SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 34
Download to read offline
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Cognitive
Neuroscience
http://brainexplorer.org/brain_atlas/Brainatlas_index.shtml#image
http://www.learner.org/resources/series142.html#
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Basic Unit of Brain: Neuron
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Windows Mac OS 8-9 Mac OS X
Neuron and Neural Impulse
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Methods for the studying the
human brain
•Postmortem studies
•Animal Studies
•Electrical Recordings
•Static Imaging Techniques
•Metabolic Imaging
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Postmortem Studies
•Identify disorder and then examine
after death
– Researchers may trace a link between an
observed type of behavior and anomalies
in a particular location of the brain.
•Paul Broca – linked severe speech problems to
an area in the frontal lobe now called Broca’s
area
•Studies of Alzheimer's victims have le to
identify some of the brain structures involved
in memory
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
– Young, Holcomb, Yazdani, Hicks &
German (2004)
•Found that depression is associated with
a greater number of nerve cells in the
Thalamus being devoted to emotional
regulation
•Supported idea that structural
abnormality may lead to depression
– ¿Limitations?
•Cannot be performed on the living brain
•Do no offer insights into more specific
physiological processes of the brain.
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Animal Studies: In Vivo
•Monitor activity of a single neuron
•Microelectrodes are
inserted into the brain
of the animal to
obtain single-cell
recordings of the
activiry of a single
neuron
•Selective lesioning to
observe resulting
funcitonal deficits
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Animal Study: Single Neuron
Monitoring
•Disterhoft & Matthew (2003)
– Young versus old rabbits compared in learning
of eyeblink conditioning
– Hippocampal pyramidal neurons were
monitored
– Typically aging animals cannot learn the task
– Metrifonate, galanthamine, and CI-1017
injected into the aging rabbits
– This led aged rabbits to learn as quickly as
young controls
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
EEG-Human Studies
Dehaene-Lambertz, Pena, M., Christophe, &
Landrieu (2004)
Examined the language abilities of infants using
EEG
Electroencephalograph Research Example
EEG’s are recordings of the electrical frecuencies
and intensities of the living brain, typically
recorded over relatively long periods.
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Positron Emission Tomography
(PET)
•Radioactive material is injected or
inhaled
•Participant is then scanned to
produce an image of the brain’s
activity
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
•Strong magnetic field passed through the
skull
•Uses the detection of radio frequency signals
produced by displaced radio waves in a
magnetic field
•Creates a detailed anatomical image of the
brain
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI)
•fMRI imaging takes a series of images of
the brain in quick succession and then
statistically analyzes the images for
differences among them
•Brain areas with more blood flow have
been shown to have better visibility on
MRI images
•Better visibility is thought to be
correlated with brain activation
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
fMRI in Research
•Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore & Anderson
(2000)
– fMRIs demonstrate that expertise for cars
and birds uses areas involved in face
recognition
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Anatomy of the Brain
•Forebrain
– Cerebral cortex
– Basal ganglia
•Motor movement
– Limbic system
– Thalamus
– Hypothalamus
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Anatomy of the Brain
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Function of Limbic System
•Emotion, motivation, memory, and
learning
– Controls mood and attitude
– Stores highly charged emotional
memories
– Controls appetite and sleep cycles
– Make us better to adapt our behaviors
flexibly in response to our changing
environment
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Function of Limbic System
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Anatomy of Limbic System
•Amygdala
– Involved in anger and aggression
•Septum
– Involved in anger and fear
•Hippocampus
– Is important in the formation of memories
– Disruption results in deficits in declarative
memory but not in procedural memory
– Korsakoff’s syndrome
•Loss of memory function
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Anatomy of Limbic System
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Anatomy of Limbic System
•Thalamus
– Relay sensory information to the
cerebral cortex
– Control of sleep and walking
•Hypothalamus
– Important to metabolic behaviors,
eating, drinking, sexual behaviors, and
regulating emotions
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Anatomy of Limbic System
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Midbrain
•Location
– The midbrain extends from the pons to the
lower portion of thalamus
•Reticular activating system
– Controls respiration, cardiovascular function,
digestion, alertness, and sleep
Controls eye movement and coordination
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Midbrain
•Brain Stem
– Vital in basic attention, arousal, and
consciousness
– Physicians make determination of brain death
based on the functions of the brain stem
– Physicians must determine that the brain stem
has been damaged so severely that various
reflexes of the head are absent for more than 12
hours
– The brain must show no electrical activity or
cerebral circulation of blood.
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Hindbrain
•Medulla Oblongata
– Breathing, swallowing and digestion
•Pons
– Relay station
•Cerebellum
– Motor co-ordination, posture, and
maintaining balance.
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2Hindbrain
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Cerebral Cortex Principles
•Contralaterality
– Right side of brain controls left side of
body
– Left side of brain controls right side of
body
•Corpus Callosum
– Neural fibers connecting left and right
lobes
– Allows communication between right and
left sides of the brain
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Cerebral Cortex Principles
•Localization of function
– Specific mental processes are
correlated with discrete regions of the
brain
•Hemispheric Specialization
– Each lobe of the brain has specialized
functions
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Evidence for Specialization of Left
lobe
•Wernicke’s area
– Speaks fluently but nonsensically
– Not coherent, contains lexical and
grammatical errors
•Broca’s area
– Can understand everything said
– Patient can only respond in
monosyllabic words
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Split Brain Studies
•Sperry (1960 - 1998)
– First to study patients with a split
corpus callosum
– Two lobes function independently
•Gazzaniga (1980’s- current)
– Two lobes function complimentarily
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Split Brain Methodology
•Corpus
callosum
severed
•Techniques
used test each
half-brain
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Split Brain Studies Demonstrate
Hemispheric Specialization
•Left Lobe
– Language functions (speech, song)
– Logical thought (writing, logic)
•Right Lobe
– Spatial-relation functions
– Perception of rhythm, abstract or
intuitive thought
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Split Brain Demonstration
What would a split brain patient say they saw?
What would a split brain patient point to with their left
hand?
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
•Frontal
– Reasoning & Planning
•Parietal
– Touch, Temperature, Pain,
& Pressure
•Temporal
– Auditory & Perceptual
processing
•Occipital
– Visual processing
Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
Chapter 2
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

