s components against impurities. In that way the amount of dust particles diminishes considerably in the fresh air and in the exhaust air.
Thanks to the heat exchanger or heat recovering system up to 95% of the thermal energy from the used indoor air is regained.

55
Design criteria minimum for air amount
In this part, we decided to consider only the main rooms of the concert hall in order to simplify the calculations. That’s why the part with the sanitary is not represented. (5-6-7-8-9-10-11).
“DS/CEN/CR 1752” specifies three different categories of quality for the indoor environment, which can be chosen fulfilled, when a room is ventilated. Category A corresponds to a high level of expectation, Category B to a medium level of expectation and category C to a moderate level of expectation. We have chosen CATEGORY C in order to have a high level of ventilation efficiency.
Figure 7.12 Ventilation rate depending of category
This table applies for the occupancy listed in the table and for a ventilation effectiveness of one. It is for low polluted buildings/spaces without tobacco smoking.
Category C : 6,4l/s/m2
Category C: 3,2l/s/m2
Category C: 0,7l/s/m2
Category C: 0,8 l/s/m2 1. Lobby 2. Floor harrow 3. Scene 4.Hallway 12. Storm flap 15. WC 16. WC 18. Corridor 20. WC 21. WC 24. Basement 13. Office 14. Makeup room 17. Makeup room 19. Makeup room 22. Makeup room 23. Staff room

56
Calculation of air amounts
The preheated inlet air is supplied to the kitchen. If it is possible, the inlet air should be led to the middle of the room to ensure a good mixing and high comfort.
We decided to use two different ventilation units which will be situated:
 On the roof (UNIT B) because the ducts are too large to pass through a shaft. It will be much more practical to make them arrive directly in the rooms through the roof.
 In the basement (UNIT A) in order to avoid noise of machine.
Description of the table:
On the first column, it’s the minimum air changes we need in a habitable building, it’s 0,3 l/s/m². So, we have to multiply this one by the area of each space and we obtain the “q”, it’s the minimum ventilation rate for each room. The first column it’s in l/s and the next in m3/h.
However, the minimum isn’t the ventilation rate that we take in order to design the ducts network. Indeed, rooms have different ventilation rate mandatory, (see in “Design criteria for fresh air supply and extract air” and “Building regulation 2010). Then, we divide in two parts, one for the extraction and the other for the supply. The air amount has to be the same in extraction and in supply, because otherwise, it will have a high-pressure or a depression.
EXAMPLES
 Principal rooms (Lobby; Floor harrow; Scene) Air amount (m3/h) = 6,4 (l/s/m2) x Area (m2) x 3.6
 Hallway
Air amount (m3/h) = 3,2 (l/s/m2) x Area (m2) x 3.6  Rooms 12-15-16-18-20-21-24 Air amount (m3/h) = 0,7 (l/s/m2) x Area (m2) x 3.6
 Rooms 17-19-22-23
Air amount (m3/h) = 0,8 (l/s/m2) x Area (m2) x3.6

57
We can see on the table that we need a flow rate of 32 868 m3/h for the main areas and 1066 m3/h for the other rooms.
Air changes minimum (l/s/m2)
Area (m2)
q (l/s)
q (m3/h)
Air amount (m3/h)
Air extraction (m3/h)
Air supply (m3/h) 1. Lobby 0,3 510,00 153 550,8 11750 11750 11750
2. Floor harrow
0,3
582,00
175,5
631,8
13409
13409
13409 3. Scene 0,3 288,00 86,4 311,0 6635 6635 6635
4.Hallway
0,3
93,30
28,0
100,8
1074
1074
1074 TOTAL 32868 32868
12. Storm flap
0,3
4,00
1,2
4
10
10
10 13. Office 0,3 9,40 2,8 10,1 27 27 27
14. Makeup room
0,3
11,00
3,3
11,9
31
31
31 15. WC 0,3 2,80 0,8 2,9 7 7 7
16. WC
0,3
2,80
0,8
2,9
7
7
7 17. Makeup room 0,3 10,00 3,0 10,8 29 29 29
18. Corridor
0,3
26,00
7,8
28,1
70
70
70 19. Makeup room 0,3 10,00 3,0 10,8 29 29 29
20. WC
0,3
2,80
0,8
2,9
7
7
7 21. WC 0,3 2,80 0,8 2,9 7 7 7
22. Makeup room
0,3
11,00
3,3
11,9
31
31
31 23. Staff room 0,3 30,00 9,0 32,4 86 86 86
24. Basement
0.3
288
86,4
304,5
725
725
725 TOTAL 1066 1066

