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1. FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
BS Electrical Engineering
Batch 2019-2023
Design and Development of a Low-Cost
Electrospinning Machine for
Nanofabrication
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD
April 2023

3. Submitted by
M.Haseeb 5602
M.Mubeen 5611
M.Awais Anwar 5634
Sikander Ali 5642
Project Supervisor
Name: Dr.Arslan Dawood Butt
Signature: _______________________________
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD
April 2023

5. DECLARATION
We certify that this Final Year Project Titled “Project Title” is our project. The project has not
been presented elsewhere for assessment. The material that has been used from other sources has
been properly acknowledged/referred to.
Name: M.Haseeb Roll No.: 5602 Signature: _________
Name: M.Mubeen Roll No.: 5611 Signature: _________
Name: M.Awais Anwar Roll No.:5634 Signature: _________
Name:Sikander Ali Roll No.: 5642 Signature: _________

6. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
 Copyright in the text of this Report rests with the student author. Copies (by any process)
either in full or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the
author and lodged in the library the of Department of Electrical Engineering. Details may
be obtained by the librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further
copies (by any process) may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the author.
 The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this report is
vested the in Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University
Faisalabad, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available
for use by third parties without the written permission of the Department of Electrical
Engineering, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful to our creator Allah Almighty to have guided us throughout this work at every
step and for every new thought which He had set up in our minds to improve it. Indeed, we could
have done nothing without His priceless help and guidance. Whosoever helped us throughout the
course of our project, whether our parents or any other individual was His will, so indeed none be
worthy of praise but Allah.
We are profusely thankful to our beloved parents who raised us when we were not capable of
walking and continued to support us throughout every department of our life. We would also like
to express special thanks to our supervisor for his help throughout our Final Year Project.
We would also like to pay special thanks to Dr. Arslan Dawood Butt for his tremendous support
and cooperation. Each time we got stuck in something, he came up withae a solution. Without his
help, we wouldn’t have been able to complete our Final Year Project. We appreciate his patience
and guidance throughout the whole project.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to all the individuals who have rendered valuable
assistance to my study.

8. ABSTRACT
The benefits to science and society from nanotechnology are substantial. It the criterion is to
produce very minute particle-size fibers and materials nanotechnology is the only way to achieve
the same. Nanotechnology is one of the rapidly growing scientific disciplines due to its enormous
potential in creating novel materials that have advanced applications.
Nanofibers have a high surface area to volume ratio, and porosity so only we can be applied in
advanced applications such as filter medium, adsorption layer in protective clothing, face masks,
etc. Electrospinning hasisviable technique to produce Nanofibers.
This review summarizes and presents the methods to provide functions to Nanofiber webs and
applications, characterization, evaluation methods, market value, and future directions of
Nanofiber webs. Incorporating drugs, nanoparticles, functional matters, or arranging special
surface structures are customarily used methods to furnish the performance of Nanofibers.
Nanofibers have a high surface area to volume ratio, porosity so only we can apply lied in advanced
applications such as filter medium, adsorption layer protective clothing, face masks, etc, Electro
spinning has been found to be viable le technique to produce nan-nanofiber ports on the fabrication
of nanofibers and its theirracteristics and high-tech application in chemical protective clothing,
drug delivery, tissue engineering, and, filter medium.
A nanofabrication electrospinning machine is available in Marthe ket but it is very expensive and
fabrication is very expensive in all fields. Considering all these problems, we have designed the
lacost electrospinning machine for nanofabrication. In this way, we can make Nano fiber at low
cost. Furthermore the promising application areas of nanofiber web include drug delivery, water
filtration biomedical application, energy storage protective clothing, and air/gas filtration. The
characterization of nanofiber webs includes general functional properties.
Key Words: Drug delivery, Electro spinning, Fiber, Polymer, Nanofiber, Tissue Engineering