More Related Content

What's hot

77521535 rollo-may
77521535 rollo-may77521535 rollo-may
77521535 rollo-maynoogle1996
 
Neuropsychology compiled report
Neuropsychology compiled reportNeuropsychology compiled report
Neuropsychology compiled reportMonica Policarpio
 
Contribution of E.B. Titchener in Structuralism
Contribution of E.B. Titchener in StructuralismContribution of E.B. Titchener in Structuralism
Contribution of E.B. Titchener in StructuralismSimrat Simrat
 
Consciousness, Sleep and Dreaming
Consciousness, Sleep and DreamingConsciousness, Sleep and Dreaming
Consciousness, Sleep and DreamingHarve Abella
 
Dual storage model of memory
Dual storage model of memoryDual storage model of memory
Dual storage model of memoryrobert boucher
 
Flashbulb memories pp
Flashbulb memories ppFlashbulb memories pp
Flashbulb memories ppabonica
 
Theories of Emotion
Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion
Theories of Emotionkbolinsky
 
Frontal lobe and its functions
Frontal lobe and its functionsFrontal lobe and its functions
Frontal lobe and its functionsdrnaveent
 
William James' Functionalism
William James' FunctionalismWilliam James' Functionalism
William James' FunctionalismFatemaPatel6
 
History Of Cognitive Psychology
History Of Cognitive PsychologyHistory Of Cognitive Psychology
History Of Cognitive PsychologyAli Hasan
 
Memory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of MemoryMemory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of Memorycowmoo83
 
Chapter 9 (memory)
Chapter 9 (memory)Chapter 9 (memory)
Chapter 9 (memory)dcrocke1
 
Attention in cognitive Psychology
Attention in cognitive PsychologyAttention in cognitive Psychology
Attention in cognitive PsychologySumiran Khatri
 
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART- 1
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART- 1NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART- 1
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART- 1Subrata Naskar
 