58
Selection of ventilation system
The heat recovering takes place by thermal conduction through shared walls between warm and cold air.
The cold fresh air and the warm exhaust air is led perpendicular to each other through a number of slits,
which are separated by plates that can be made of aluminum, steel or glass. The cross flow heat
exchanger has efficiency between 60-70%.This means that 60-70 % of the heat content of the exhaust air
is recovered.
Heat exchangers shall always be made with
condensation drain. Therefore the ventilation room
always has to be made with a floor drain. To secure
the heat exchanger against blockage it should be
protected by filters.
Finally we have 32 868 m3/h of air amount for the four big rooms so for the first unit we chose a system
from HOVAL Company because this brand offers heat exchangers systems with efficiencies up to 90%
and with air flows rates up to 150.000m³/h. (UNIT B)
Our heat recovery unit will be composed by one single wheel with sorption storage mass type.
HOVAL takes specified orders, making a personalized heat exchanger unit.
Figure 7.14 Hoval ventilation machine
Figure 7.13 Heat recovery ventilation

59
For the other rooms we need a flow rate of 1 066 m3/h so we chose a unit from LG called LG 4000 with flow rates from 1290 to 4700 (UNIT A)
Ducts dimensioning
The diameter of the ducts has been calculated according to velocity and flow rate. We have to respect a velocity of 2,5m/s to avoid the noise in the ducts which is transmitted in the pieces.
We have decided to use tubular pipes instead of rectangular ducts because usually the tubular pipes are easier to manufacture and therefore they are cheaper. Normally rectangular pipes are only used in complicated point of the installation, where the tubular pipes do not fit.
An insulation of 5cm of mineral wood will be put on the pipes to reduce the thermal loss and reduce a little bit the noise.
One silencer will be installed at the output of supply air before the entry of the building to reduce the sound coming of the handling air unit.
The damper motorized will allow ensuring the flow rate air wished in the rooms. It will be connected with the regulation to address the needs.
Figure 7.15 Air velocity
In order to have the diameter of the ducts, we need the air amount and the velocity. We have already the air amount, and the air velocity depends of the type of the building and which type of duct that is in question.
D = diameter of the duct
Q =air amount (m3/s)
V=air velocity (m/s)

60
Below it is shown standard radius for tubular ducts in millimeters: 100, 112, 125, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 224, 250, 280, 300, 355, 315, 400, 450, 500, 560, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1500.
Design ducts: supply and exhausted air (shaft A- UNIT A)
Room
Qbasic (m3/h)
Qbasic (m3/s)
Type (M,
B, C)
Velocity (m/s)
Duct dimension
(calculated)
(m)
Final duct
dimension
(mm) Office-1 27 0.0075 C 3.5 0.052 100
Storm-1
10
0.0027
C
3.5
0.031
100 1-2 0.0102 B 4.5 0.054 100
Makeup room-2
31
0.0086
C
3.5
0.056
100 2-3 0.0188 B 4.5 0.073 100
Double WC-3
14
0.0039
C
3.5
0.038
100 3-4 0.0227 B 4.5 0.080 100
Makeup room-4
29
0.0080
C
3.5
0.054
100 4-5 0.0307 B 4.5 0.093 100
Makeup room-5
29
0.0080
C
3.5
0.054
100 5-6 0.0387 B 4.5 0.105 112
Double WC-6
14
0.0039
C
3.5
0.037
100 6-7 0.0426 B 4.5 0.110 125
Makeup room-7
31
0.0086
C
3.5
0.056
100 7-8 0.0512 B 4.5 0.120 125
Staff room-8
86
0.0239
C
3.5
0.093
100 8- unit 0.0751 M 6.5 0.121 125
Design ducts: supply and exhausted air (shaft B- UNIT B)
Room
Qbasic (m3/h)
Qbasic (m3/s)
Type (M,
B, C)
Velocity (m/s)
Duct dimension
(calculated)
(m)
Final duct
dimension
(mm) Lobby-1 11750 3.26 C 3.5 1.080 1100
Hallway-1
1074
0.30
C
3.5
0.330
355 1-2 3.56 B 4.5 1.004 1100
Floor harrow-2
13409
3.72
C
3.5
1.163
1200 2-3 7.28 B 4.5 1.435 1500
Scene-3
6635
1.84
C
3.5
0.818
1000 3-unit 9.12 M 6.5 1.336 1500

