This document provides an overview of common structural pests and pesticides. It discusses integrated pest management approaches, different types of pesticides categorized by their target pest and mode of action. Specific examples of common pests like termites, ants, cockroaches, mice and rats are mentioned. The document emphasizes knowing conversion units, proportions, and LD50 values for the exam.
15. Let's start with IPM and examples
of non-chemical control
Mechanical: examples are door sweeps,
caulking cracks and crevices.
Cultural: changing human behavior, like
putting food in sealable containers,
picking up trash and doing dirty dishes.
Biological: pests have natural predators
like aphids are eaten by ladybugs.
Let natural predators do the work.
21. Categorizing pesticides can be
confusing business
- By the target pest
- By their chemical structure
- By the application method
- Or by their Mode of Action
(by molting, IGRs, nervous system)
22. Here are the 5 most common
chemical groups of insecticides
Groups:
Botanicals
Examples:
Pyrethrins (from chrysanthemums)
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons DDT
Organic Phosphates
Malathion
Carbamates
Carbaryl
Minerals
Borax
30. Know about pests
But what is a pest?
A destructive insect or other animal
that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.
In fact, anything that competes with humans
for food and fiber, or attacks us directly,
may be defined as pests.
31. And now for a little biology
Man
Plants
Life
Animals
Fungi
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Rodents
Arthropods
33. Know the
characteristics of arthropods
- jointed appendages
- segmented body
- exoskeletons
- open circulatory system
- heart located on dorsal side (back)
- nervous located on the front
(the opposite of vertebrates)
35. Let's list some characteristics of
insects
The three parts of an insect:
Head, thorax, abdomen (in correct order)
Types of mouthparts:
chewing, rasping-sucking, piercing-sucking,
sponging, siphoning, and chewing-lapping.
37. Let's review the needs of pests
Food, water, harborage sites, and entry points
38. Let's review the needs of pests
Examples of food sources
- human food or trash
- debris on the floor
- unsealed food containers
- grease traps
39. Let's review the needs of pests
Examples of water sources
- leaky pipes
- overwatered plants
- drains
- host
40. Shelter is also know as harborage
Examples of harborage sites
- secluded areas
- cracks and crevices
- gaps in the baseboard
- behind cabinets
- clutter
42. Finally! Let's talk about some pests
The test will include questions about specific
insects and pests.
Unfortunately, the test changes
so there is no guarantee you will see
any specific pest on the test.
43. 5 most common pests:
Termites
Ants
Cockroaches
Mice
Rats
44. The test has a specific focus on
Non-termite wood-destroying pests
46. LD50 will certainly be on the test
What is it?
Lethal dose to 50% of the population
(research done on rats)
measurement = mg / kg of body weight
47. LD 50 is a ratio
mg of poison / kg of body weight
Ratio's are tricky!
So the smaller the LD50 number is,
the MORE toxic it is
48. Examples
Most dangerous compound:
Botulinum LD50 (0.000009) = 9 ng / kg
Cyanide LD50 (6.8)
Comparing:
Atrazine herbicide LD50 (3000)
Caffeine LD50 (200)
So it would take 15 more times atrazine
to kill you than caffeine
49. Know your
Minimal Exposure Pesticides (MEPs)
Make sure your body is exposed to these as
little as possible.They can hurt you in ways you
may not notice right away.
Bromoxynil (buctril, bronate): effects pregnant women and child
(could bring the pesticide home)
Metasystox-r and Injectacide: kills mites. Exposed to a little bit and
will effect your ability to have children (aka oxydemeton-methyl)
50. MATH
Proper mixing and application of pesticides
can be accomplished by
understanding proportions
fractions
percentages
53. Converting units will be on the test
Math conversions (gallons = quarts, cups to ounces, feet to yards, etc.)
3 teaspoons
= 1 tablespoon
2 tablespoons
= 1 fluid ounce = 6 teaspoons
4 tablespoons
= 12 teaspoons = 1/4 cup = 2 fluid ounces
1 cup
= 16 tablespoons = 8 fluid ounces
2 cups
= 32 tablespoons = 1 pint = 16 fluid ounces
2 pints
= 64 tablespoons = 1 quart = 4 level cups
4 quarts
= 8 pints = 1 gallon = 16 cups
16 ounces
= 1 pound
6 tablespoons (level)
= approx. 1 oz. of dry weight (for WP only)
54. Converting units will be on the test
Example:
The label indicates that 2 lbs. of granular insecticide are to be applied
per 1,000 sq. ft. How much do you need to apply to an area that is 5,000 sq.
ft.?
