1. BIO-DIESEL
(Introduction, Process, History and Advantages)
by
Md Muqtar Ahmed Khan

2. BIO-DIESEL
Biodiesel is a liquid biofuel obtained by chemical processes on vegetable
oils(used or unused) or animal fats .
All oils in nature has triglyceride molecule
G
Our goal is to reduce its viscosity and make it thinner to be able to use it
as a fuel.
Glycerin and fatty acid chain
are bonded to each other.
-Md Muqtar Ahmed Khan

3. To convert it into fuel we need to chemically ‘modify triglyceride molecule’
We need to remove ‘glycerin’ from the oil as it is heavier and not needed for formation
of fuel.
So we need to add ‘catalyst and methanol’ at proper temperature to cut the bond
between glycerin and fatty acid chain.
G
Catalyst will ‘cut’ these bonds.
G
M
M
M
Methanol will ‘bond’ with
Fatty acid chain and this
now called ‘Fatty acid
methyl-ester’ which is
technical name of ‘bio-
diesel’.
-Md Muqtar Ahmed Khan

4. OIL
METHANOL
(METHYL-ALCOHOL)
CATALYST
HEAT
MIXING
FAME
(or)
BIODIESEL
Catalyst:
• Potassium hydroxide
• Sodium hydroxide
Temperature: 55℃
Mix separately
-Md Muqtar Ahmed Khan

5. G
M
M
M
G
Transesterification Process
We have made four different molecules out of one single molecule. Three
of them are thinner and one(glycerin) is heavier.
-Md Muqtar Ahmed Khan

6. M
M
M
G
Because Glycerin is heaver than FAME, so it fall
down to the bottom.
Then drain the glycerin from the bottom. Now we need to wash
the biodiesel by water, About 3% of raw, unwashed biodiesel is
methanol. Methanol is a solvent, it captures soap and other
impurities and holds them dissolved in the biodiesel. ‘Water
soaks up that methanol, releasing impurities to be washed away
with water’. Then drain the water and let biodiesel dry.
Clean biodiesel

7. PROCESS FOR USED VEGETABLE OIL:
Before we can react the oil into Biodiesel, it's important that it should be filtered to
remove any ‘food particles or other contaminants’. Most filters will come with a micron rating on
them. The micron rating indicates the size of the holes in the filter. The smaller the number, the
smaller the holes will be in the filter. Most often ‘400 micron’ filter will be enough.
Tri-glyceride Di-glyceride Mono-glyceride
G G G
The unused oil will have ‘tri-glyceride molecules’, the used oil may have di-glyceride or mono-
glyceride because as we heat the oil, it will naturally decompose into ‘di or mono-glyceride’ and
fatty acid chains may naturally break away from its normal molecular form. The acids which are
hanging around in oil will make oil acidic. As we use lye(lye is base), it reacts with acid and will
form soap, So we need to counteract that by adding more catalyst than normal. We need to do
‘titration’ to know acid levels in oil.

8. 1. Obtain some waste vegetable oil, filter it, and
load it into a Biodiesel Processor.
2. Heat the oil up to 130-135° F
3. Measure how acidic the oil is by doing something
called a titration. It's simple to do and can be
done in under 5 minutes!
4. Mix up methanol and catalyst to make something
called Methoxide.
5. Pour the methoxide into the processor & mix it
for sometime.
6. The oil will separate into Biodiesel & Glycerine.
Drain off the Glycerine layer.
7. Wash the Biodiesel with water to remove any
remaining contaminants. Allow the water to
separate from the Biodiesel. Then drain off dirty
water.
8. Drain off the water, then dry out the fuel. After
the fuel is dry, fill up the fuel tank on your diesel
engine vehicle and drive away!
STEPS:

9. Which ‘Vegetable Oil’ can be used ?
•Rapeseed (canola oil)
•Soybean oil
•Palm oil
•Sunflower oil
•Peanut oil
•Cotton
•Coconut oil
•Corn oil
•Fish oil
Due to the rapid decline in crude oil reserves, the use of vegetable oils as diesel fuels is
again promoted in many countries. Depending up on climate and soil conditions, different
nations are looking into different vegetable oils for diesel fuels. For example, soybean oil in
the USA, rapeseed and sunflower oils in Europe, palm oil in Southeast Asia(mainly
Malaysia and Indonesia), and coconut oil in Philippines are being considered as substitutes
for mineral diesel.
-Md Muqtar Ahmed Khan