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Ventilation systems require thermal insulation in order to restrict and control heat loss. For financial and environmental reasons, it is important you reduce unnecessary heat loss in ducts that transport warm air. Ventilation ducts transport either warm or cold air.
Huge problems occur when condensation builds up on the outside of ducts containing material with a lower temperature than the ambient air temperature. With high humidity, the air can easily condense on the outer surface of ducts. When this happens, water starts to drip and causes damage, such as discoloration to ceilings and floors. Over time, water can cause damage to the ducts and reduce their service life. Condensation also occurs inside the duct if the situation is reversed.
Prevent condensation easily by using the correct insulation solution. Apply insulation of the correct thickness to keep the insulation surface temperature higher than the ambient air temperature. Also use an effective water vapor barrier to prevent moisture permeating the insulation.
The ceiling diffusers will allow ensuring a complete diffusion and uniform of the air in the rooms without to feel the airflow. High capacity louvered directional diffusers are designed to supply large volumes of air at relatively low sound levels and pressure drops.
The modular design of these diffusers allows each unit to be manufactured to suit a specified air pattern and deliver the desired amount of air for any requirement.
Current
New system Thermal efficiency 70% 90%
Energy building requirements (kW/m²)
248,40
211,60 Savings in kWh/m² - 36,80
Yearly saving in kWh
-
72.864,00 % improvement energy behavior building - 14,81 %
LIFETIME EXPECTED
SAVINGS YEARLY
INVESTMENT
TOTAL SYSTEM
20 years
72.864,00
3,22
234.622,08
700.000 DKK
6,70

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7.2.2 Hot domestic water
Heating of DHW is one of the most important parameters that we have to take into account at the time of calculating the heating demand of the building. Knowing we are going to convert our old building to a renewable energy efficiency concert hall. The consumptions will be adapting the new requirements. Furthermore we will be careful with the choice of the system to heat the domestic water.
There are two main renewable energy resources that could be used to produce hot water for the building both for warming the house up and also for tap water. That is the geothermal system and solar panels. However, we have abandoned the "geothermal" option for reasons of ease and implementation.
First of all, we have to calculate the DHW needs that our building will have.
“SBI-direction 213 - Energy requirements for buildings”:
Domestic hot water consumption [liters/m2 years]
In other buildings than dwellings a yearly consumption of hot domestic water is normally assumed to be 100 liters per m2 heated floorage.
The hot domestic water is assumed heated up to 55 °C.
Calculation of DHW
- Heated floor area: 1.980 m2
- Accepted DHW consumption = 1.980 m2 · 100 l/m2/year = 198.000 liters /year
- Daily DHW consumption 198.000 liters /year / 365 days= 542 liters /day
Necessary energy to heat 542 liters of DHW to 55ºC:
Furthermore the average temperature of the water input in the zone of Aarhus is 9 ºC.
55 – 9 = 46º
Finally, with this information, we can get the final amount of energy that we will need to heat the necessary DHW for our building.

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Whatever that the system we use:
Q = Consumption · 1 kcal/l · 46ºC = 542 liters/day · 1 · 46ºC = 24.932 Kcal / day
Energy needed: 24.932 Kcal / day
 28,97 kwh / day
 10,57 MWh / year (1 Kcal =0.00116 kwh)
By our own calculation, we can see that we will need the amount of 10,57 MWh per year. Knowing this value, we have searched two different types of tanks from different manufacturers.
OPTION A
DEJONG has a big offer of water tanks. We need to storage around 550 L. For this reason, we have to take 750 L of capacity.
Figure 7.16 DEJONG water tank
Figure 7.17 Characteristics DEJONG water tank
Figure 7.18 Dimensions DEJONG water tank

