Vital for CBSE class X students for the preparation of Social Science

1. MADATSST
&
MUKUND INGLE
PRESENT

2. Mr. Mukund B. Ingle

3.  Major Primary Activity.
 The only source of Food.
 Provide raw materials for various
industries.
 Highest employment providing sector.

4.  Primitive Subsistence Farming
 Uses small patch of land
 Uses primitive tools
 No irrigation system
 No use of modern technology
 No labour hired
 Production is done for self production
 It is also known as ‘Slash & Burn’ or ‘Shifting’ Cultivation.
 Locally known by various names. Ex. Jhumming, Pamlou,
Dipa, Mila etc.

5.  Intensive Subsistence Farming
 Uses big patch of land
 Uses all modern technology
 Uses irrigation
 Uses insecticides, pesticides & Fertilizers
 Labours are hired
 Production is used to sell in market
 But due to law of inheritance size of land is reduced
that straight way to production.

6.  Commercial Farming/Plantation
 Big patch of land
 HYVs, Pesticides & Chemical Fertilizers are used
 A single crop is grown
 Labour intensive farming
 Production is used as raw materials in agro based
industries
 Well developed transportation has helped a lot

7.  Rabi Crops
 Sown in winter from October to December
 Harvested in summer from April to June
 Some of the important rabi crops are wheat,
barley, peas, gram and mustard
 These crops are grown in large parts of India,
states from the north and northwestern parts such
as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh

8.  Kharif Crops
 Grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the
country
 Harvested in September-October
 Important crops grown during this season are paddy,
maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong,
 urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean
 Some of the most important rice-growing regions are
Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra

9.  Zaid Crops
 In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,
there is a short season during the summer
months known as the Zaid season.
 Some of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are
watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,
vegetables and fodder crops.

10.  Rice
 Staple food in India
 Second largest producers
 It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature,
(above 25°C) and high humidity with annual
rainfall above 100 cm
 In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help
of irrigation
 Grown in the plain areas.

11.  Wheat
 This is the second most important cereal crop
 This Rabi crop requires a cool growing season
and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening
 It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly
distributed over the growing season.
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and
parts of Madhya Pradesh.

12.  Millets
 Jowar, Bajra & Ragi are the most important millets grown in India
 They are highly nutritional.
 Jowar :
▪ It is rain-fed crops and need no irrigation.
▪ It is third most important crop with respect to area and production
▪ Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP & Andra Pradesh are the major Jowar producing areas.
 Bajra :
▪ It grows well in sandy & shallow black soil.
▪ Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat & Haryana are the major bajra producing states.
 Ragi :
▪ It’s crop of dry region
▪ It grows well in red, black, sand, loamy and shallow black soil.
▪ Karnataka, TN, HP, Arunachal Pradesh are the major ragi producing states.

13.  Maize
 It’s a kharif crop, used as food and fodder
 It needs temperature between 21o C to 27o C
and grows well in old alluvial soil.
 It can be grown as rabi crop also.
 HYVs , fertilizers and irrigation have helped to
increase agriculture production
 Karnataka, UP, Bihar, MP are the major maize
producing states.

14.  Pulses
 India is the largest producer as well as consumer
of pulses
 It a great source of protein
 They can be grown in kharif as well as rabi
season
 They are leguminous crops so grown in rotation
with other crops
 Ex. Tur, moong, urad, masur,peas & gram.

15.  Sugarcane
 It’s tropical and subtropical crop
 It grows in hot and humid climate with temperature around
21o C to 27o C
 It requires the rainfall around 75cm to100cm
 It can be grown with the help of irrigation in variety of soil
 It is labour intensive crop
 India is the second largest producer of rice after Brazil
 UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, TN, Andhra Pradesh are the
major sugarcane producing states

16.  Oil Seeds
 India is one of major countries in the world in the
production of oil seeds
 It covers around 12% of the total cropped area
 India produces almost all kind of oil seeds and used to
produce edible oil and for cosmetic and ointments.
 Some oil seeds are grown as kharif and some are
grown as rabi crops
 Gujarat is the largest producer of ground nuts.

17.  Tea
 It’s grown in plantation agriculture.
 It’s tropical and subtropical crop grown in well drained soil.
 It needs frequent shower evenly distributed for the growth
of fresh leaves
 It is labour intensive crop.
 Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tripura are some major tea
producing states.
 India stands second in tea production after China & Turkey

18.  Coffee
 India produces 3.2% of world’s coffee.
 It is Arabic type of coffee brought by British
 Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu are the major
coffee producing states.

19.  Horticulture
 India stands second in the production of fruits and vegetables
 India produces tropical and temperate fruits
 Bananas are famous of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra & Tamil
Nadu
 Lichi & guava are famous of Up and Bihar
 Pineapples are famous of Meghalaya
 Grapes of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Telangana
 Apples, pears, apricots & walnuts of Jammu Kashmir & Himachal
Pradesh are famous worldwide.
 India produces world’s 13% vegetables

20.  Rubber
 It’s equatorial crop but can be grown in tropical and
subtropical regions also.
 It requires moist and humid climate with 25o C
temperature.
 It needs rainfall more than 200 cm
 It’s major industrial raw material
 The major rubber producing states are Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andaman & Nicobar islands and Meghalaya
 India stands forth in the production of Rubber.

21.  Silk
▪ It’s obtained from the cocoons of silkworms
▪ They are fed on mulberry leaves
▪ This process of rearing silkworms and obtain silk is
called sericulture.

22.  Cotton
▪ India is the home of cotton production & stands second
in the production after China
▪ It’s grown on the drier part of Deccan plateau
▪ It requires high temperature and light rainfall
▪ It is Kharif crop and needs 210 frost free days or 6-8
months to mature
▪ Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Punjab, Haryana & Up are the
major cotton producing states.

23.  Jute
▪ It’s known as golden fiber
▪ It grows in well drained fertile soil in plain region
▪ It needs high temperature
▪ West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa & Meghalaya
are the major Jute producing states
▪ Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic
fibers and packing materials, particularly the nylon.

24.  Land Reforms
▪ Abolishing ‘Zamindari’
▪ Land Distribution
▪ Land Ceiling

25.  Technological Reforms
▪ Green Revolution
▪ Use of ‘HYVs’
▪ Modern Equipment
▪ Irrigation Facilities
▪ Fertilizers and Pesticides
▪ White Revolution
▪ Quality Breeds of cattle
▪ Supplementary to agriculture

26.  Institutional Reforms
▪ Opening of banks and cooperatives
▪ KCC and Personal Accidental Insurance
▪ Opening of Agriculture colleges and Universities
▪ Using Radio, TVs and satellites for agriculture
education.
▪ Agriculture research center

27.  International Competition
 Uncertainty of Production
 Reduction in Subsidy