55. Converting units will be on the test
Example:
The label indicates that 2 lbs. of granular insecticide are to be applied
per 1,000 sq. ft. How much do you need to apply to an area that is 5,000 sq.
ft.?
Remembered to study in different places ?
That was one of our study tips
3 key points!
Control methods (What's a control method?)
about the pests too
trip
IN ORDER TO KNOW WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Ask questions! Someone wrote to a newspaper: "There is no such thing as a stupid question if its sincere.Better to ask and risk appearing stupid than to continue on your ignorant way and make a stupid mistake”
To help you organize your thoughts
Here is a HO (a tip is to organize lists and tables)
Make tables and lists to better organize the information
Recap at the end: Control, pests and don't trip!
3 key points!
Control methods (What's a control method?)
about the pests too
trip
IN ORDER TO KNOW WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Ask questions! Someone wrote to a newspaper: "There is no such thing as a stupid question if its sincere.Better to ask and risk appearing stupid than to continue on your ignorant way and make a stupid mistake”
To help you organize your thoughts
Here is a HO (a tip is to organize lists and tables)
Make tables and lists to better organize the information
Recap at the end: Control, pests and don't trip!
3 key points!
Control methods (What's a control method?)
about the pests too
trip
IN ORDER TO KNOW WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Ask questions! Someone wrote to a newspaper: "There is no such thing as a stupid question if its sincere.Better to ask and risk appearing stupid than to continue on your ignorant way and make a stupid mistake”
To help you organize your thoughts
Here is a HO (a tip is to organize lists and tables)
Make tables and lists to better organize the information
Recap at the end: Control, pests and don't trip!
3 key points!
Control methods (What's a control method?)
about the pests too
trip
IN ORDER TO KNOW WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Ask questions! Someone wrote to a newspaper: "There is no such thing as a stupid question if its sincere.Better to ask and risk appearing stupid than to continue on your ignorant way and make a stupid mistake”
To help you organize your thoughts
Here is a HO (a tip is to organize lists and tables)
Make tables and lists to better organize the information
Recap at the end: Control, pests and don't trip!
Control methods
like pesticides, yes but many other types as well like and
And your equipment too
Forms of pesticides (AKA pesticide formulations)
Control methods
like pesticides, yes but many other types as well like and
And your equipment too
Forms of pesticides (AKA pesticide formulations)
Control methods
like pesticides, yes but many other types as well like and
And your equipment too
Forms of pesticides (AKA pesticide formulations)
What are some examples of each?
Mechanical: door sweeps and caulking cracks and crevices to exclude the pest
Cultural: changing human behavior, obviously putting food in sealable containers, picking up trash and dirty dishes all work to deter pests.
Biological: some pests have natural predators like aphids are eaten by ladybugs. Set natural predators to do the work for you.
What are some examples of each?
Mechanical: door sweeps and caulking cracks and crevices to exclude the pest
Cultural: changing human behavior, obviously putting food in sealable containers, picking up trash and dirty dishes all work to deter pests.
Biological: some pests have natural predators like aphids are eaten by ladybugs. Set natural predators to do the work for you.
Are pesticides = insecticides?
Does not refer to just insecticides
Remember, IPM says to use as a last resort
Does not refer to just insecticides
What are some other targets (not just insects)
(insecticide, acaracides/miticides, rodentacide, fungacide, avicide, herbicide, nematicides (roundworms), etc.)
Does not refer to just insecticides
What are some other targets (not just insects)
(insecticide, acaracides/miticides, rodentacide, fungacide, avicide, herbicide, nematicides (roundworms), etc.)
How are pesticides categorized?
- By the target pest
- by their chemical structure
- by the application method
- or by their mode of action (by molting, IGRs, nervous system)
What do you think chemical groups are?
Yes, they are chemicals that have a similar chemical make up
How are pesticides categorized?
- By the target pest
- by their chemical structure
- by the application method
- or by their mode of action (by molting, IGRs, nervous system)
What do you think chemical groups are?
Yes, they are chemicals that have a similar chemical make up
- Botanicals - plant derived
Pyrethrins are the best example from chrysanthemum “chris-sand... or mums”
Association – go see plants at the botanical garden
- Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - old and accumulate
Association – no one likes chlorine, neither DDT
(mention: Biodegradable / persistent)
- Organophosphates – replaces chlorinated hydrocarbons, breaks down quickly, breaks down in water. Permanently blocks receptors
Malathion = organophosphate
relatively low toxicity to humans
- Carbamates - Carbamic acid – similar to Organophosphates. Also long time use. Less toxic because enzymes aren't permanently blocked
car-BAM
- Minerals - oldest pesticide
What is a formulation?