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OPTION B
LAARS tank
Figure 7.19 LAARS water tank
We have chosen 119 Gallon model due to1 Gallon = 3,79 liters.
So 200 Gallon will have a capacity of 758 L; close to our needs.
The dimensions are in inches so we will convert them into centimetres or meters to compare all the tanks.
Figure 7.20 Characteristics LAARS water tank
OPTION C
The last option is to maintain the current water tank and just change the insulation due to the existing one is not enough to avoid heat losses. We will set high quality insulation and a higher thickness
HOT WATER STORAGE TANK
Currently
OPTION A
DEJONK tank
OPTION B
LAARS tank
OPTION C
Re-insulate Characteristics
Capacity
550 L
750 L
758 L
550 L Dimensions Diameter (Ø) 610 mm 990 mm 812 mm 610 mm
Height (h)
1905 mm
1875 mm
2006 mm
1905 mm Surface 4,24 m² 7,37 m² 6,15 m² 4,24 m²
Insulation
Material
Fiberglass
EPS
Rockwool
EPS Thermal conductivity (ƛ) 0,05 W/mK 0,038 W/mK 0,040 W/mK 0,038 W/mK
Thickness (e)
20 mm
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm Energy behavior improvement
U-value
2,50 W/m²K
0,76 W/m²K
0,80 W/m²K
0,76 W/m²K Total heat losses 371 W 196,04 W 172,20 W 112,78 W
Heat losses/ Degree
10,60 W/K
5,60 W/K
4,92 W/K
3,22 W/K % heat losses reduction - 47,17 % 53,58 % 69,62 %
Savings in kWh/m² year
-
0,80
0,90
1,20 Total savings (kWh) - 1.584,00 1.782,00 2.376,00

65
LIFETIME EXPECTED
SAVINGS YEARLY
INVESTMENT
OPTION A DEJONK tank
20 years
1.584,00
3,22
5.100,48
140.000
0,72 OPTION B LAARS tank 20 years 1.782,00 3,22 5.738,04 140.000 0,82
OPTION C Re-insulate
19 years
2.376,00
3,13
7.436,88
343,60
411,23
We will choose the option C, it is the only one that the cost effectiveness factor is higher than 1,33 and it is cheaper too.
Heat Pump
Another option to improve the efficiency of the domestic hot water installation is to add a heat pump.
We will study the possibility and feasibility to supply the hot domestic water with a heat pump. The heat pump that we want to use is an air-to-water. It provides domestic hot water and heat for water-based heating systems. With this pump we expect to provide all the sanitary hot water demand.
After the air goes through the fan and is heated, it made the transfusion of heat between the air and the water, the water is leaded until a hot water storage, where after is distributed for all the Concert Hall.
The use of the heat pump, is to provide only domestic hot water, and not for the heating system. Where we keep the existing system that it is district heating.
One characteristic of the heat pump is that feeding them with 1 kW of electricity, the heat pumps produce 4 kW of heat, this value also depends on the COP of the machine, and also the type of the heat pump.
After set all the BE10 demands, we find that the demand is 20,5 kWh/m² per year for domestic hot water. With this value, we find the heat pump that fits better with our demands, to have enough production, and not having an overproduction of hot domestic water.
The model that we choose, is from the Danish company Danfoss (Danfoss DHP-AQ), it has a COP of 4,7 and a heat capacity of 11,1 kW (The datasheet is included in the annexes).

66
To make the cost-effectiveness study, we have to take into account the price of the electricity and the price of the heat. When you install a heat pump the electrical consumption will increase, due to it need electricity to work. On the other hand the heat that the company has to supply to the building decrease.
Current building
With heat pump Electrical demand 87,9 kWh/m² 96,4 kWh/m²
Heat Demand
42,5 kWh/m²
22,0 kWh/m² Difference kWh/m² year 8,5 kWh/m² (increase) 20,5 kWh/m² (decrease)
Total (kWh)
16.830 kWh (increase)
40.590 (saving)
The price of the heat is 0.75kr per kW, so we increase it a 5% every year, and in 20 years the price will be 1.90 DKK per kW. We calculated if it will be feasible to incorporate the heat pump, or in another way if it will be more feasible keep the system that we have currently.
 3,22 x 96,40= 310,40 DKK/m². This is the price that we should pay for the electricity in case that we use a heat pump in the renovation in 20 years.
 1,90 x 42,50= 80,75 DKK/m². This is the price that we should pay for the heating if we would decide keep the actual system.
As we can see, is more feasible keep the current system than add a heat pump. So, we will keep the actual system.