What's hot (20)

77521535 rollo-may
77521535 rollo-may77521535 rollo-may
77521535 rollo-may
 
Neuropsychology compiled report
Neuropsychology compiled reportNeuropsychology compiled report
Neuropsychology compiled report
 
Contribution of E.B. Titchener in Structuralism
Contribution of E.B. Titchener in StructuralismContribution of E.B. Titchener in Structuralism
Contribution of E.B. Titchener in Structuralism
 
Consciousness, Sleep and Dreaming
Consciousness, Sleep and DreamingConsciousness, Sleep and Dreaming
Consciousness, Sleep and Dreaming
 
Dual storage model of memory
Dual storage model of memoryDual storage model of memory
Dual storage model of memory
 
History
HistoryHistory
History
 
Flashbulb memories pp
Flashbulb memories ppFlashbulb memories pp
Flashbulb memories pp
 
Theories of Emotion
Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion
Theories of Emotion
 
Level of processing
Level of processingLevel of processing
Level of processing
 
Lesson 01
Lesson 01Lesson 01
Lesson 01
 
Cognitive psychology introduction
Cognitive psychology introductionCognitive psychology introduction
Cognitive psychology introduction
 
Limbic system
Limbic systemLimbic system
Limbic system
 
Frontal lobe and its functions
Frontal lobe and its functionsFrontal lobe and its functions
Frontal lobe and its functions
 
William James' Functionalism
William James' FunctionalismWilliam James' Functionalism
William James' Functionalism
 
History Of Cognitive Psychology
History Of Cognitive PsychologyHistory Of Cognitive Psychology
History Of Cognitive Psychology
 
Cognition and language
Cognition and language Cognition and language
Cognition and language
 
Memory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of MemoryMemory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of Memory
 
Chapter 9 (memory)
Chapter 9 (memory)Chapter 9 (memory)
Chapter 9 (memory)
 
Attention in cognitive Psychology
Attention in cognitive PsychologyAttention in cognitive Psychology
Attention in cognitive Psychology
 
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART- 1
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART- 1NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART- 1
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART- 1
 

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (6)

Estilos aprendizaje metodología - educamp - tpack
Estilos aprendizaje   metodología - educamp - tpackEstilos aprendizaje   metodología - educamp - tpack
Estilos aprendizaje metodología - educamp - tpack
 
Cerebro
CerebroCerebro
Cerebro
 
Neuroanatomy of language functions
Neuroanatomy of language functionsNeuroanatomy of language functions
Neuroanatomy of language functions
 
Limbic System
Limbic SystemLimbic System
Limbic System
 
5 limbic system
5 limbic system5 limbic system
5 limbic system
 
Chapter1 Introduction To Cognitive Psychology
Chapter1 Introduction To Cognitive PsychologyChapter1 Introduction To Cognitive Psychology
Chapter1 Introduction To Cognitive Psychology
 

Similar to Chapter2cognitiveneuroscience4346

chapter2-Cognitive-Neuroscience
chapter2-Cognitive-Neurosciencechapter2-Cognitive-Neuroscience
chapter2-Cognitive-Neuroscienceorengomoises
 
Week 2 presentation
Week 2 presentationWeek 2 presentation
Week 2 presentationvwagner1
 
Screening hypnotic activity
Screening hypnotic activityScreening hypnotic activity
Screening hypnotic activityDr. Pooja
 
Chapter 2 ciccarelli
Chapter 2 ciccarelliChapter 2 ciccarelli
Chapter 2 ciccarelliAnne Baroy
 
01 nerve singnal processing
01 nerve singnal processing01 nerve singnal processing
01 nerve singnal processingPS Deb
 
Minggu 1 pendahuluan dan kontrak
Minggu 1 pendahuluan dan kontrakMinggu 1 pendahuluan dan kontrak
Minggu 1 pendahuluan dan kontrakAsjar Zitus
 
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches Vivek Misra
 
fundamentals_of_neurobiology.pptx
fundamentals_of_neurobiology.pptxfundamentals_of_neurobiology.pptx
fundamentals_of_neurobiology.pptxMrHackerxD
 