Association: Advil caplets vs. gel caps
Emulsifiable concentrates
A concentrate in the form of a thick syrup or crystal that is made into an emulsion (looks like milk + water)
Emulsion - Putting two or more liquids together creates an emulsion if the liquids do NOT mix (ex: oil and
water)
Wettable powder – like cool aid
WDG also WG
Granules and Dusts don't mix with water – like diatomaceous earth
Aerosols, like raid
Mode of Action
- prevent / delay molting
- Insect Growth Regulator IGRs - stops the production of Chitin
- Juvenile Hormone Analogs (JHAs)
- Neurotoxin effects the nervous system
Prevent resistance by rotating modes of action
Mode of Action
- prevent / delay molting
- Insect Growth Regulator IGRs - stops the production of Chitin
- Juvenile Hormone Analogs (JHAs)
- Neurotoxin effects the nervous system
Prevent resistance by rotating modes of action
Tell me about some equipment you use on the job
Different surfaces are effected differently. Of course residuals will not last on porous rock (absorption) or places that get a lot of rain. (Label will say)
An important thing to remember is a product cannot be used on a location not specified on the label
Chemicals can stain, so try a test patch first
Dusts = residue
Spot treatment is defined as putting treatment in a house for two square feet
Odor is strongest after application and may cause headaches and other bad effects
Types of property damage from pesticide application
- Pesticides can stain carpets and wallpaper
- Pesticides have a strong odor
- Pesticides may drift
This section focuses on the second step of IPM, Identification!
You're going to need to know categories of pests, their characteristics, and some specific facts about each
So what is a pest?
A destructive insect or other animal that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.
In fact, anything that competes with humans for food and fiber, or attacks us directly, may be defined as pests.
This section focuses on the second step of IPM, Identification!
You're going to need to know categories of pests, their characteristics, and some specific facts about each
So what is a pest?
A destructive insect or other animal that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.
In fact, anything that competes with humans for food and fiber, or attacks us directly, may be defined as pests.
From Chemistry in the last section and then into the science of Biology, the science of life and then moving on to entomology
Different kingdoms
Exoskeleton
- provides an anchoring point for muscle attachments and support, protection and sensing functions.
- hard cover = protection
- some even have wax coating
- provides opportunity for some unique pesticides
- death from desiccation = removal of water
- the exoskeleton only has so much flexibility. For the insect to grow it must cast off its old cuticle through the process of molting
(the word arthropod means “jointed leg”)
Arthropods → Crustaceans, Spiders and insects (millipedes and centipedes)
General characteristics of arthropods:
- jointed appendages
- segmented body
- exoskeletons
- open circulatory system
- heart located on dorsal side (back)
- nervous located on the front (the opposite of vertebrates)
(the word arthropod means “jointed leg”)
Arthropods → Crustaceans, Spiders and insects (millipedes and centipedes)
General characteristics of arthropods:
- jointed appendages
- segmented body
- exoskeletons
- open circulatory system
- heart located on dorsal side (back)
- nervous located on the front (the opposite of vertebrates)
Insects are the largest with 800,000 species or types
they have survived and flourished with very little evolutionary change
What is the three parts of an insect (in correct order)? Head, thorax, abdomen
What are the various types of mouthparts?
chewing, rasping-sucking, piercing-sucking, sponging, siphoning, and chewing-lapping.
Three body pars: head, thorax, and abdomen
wings (not all)
six legs
antennae (not all)
spiracles (air holes in the body wall for breathing
simple or compound eyes
Insects are the largest with 800,000 species or types
they have survived and flourished with very little evolutionary change
What is the three parts of an insect (in correct order)? Head, thorax, abdomen
What are the various types of mouthparts?
chewing, rasping-sucking, piercing-sucking, sponging, siphoning, and chewing-lapping.
Three body pars: head, thorax, and abdomen
wings (not all)
six legs
antennae (not all)
spiracles (air holes in the body wall for breathing
simple or compound eyes
Molts
- a series of complex interactions of hormones, enzymes, cells, and organs of in insects.
- begins when the brain receives the message it's time to molt
Without – series of molts (no change), like silverfish
Gradual – 3 stages: egg, nymph (sev molts / instars), adult
Complete most insects go through egg, larva (several molts/instars), pupa, and adult stages.