67
7.2.3 Water savings
Saving water consumption should be an aim of every project nowadays.
There are many reasons for this fact:
We need to really take account about the change climate and his effects on the world and how we have to use water.
Moreover, over the last two decades water consumption has increased and forecast predict that this will continue as the population rises. In addition, water costs have risen significantly in recent years and this trend looks likely to continue. As 70-80% of the water we use is heated using it wisely also saves energy and reduces costs.
To save some of the water consumption we followed three key changes:
a) Efficient use of the water (placing efficient water fixtures)
b) Distinguish between two types of water: Grey water and potable water.
c) Collect rainwater and use it for grey water consumption.
Firstly we will calculate water consumption with normal sanitary and kitchen equipment, to carry out later another calculation of water consumption, but this time with new water efficiency bathroom and kitchen equipment. Concluding with the savings this new water efficiency will produce.
WATER CONSUMPTION
REGISTRATION:
DAILY CONSUMPTION per person: (approx.: 1700 events per year)
Now I am just going to estimate approximately how many people are in the building and how many are going to use the services.
- Around 300 employees work on a daily basis in the Concert Hall Aarhus.
- Approx. 60 permanent employees and 85 freelancers.
- In addition to this is the large number of employees at the permanent tenants of the house: The Danish National Opera, Aarhus Symphony Orchestra, The Royal Academy of Music, Filuren and johan r.
Moreover have to estimate the number of person who is using accommodations during events.

68
There are approximately 33 events per month:
 20 weekend
 13 during the week
For one event during the weekend: 1000 pers  20.000 pers / month
For one event during the week: 650 pers  8.450 pers / month
So 28450 pers / month  Average: 28.450/30= 948,33 pers/day
We will consider that 65% of the people are going to the toilets during the event. Water spending Use Total WC 6 L/flush 1 6 L Maintenance cleaning
5 L/bucket
0.6
3 L Washbasin 9L/min 12sec 1.6 L TOTAL
10.60 L
THE TOTAL CONSUMPTION PER GUEST IS 10.6 LITRES / GUEST
TOTAL DAILY CONSUMPTION: Day Person/day Water consumption (m3/pers) Consumption/day week 650 10.60 L = 0.0106m³ 6.89 m³ Week end
1000
10.60 L = 0.0106m³
10.6 m³
TOTAL ANUAL CONSUMPTION: Day Events Water consumption per day Consumption per year Week 156 6.89 m³ 1074.84 m³ Week end
240
10.6 m³
2544 m³ TOTAL 3618.84 m³
So after all these calculations we need to choose the most saving waters products available.

69
NEW IMPLANTED SYSTEM
EFFICIENT SYSTEMS:
Figure 7.21 Ultra efficient WC
Figure 7.22 Aerators
Figure 7.23 Washing Eureka
Low flush volumes and leak-free siphon flushing technology.
Dual flush 4/2 liters
Low flow basin taps, supplied with aerators of between 1.7 and 6 liters.
Washing Eureka: 20 min/tank
Analysis of efficient water consumption per guest:
COMPARATION: FROM 10.60 LITERS HAS BEEN REDUCED TO 7.064 LITERS
THIS REPRESENTS A REDUCTION 33.36 % IN DAILY CONSUMPTION PER GUEST
Water spending Use Total WC 4.85 L/flush 1 flush 2.42 L Maintenance cleaning
5 L/bucket
-
3 L Washbasin 0.644 L/cycle 10sec 0.644 L TOTAL
7.064 L