9. Table of Contents
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................................................... iii
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT....................................................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................vi
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................................... vii
List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... viii
List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................................ix
List of Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Literature Review.........................................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Sub-Heading ............................................................................................................................................3
1.3 Objective......................................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................3
2.1 Proposed Model ...........................................................................................................................................3
2.2 Hardware......................................................................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Sub-Heading ............................................................................................................................................4
2.3 Software .......................................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3: COMMERCIALIZATION ................................................................................................................4
3.1 End Product..................................................................................................................................................4
3.2 Business Model Canvas ...............................................................................................................................5
3.3 Marketability................................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................5
APPENDIX A...............................................................................................................................................................6

10. List of Figures
Figure 1: Collar Triangle of Aero elasticity (Left), Forced Response analysis principle (right)
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2: Pendulum.......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3:Single passage periodicity cannot be applied.................Error! Bookmark not defined.
SStepwiseprocedure for indexing the figure in List of Figures
I. Draw/copy ste the figure at the required page.
II. Go to the references section in the top toolbar.
III. See the captions block and select the insert caption.
IV. The following dialogue will open as shown in the figure
V. Select the label from the label option and write the name of the figure that iIfis about and
select ok.
VI. After appearing the text and figure number at the bottom of the figure select Times New
Roman (Headings CS) from the font section and the size of the text should be 10 and it
would be appear like this
VII. Figure_3: pendulum
VIII. Now update the list of figures it will appear in the list of figures.

11. List of Tables
Table 2-1: Geometrical Data of IST Turbine [90] ......................................................................... 6

12. List of Abbreviations
FYP Final Year Project
FEA Finite-element analysis
PEVA Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)
PLA Poly (lactic acid)
UV Ultraviolet
VIS Vaccine Information Statement

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Nanofabrication come from Greek word “Nanos” which mean small. One nanometer is one
billionth of a meter or 10-9 meters. One Nano meters is about 100000 times smaller than the
diameter of the human hair. Main property of Nano fabrication is that it’s not only useful for
researchers and scientist field as well as it is also useful for businessmen, particularly in textile
industry, medicine industry, paint industry and defense system etc. because of money making.
Electro spinning is especially design for production of fibers according to requirements, for
devices and system by controlling the shape of fibers and mainly size of fibers at Nano scale.
This technology can also work at bulk level, small atoms combining to form a large structure of
fibers.
When we talk about Nano fibers then we should keep in mind that “Nano” is less than one
micron and cannot be seen without enhancement of visualization. Nano fibers has diameter the
50-300nm. Some people believe that the size of Nano fiber is up to 500nm then it is Nano fiber.
But in fact Nano fibers are the fibers with diameter between 100-500nm. Things that is most
important that Nano fibers successfully used in medical, in filters, in protective fabrics tissue
platform, and many other application in our daily life.
Electro spinning technique uses electrostatic force to produce fibers. Electro spun fibers has a
high surface area while a small pore size. Theory of Nano fibers spinning process and limiting
factors affecting processes like thermal and mechanical properties and nature of polymer
solution.
The Equipment used for electro spinning is very simple according to their construction, which
includes a high voltage source with opposite polarity i.e. positive and negative, and a syringe
pump with a tube to carry solution from the syringe to conducting collector. Highly charged
fibers are directed toward the oppositely charged collector, which may be a rotating drum or
maybe a flat surface to collect fibers of solution. The shape of fibers is according to
requirements.
In the process of electro spinning high voltage is basically electrically charge the flow of
polymer solution. A high-voltage electrode is linked with the polymer solution. The solution is
then revolving through a syringe. Due to the presence of high voltages between the tip of the
syringe and the grounded collector, the Taylor cone is made at the tip of the syringe producing
sub-micron diameter fibers. Fiber hardens as polymer solvent creates an interconnected fiber
layer on the surface of the grounded collector from where fibers are collected after their
formation.

