_العلاقات الاجتماعية وسيكولوجية الاندماج المحاظرات 9و 10_ (2).pdf

1. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 11/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 50 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ • ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫؟‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ض‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ، ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Bobo Doll ‫أ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ( ‫؛‬ • ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ 11/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 51

2. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ • ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ attention ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ظ‬ ) ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ، ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ( ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ظ‬ retention ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ( ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ motor reproduction ، ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ) ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ( ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ motivation ، ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ to imitate the behavior that has been modeled ) ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ، ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ( ‫؛‬ 11/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 52

3. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ • ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ expectations ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ) ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ( ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫س‬ Self belief ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ self efficacy ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Mastery experiences ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Motivation ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ emotions ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ reciprocal causation ، ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ، ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ the behavior ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ the person ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ environment ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫؛‬ 11/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 53

4. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ • ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ : • ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Vicarious reinforcement ، ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺆ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫؛‬ 11/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 54

5. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ 11/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 56 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ( ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ب‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ب‬ Lev Semeonovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ب‬ ZPD ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺆ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ، . . . ( ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ، ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫؛‬ 15/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 57

6. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ب‬ 15/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 58

7. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ب‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ب‬ Lev Semeonovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ، ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ) ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ( ، ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ( ‫؛‬ • ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ actual knowledge ( ، ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ potential knowledge ( ‫؛‬ • ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ب‬ ZPD ‫؛‬ 11/12/2022 ‫د‬ . ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 59

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