70
SEPARATION OF USE OF POTABLE WATER AND WATER GREY:
Grey water is the left over water from baths, showers, hand basins and washing machines only. Some definitions of grey water include water from the kitchen sink. If we take into account WC the water is called “black water
Grey Water (L) Potable Water (L) WC 2.42 L - Dishwasher
-
0.644 L Maintenance cleaning 1 L Total
3.42 L
0.644 L Percentage 84.15 % 15.85 %
POTABLE WATER
TOTAL DAILY CONSUMPTION: day Person/day Water consumption (m3/pers) Consumption/day week 650 0.644 L 0.41 m³ Week end
1000
0.644 L
0.644 m³
TOTAL ANNUAL CONSUMPTION: Day Events Water consumption Consumption/year Week 156 0.41 L 63.96 m³ Week end
240
0.644 L
154.56 m³ TOTAL 218.52 m³
THE CONCERT HALL IS COMSUMING ACTUALLY 218.52 m³ PER YEAR OF POTABLE WATER

71
TREATED WATER
DAILY TREATED WATER CONSUMPTION: Day Person/day Water consumption (m3/pers) Consumption/day week 650 3.42 L 2.223 m³ Week end
1000
3.42 L
3.42 m³
ANUAL TREATED WATER CONSUMPTION: Day Events Water consumption Consumption/year Week 156 2.22 L 346.78 m³ Week end
240
3.42 L
820.80 m³
THE CONCERT HALL IS COMSUMING ACTUALLY 1167.588 m³ PER YEAR OF TREATED WATER
313 days / year to use it: 3.73m3 = 3730L/day
So we will need 3730L of grey water and rainwater to treated it and use it for the cleaning and the toilets.
WE WILL SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF OBTAINING GREY WATER WITH TWO METHODS:
- RAINWATER CAPTATION
- REUTILIZATION OF GREY WATER PRODUCTION
RAINWATER COLLECTION:
Taking into account the weather in Denmark and the area of roof that our building has, the idea of collecting the rain water in order to make it profitable for our building became stronger.
But first we have to know some statements about the collection and utilization of rainwater.
 It will never be for other uses than WC flushes or cleaning.
 It must be separated from the potable water supply from the company in any case.
 The system has to be capable to separate both potable and rain collected water. Some important information about rainwater:

72
 Rainfall water is extremely clean in comparison with other different sources.
 Rainfall water is a free resource and independent from any supply company.
 It needs a simple system for its collection, storage and distribution.
Figure 7.24 Average rainfall in Aarhus
Months
Precipitation (mm)
Rainfall days
mm rain per day January 58.3 25 2,332
February
28
16
1,75 March 32.2 17 1,894
April
31.5
13
2.423 May 42.6 14 3.043
June
50
14
3.571 July 70.4 19 3.705
August
59.8
16
3.737 September 40.4 17 2.376
October
70.7
21
3.366 November 48.6 22 2.209
December
44.5
21
2,119

73
514mm annual = 514 L/m2 Best case in average: July 70.40 mm = 70.40 L/m²
Total area capitation: 1.362 m²
Capitation in July 70.40 · 1.362 = 95 884.80 L = 95.88 m³
HOW TO COLECT THE RAINWATER:
1) Roof: The quantity water collection depends on its area and materials.
2) Ducks: They will collect and take the water into the tank. There must be filters for leaves and similar.
3) Filter: Need to filter before the water entry to the storage tank.
4) Storage tank: Here the filtered water will be storage. Preferable underground, with valve for overloads of water and other security measurements.
5) Pump: will distribute the water to the water outputs. Must be prepared for rainwater.
6) Control system: will commute between rainwater utilization and company water when rainwater runs out from the storage. Will deliver that water only into the accepted outputs.
7) Drain system: for exhaust and grey water that can’t be reutilized. Connected to the sewers or similar.
Steps to follow for our personal study:
A- Building information study.
B- Rainfall study of the zone.
C- Calculation of the demands for rainwater uses.
D- Calculation of the best size of the elements of the system.
E- Draw of the principal system and distribution.
Figure 7.25 System collection of the rain water
Information about the building
COLLECTION AREA: 1777 m² total area of the roof.