10. HISTORY
Dr. Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine to run on a host of fuels including heavy mineral
oil and vegetable oils. His engine ran on its own power for the first time in Augsburg, Germany,
on 10 August 1893 running on nothing but peanut oil. In remembrance of this event, 10 August
has been declared “International Biodiesel Day”
He showed his engine at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900.
In 1912, Diesel said,’ the use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem
insignificant today, but such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum
and the coal tar products of the present time’’.
Since Dr. Diesel’s untimely death in 1913, his engine has been modified to run on the
polluting petroleum fuel, now known as ‘‘diesel’’. Nevertheless, his ideas on agriculture and his
invention provided the foundation for a society fuelled with clean, renewable, locally grown fuel.
Throughout the 1990s, plants were opened in many European countries, including the Czech
Republic, Germany and Sweden. France launched local production of biodiesel fuel from
rapeseed oil, which is mixed into regular diesel fuel at a level 20%. Renault, Peugeot and other
manufacturers have certified truck engines for use with biodiesel. During the same period,
nations in other parts of the world also saw local production of biodiesel starting up. 100%
biodiesel is now available at many normal service stations across Europe and other parts of
world.

11. Why to use Biodiesel
It's Economical:
Biodiesel can be produced by individuals on a small scale relatively inexpensively when
compared to Petrodiesel. Figures range anywhere from 45rs a litre to about a125rs litre
depending on the cost of materials required to make it. With prices that low, most people are
able to save hundreds of dollars on their fuel bills.
It's Good For the Environment:
When Biodiesel is used to power diesel engines, the emissions at the tailpipe are
significantly reduced. Studies by the US National Renewable Energy Lab indicate drops in
several key areas’ that help the environment. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrocarbons, and
Particulate Matter (the black smoke from diesels) all are significantly reduced when
Biodiesel is used. When used in older diesel engines such as indirect combustion diesels, the
results are astounding. There was a reduction in the tailpipe emissions of nearly 90%. It also
has a positive energy balance
It's Renewable:
Biodiesel has been touted far and wide for its renewable properties. Instead of making a fuel
from a finite resource such as crude oil, Biodiesel can be produced from renewable
resources such as organic oils, fats, and tallows. This means that it can be made from things
that can be regrown, reproduced, and reused. So, if you need more, you can just grow
another crop of seeds for the oil.

12. It supports farmers:
When Biodiesel is made from organic oils such as Canola, Soy, Peanut, or other
domestically grown seed crops, it helps the farming community out. Because the oil
used to make Biodiesel is "domestically grown", it keeps the money flowing to those
that "grow" the feedstock. This continues to help out the renewable aspect of Biodiesel
because this means more seed crops can be grown by local farmers.
It reduces dependency on Crude oil:
When Biodiesel is used in place of petrodiesel, it reduces the amount of crude oil used
up. This means that it helps to reduce our dependence on a limited resource and
increases our use of renewable resources. We think that's a great step toward reducing
our dependence on a fuel that may not be around forever.
It's good for the engine:
Biodiesel, unlike Petrodiesel, has a much higher "lubricity" to it. This means that it’s
essentially "slipperier" than normal diesel fuel. Biodiesel engines have been shown to
experience less wear and tear when used on a regular basis. Also, because Biodiesel is
less polluting, it means that it's easier on the engine. US Government Studies have
shown that in some cases large fleets using Biodiesel have been able to go longer
between oil changes because the oil stay's cleaner when Biodiesel is used.

13. It's the perfect alternative fuel:
When compared to several other Alternative Fuels available, Biodiesel comes out way
ahead. Most alternative fuels require changes to a vehicle to be used. Natural Gas &
Propane require special tanks to be installed and changes to the fuel injection system
must be made as well. Ethanol also requires specialized changes to the fuel injection
system. Electricity requires a completely different engine. In most cases, once a vehicle
undergoes the conversion necessary to run the alternative fuel, there's no going back.
You either run the alternative fuel or you don't run the vehicle.
-Md Muqtar Ahmed Khan

14. THANK YOU
-Md Muqtar Ahmed Khan