Food, water, harborage sites, and entry points
Examples of food sources
- human food or trash
- debris on the floor
- unsealed food containers
- grease traps
Examples of water sources
- leaky pipes
- overwatered plants
- drains
- host
Food, water, harborage sites, and entry points
Examples of food sources
- human food or trash
- debris on the floor
- unsealed food containers
- grease traps
Examples of water sources
- leaky pipes
- overwatered plants
- drains
- host
Food, water, harborage sites, and entry points
Examples of food sources
- human food or trash
- debris on the floor
- unsealed food containers
- grease traps
Examples of water sources
- leaky pipes
- overwatered plants
- drains
- host
Examples of harborage sites
- secluded areas
- cracks and crevices
- gaps in the baseboard
- behind cabinets
- clutter
What are some examples of structural deficiencies?
There is a heavy emphasis on this point
Examples of entry points
- hole size 1/2-3/4 inch mouse
- building deficiencies
- leaving doors or windows open
- gaps under doors
- cracks in foundations
- utility openings
- internal utility access points like
- radiators
- water pipes
- electrical conduits
The test will include questions about specific insects and pests. Unfortunately, the test changes so there is no guarantee you will see any specific pest on the test.
Let's look at what you have seen in your experience, the most common pests, and some specific ones
Probably going to talk about bed bugs and rates / mice
Bed bugs:
Ask what they look like?
How do you know you have a problem?
How fast do they mature, how long do they live?
21 days mature, live about a year
Habits:cracks and crevices during the day (preferring paper or wood to stone and plaster).
Control: look for the harborage, Vacuum. Residuals applied to C&C, Dusts will work for voids and attics.
Cockroaches – American is obviously the biggest, German is the most common,
do you see the brown band?
Mice vs rats
Ants vs. Termites
Let's look up this info in your books (every book is different)
See PCT Notes – Print outs?
Carpenter ants
Residual spray / dust at the nest
boring holes in hollow wood or near ceiling voids
apply liquid or dust
Carpenter bees
bore into wood and then makes a gallery along the side
replace infested lumber with treated wood
apply dust, wettable powder, or aerosol directly in the galleries
leave it for a few days
then seal the hole
Something you find on every Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
What is it?
Lethal dose to 50% of the population
(research done on rats)
measurement = mg / kg of body weight
Ratio's are tricky!
So the smaller the LD50 number is, the more toxic it is
Most dangerous compound = Botulinum 9 ng / kg = .000009 mg /kg
Cyanide 6.8 mg / kg
Acute (one exposure) vs. Chronic (many exposures over time)
Hazard = toxicity x exposure
Atrazine herbicide = 3000 mg / kg
Caffeine = 200 mg / kg
so it would take 15 more times atrazine to kill you than caffeine
(Source = “Farm Basics: LD50” (3:21) by Ag PhD TV show)
http://youtu.be/flKJ5Iqfl9Q
Make sure your body is exposed to these as little as possible
They can hurt you in ways you may not notice right away
bromoxynil (buctril, bronate): effects pregnant women and child (could bring the pesticide home)
Metasystox-r and Injectacide: kills mites. Exposed to a little bit and will effect your ability to have children (aka oxydemeton-methyl)
propargite (omite, omite cr, comite)
folpet
Proper mixing and application of pesticides can be accomplished by understanding proportions, fractions, and percentages.
1. If you have an unknown value (N) in your ratio, cross multiply the two terms diagonal to each other
2. and then divide by the number with the unknown (N) to get the value of N
Also mention changing 7% to decimal or ratio
Pure is going to 100%
Focus on cups, quarts, ounces
So how many fluid ounces are in a cup?
36 ounces will be how many cups? 4.5
80? 10 cups how many quarts is that? 2.5 quarts
How many cups are in 2.5 gallons? 40
When using proportions to determine pesticide application rates, the units on the top and bottom of one ratio have to match the units on top and bottom of the other ratio.
Cross multiply:
1,000 x N = 2 x 5,000
1,000N = 10,000
Divide by the number with the unknown (N) to get the value of N:
10,000 / 1,000 = 10
http://youtu.be/plAwCTf9ID0
You need to make 4 gallons of a 7% solution of pesticide to spread on an area of 40x60. How many ounces of pesticide are needed?
7% 4 gallons 40x60 area
7/100 = .07 x 128 oz = 8.96
8.96 x 4 gallons = 35.84 (round down bc can't use more pesticides)