74
WATER CAPTATION:
Now we are going to make some calculations about how many rainwater we will be able to use per month, and, finally what we will have to demand to the water company supplier.
Consumption rainwater:
-Week: 13 · 2.223
-Weekend: 20 · 3.42
Months
Consumption rainwater (m3)
Rainwater harvesting (m3)
Company water supply (m3) January 97.29 79.404 17.886
February
97.29
38.136
59.154 March 97.29 43.856 53.734
April
97.29
42.903
54.387 May 97.29 58.021 39.269
June
97.29
68.100
29.19 July 97.29 95.884 1.406
August
97.29
81.447
15.843 September 97.29 55.024 42.266
October
97.29
95.884
1.406 November 97.29 66.193 31.097
December
97.29
60.609
36.681 Total 1167.48 785.461 382.019
%
100 %
67.28 %
32.72 %

75
DIMENSIONING OF THE STORAGE TANK
Finally we will calculate the dimensions of the tank. For this calculation we will choose the worst month, this is the month that has more rain. Moreover, we will choose the worst day of this month, and we will calculate the amount of rain that day.
This will indicate us the maximum amount in liters for our tank.
Worst month: July Worst day: 3.705
Total collection = l/m2 X Total Area = 3.705 l/m2 X 1362 m2= 5046.21 l (=5.046m3)
10000 Litre Water Tank
Product Code: 172122 + 178520
Non Potable. Inlet: 620mm screw lid (540mm internal) Diameter: 2400mm Height: 2530mm Capacity: 10000 Litres (2200 gallons) Full Capacity: 10,500 Litres Medium Density Plastic. UV Stabilised. Std colour: Black Only Outlet: 2" BSP Male 178720
REUTILITZATION OF GREY WATER PRODUCTION
Like we said before we can use the grey water for supply the cleaning and the WC, but also for Watering plants, lawns (primarily been in times of water restriction), car wash, Feeding a "rain garden" purifying water before infiltrating into the groundwater (possibly out of overflow tank recovery)
Figure 7.26 Water tank for the rain water

76
7.2.4 Solar panels
The installation of the PV panels will provide us electricity and we will be able to reduce the electricity consumption of the building. Not only we will reduce the electricity bills, but also we will be capable to be more environmentally friendly, one of the three objectives that we are looking for when improving this building.
The BE10 gives us the information for the electric consumption. We have a consumption of 80,80 KWh/m2.
In order to supply the electric consumption, it was proposed a solution with Photovoltaic panels. The roof of our building allows us to install photovoltaic panels. We have a disposal of 1444,48 m² discounting the ventilation extractor ducts to place the installation.
The solar irradiation in Denmark is not as high and profitable as in some other countries like Spain, Italy or Greece. Although this fact, the solar irradiation in Denmark will be also profitable for our building in order to supply the electricity consumption
We were looking for photovoltaic panels with high efficiency, high energy production and a maximum performance finding finally SUNPOWER supplier. The more suitable panel type for our project is “E20/327-SERIES COMMERCIAL SOLAR PANELS” with an efficiency of 20.4% (high value). There are a mono crystalline model that offer a high competiveness nowadays. It is ideal for our case where we have a big building with high Kwh annual consumption.
Data of the panels for the calculations
Pnom (W) = 327 W.
Vmpp (V) = 54.7 V.
Impp (A) = 5.98 A.
Dimensions (L/W/H): 1559mm x 1046mm x 46mm
Panel surface: 1.559 x 1.046 = 1.63 m²
Figure 7.27 BE10 solar panel datas
Figure 7.28 Solar irradiation in Denmark

77
We calculated according to the website http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ (Joint Research Center), the most production orientation and slope, and it is 41˚ for the slope, and -3˚for the orientation, considering that south is (0˚), and east (-90). So, we will have a slope of 40˚, and the solar panels will be orientated to the south.
We have an available surface of 1444,48 m², even that we want to maximize the efficiency and the production of the solar cells avoiding shadows between them. We calculate the different sunray inclination to determine the distance between photovoltaic panels, so we decide we will place them in different rows in series with a distance of 2.2 m.
Figure 7.29 Solar panels inclination
Once we determined the distance to minimize the shadows between solar cells we have checked the available space (the projection of the solar panels is 1,19m): We can place 13 rows of solar cells, and a total amount of 337 units.
Energy performance of the installation
We have estimated the electricity production, with the BE10 program. We introduced the solar panels in the current building (on BE10), and we reduce the energy frame from 211,6 kWh/m² to 100,6 kWh/m² , it means a reduction of 111 kWh/m². So the electricity produced for the PV panels is 111 kWh/m².
Solar cells distribution in the roof
Figure 7.30 Solar cells distribution in the roof