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Preference is given to polymer solution as the high viscosity of the solution doesn’t allow for the
formation of sub-micrometer fibers. This problem linked with the use of poisonous solvents
required for the majority of polymers is the major barrier in industrial production.
Tissue engineering is a multidiscipline field that uses the principle of electro spinning in order to
biological relief that maintains, restores, or improves the function of the tissue. In case of any
injury or disease natural tissue can be lost or weakened etc. so to heal wounds artificial supports
are required to repair damaged tissues and decaying bones structure.
There is a high prospective for electro spinning to be a carrier of drugs in specific area. In order
to drug into the Nano fiber matrix form, a drug is encapsulated into the Nano fibrous structure by
mean of electro spinning. There is a few critical framework for drug like burst release of drugs.
Release of tetracycline hydrochloride from electro spun blend of 50:50 of PEVA, PLA explored.
This is because tetracycline can’t be soluble in chloroform, it is dissolved in small amount of
methanol and added to the polymer solution. After mixing polymer solution and drug was then
electro spun and collected on collector to produce sheet in form of nanometer thickness. Break of
this drug was observe in pure water by UV-VIS accordance to element analysis.
Nano fabrication is also very useful in chemical and process industries in different areas like as a
catalyst, sensing, physical and chemical adsorption process etc. For large scale a catalyst is
acceptable when it provide easy recycling and stream of operations without affecting the purity
of products. So there is need to improve catalyst performance and stability of enzyme used in the
processes in order to compete at a large scale. The aging interest in nanoparticles of metal as they
hold real promise for their use in catalyzes, chemical sensing, etc. Lithium showed the excellent
particles selectively deposited on electro spun anatase. Nano fibers using photo catalytic features
of Titania. This one is simplest route to fabricated metal-decorated titania that have applications
in chemical sensing and catalysis.
Nanofibers have also been used as biosensors and gas sensors. In the hydrolysis of urea to
ammonia and carbon dioxide urease act as a catalyst and can be used in urea detection.
Nanocomposite fibers of urease and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared by using the process of
electro spinning. Nanofibers have been also used for air filtration applications for many decades.
Thin Nano webs have poor mechanical properties due to this property Nano webs are laid over a
substrate in order to make it into a filtration medium. Small fiber diameter causes slip flows at
fiber surfaces, causing increased catch and inertial impaction efficiency of composite filter
media. At the same pressure drop enhanced in filtration is possible with fibers having a diameter
less than 0.microns and it is possible easily by the process of electro-spinning.

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1.2 Literature Review The textext should be Times New Roman 12 pt.
1.2.1 Sub-HeadiThe textext should be Times New Roman 12 pt.
1.2.1.1 Sub-Sub-Heading
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt.
1.3 Objective
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt.
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT METHODOLOGY
2.1 Proposed Model
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt. Proposed model should contain brief introduction of
your proposed idea and detailed information about your system design including flow charts.

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2.2 Hardware
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt. It should include detailed information about your
hardware components including circuit diagrams. The data sheets should be referred here but
should be included in Appendix at the end of this report.
2.2.1 Sub-Heading
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt. If you are integrating different circuits, explain each
circuit in a different sub-heading. The data sheets should be referred to here but should be included
in Appendix at the end of this report.
2.3 Software
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt. It should include detailed information about the software,
tools, and coding you are using. The codes should be referred to here but should be included in
Appendix at the end of this report.
CHAPTER 3: COMMERCIALIZATION
3.1 End Product
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt. This should contain what actually you have created as
an end product and should include its picture/s.

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3.2 Business Model Canvas
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt. This should contain your business model canvas as
explained by BIC.
3.3 Marketability
Text should be Times New Roman 12 pt. This should contain a brief summary of businessd the
marketability/demand of your product.
REFERENCES
[1] By: Aravin Prince. P “Nano Fibers:Production And Its Applications”
[2] Ruffles, P.C.; 2001, “Expanding the Horizons of Gas Turbine in Global Markets”; ISABE
2001-1010
[3] Dring, R. P., Joslyn, H. ardin, L. W., and Wagner, J. H., 1982, "Turbine Rotor-Stator
Interaction," ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, vol.104, pp.729-742

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[4] Arndt, N., 1993, “ Blade Row Interaction in a Multistage Low Pressure Turbine”, ASME
Journal of turbomachinery, Vol. 115, pp. 370-376
[5] Denton J.D., 1993, “ Loss Mechanisms in Turbomachines:, ASME Journal of
Turbomachinery, Vol.115
[6] Denton J.D., 1993, “ Loss Mechanisms in Turbomachines:, ASME Journal of
Turbomachinery, Vol.115
APPENDIX A