78
Cost-Effectiveness study:
In the table below we can see the cost of the PV panels, taking into account the cost of it, the cost of the installation and the cost of the maintenance.
PV PANELS COST PV panels 2144,37 DKK 337 panels 722.652,69 DKK
Installation
211,25 DKK/h
0,4 h
337 panels
28.476,50 DKK Maintenance 1,5% 722.652,69 DKK 10.839,79 DKK/year
The initial inversion for this building will be so high. The total cost taking into consideration the PV panels and the installation is 722.652,69 DKK and we will have an additional cost of 10.839,79 DKK because of the yearly maintenance.
LIFETIME EXPECTED
SAVINGS YEARLY
INVESTMENT
Installation
20 years
219.780
3,22
707.691,60
722.652,69
19,59
We can say that the investment is feasible. Now, it’s time to know when we will have the returns of the investment. YEAR kWh price Yearly savings (DKK) Accumulative savings 2015 2,04 448.351,20 448.351,20 2016
2,15
472.527,00
920.878,20 2018 2,25 494.505,00 1.415.383,20 2019
2,37
520.878,60
1.936.261,80 2020 2,48 545.054,40 2.481.316,20 2021
2,61
573.625,80
3.054.942,00

79
According to the calculation above, considering that the electricity price is expected to increase 5% yearly, the yearly savings will be bigger each year. Considering that we will start saving energy in 2015, at the end of 2016 we will already have our investment back. So, the simple payback is less than 2 years, a pretty number taking into account that the expected lifetime for the installation is 20 years. This calculation reaffirms that the investment is profitable and the intervention would be really interesting.
8 BE10 BUILDING AFTER INTERVENTION
Figure 8.2 Key numbers of the new building
After all the changes in the Building are introduced to BE10 these are the results the program gives back. As seen in figures 8.1 and 8.2 the resulting energy needs of the Building are well below the required minimum for the 2020 energy frame.
The full information on the inputs used for BE10 calculations for the intervention building can be found at Annex D.
Figure 8.1 Initial data for the new building

80
9 CONCLUSION AFTER THE INTERVENTION
The purpose of our project was to study the concert hall and looking for the best option to make it the most efficiency. The problem was it is a very recent building (2013 for the extension), so it was difficult to improve the energy consuming. The existent construction is almost new, so we did not have a lot of possibilities to make changes, to obtain a better energy behavior.
After working during 4 months specially these last weeks, on our project: “Energy renovation of Hermans-Concert Hall Tivoli Friheden, in Aarhus”, we developed new knowledge. Although the subject was about the energy renovation of a particular building, we can henceforth apply it to any other building or construction.
During the entire project we did not want to change the architecture and the design of the building, because we thought it was not necessary and relevant for the project. We also took care about the BR10 during our project; we made all the improvements thus the changes in terms of the Danish regulation. In our opinion, the main point of intervention was the building envelope. Because it is a long term for the investments.
At the beginning we had some troubles with the BE10 program, because it was not a program we used before. So we took a lot of time to become familiar with it. The first work was to introduce the building with all existing installations and how to interpret the results. After that the second step was to propose new options to the renovation, and to calculate again the U-values of each, and finally choose the best issues.
We spent a lot of time in internet to find some ideas, for example the values of the thermical conductivity of all materials. We also searched in catalogues, the best installations to use.
Then we had to follow the BR10 to check if the changes made were profitable or not as investments. Finally we selected the best changes and introduce it in BE10 program to obtain the final results.
As concern the way ok working, everything happened in a good mood. Even if we worked sometimes separately at home we tried to see each other as much as possible.
On the other hand we divided the work between two big parts: Calculations with BE10 and improvements about the building, for instance new ventilation system, new hot water system, etc… and we did the others parts all together.
At the beginning we thought the best solution was to use all the renewables sources. That is to say, solar panels, geothermic energy, heat pump, rainwater, etc…

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But when we put in relation the cost, the efficiency, the feasibility, we saw it was impossible and useless to use all these technologies. We have seen that the differences between idealistic and realistic energy interventions are far away.
Finally, we expect the new Danish regulations BR15 and BR20 will be stricter so that is why it is preferable to take account right now of the future changes.

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