Biopsychology revision - AQA A Level Psychology
Biopsychology revision - AQA A Level PsychologyBiopsychology revision - AQA A Level Psychology
Biopsychology revision - AQA A Level PsychologyElla Warwick
 
4.01 the brain what is going on in there
4.01 the brain what is going on in there4.01 the brain what is going on in there
4.01 the brain what is going on in theremelodiekernahan
 
CNS_3_sleep.pdf
CNS_3_sleep.pdfCNS_3_sleep.pdf
CNS_3_sleep.pdfzart7
 
nervous Physiology
nervous Physiologynervous Physiology
nervous Physiologyaliagr
 
260 chapter1
260 chapter1260 chapter1
260 chapter1SSSanchez
 
Jeopardy
JeopardyJeopardy
Jeopardylfeld52
 
FinalProjectDoc
FinalProjectDocFinalProjectDoc
FinalProjectDocAn Tran
 
Brain Functions PowerPoint
Brain Functions PowerPointBrain Functions PowerPoint
Brain Functions PowerPointKRyder
 
Lecture2 psych125 bunge
Lecture2 psych125 bungeLecture2 psych125 bunge
Lecture2 psych125 bungeSilvia Bunge
 

Similar to Chapter2cognitiveneuroscience4346 (20)

chapter2-Cognitive-Neuroscience
chapter2-Cognitive-Neurosciencechapter2-Cognitive-Neuroscience
chapter2-Cognitive-Neuroscience
 
Week 2 presentation
Week 2 presentationWeek 2 presentation
Week 2 presentation
 
Screening hypnotic activity
Screening hypnotic activityScreening hypnotic activity
Screening hypnotic activity
 
Chapter 2 ciccarelli
Chapter 2 ciccarelliChapter 2 ciccarelli
Chapter 2 ciccarelli
 
01 nerve singnal processing
01 nerve singnal processing01 nerve singnal processing
01 nerve singnal processing
 
Minggu 1 pendahuluan dan kontrak
Minggu 1 pendahuluan dan kontrakMinggu 1 pendahuluan dan kontrak
Minggu 1 pendahuluan dan kontrak
 
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches
 
fundamentals_of_neurobiology.pptx
fundamentals_of_neurobiology.pptxfundamentals_of_neurobiology.pptx
fundamentals_of_neurobiology.pptx
 
Macx presentation(1)
Macx presentation(1)Macx presentation(1)
Macx presentation(1)
 
Biopsychology revision - AQA A Level Psychology
Biopsychology revision - AQA A Level PsychologyBiopsychology revision - AQA A Level Psychology
Biopsychology revision - AQA A Level Psychology
 
4.01 the brain what is going on in there
4.01 the brain what is going on in there4.01 the brain what is going on in there
4.01 the brain what is going on in there
 
CNS_3_sleep.pdf
CNS_3_sleep.pdfCNS_3_sleep.pdf
CNS_3_sleep.pdf
 
Eeg basics.drjma
Eeg basics.drjmaEeg basics.drjma
Eeg basics.drjma
 
nervous Physiology
nervous Physiologynervous Physiology
nervous Physiology
 
260 chapter1
260 chapter1260 chapter1
260 chapter1
 
Jeopardy
JeopardyJeopardy
Jeopardy
 
FinalProjectDoc
FinalProjectDocFinalProjectDoc
FinalProjectDoc
 
Brain Functions PowerPoint
Brain Functions PowerPointBrain Functions PowerPoint
Brain Functions PowerPoint
 
Chapter 7 the brain
Chapter 7 the brainChapter 7 the brain
Chapter 7 the brain
 
Lecture2 psych125 bunge
Lecture2 psych125 bungeLecture2 psych125 bunge
Lecture2 psych125 bunge
 

Recently uploaded

Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
UiPath Clipboard AI: "A TIME Magazine Best Invention of 2023 Unveiled"
UiPath Clipboard AI: "A TIME Magazine Best Invention of 2023 Unveiled"UiPath Clipboard AI: "A TIME Magazine Best Invention of 2023 Unveiled"
UiPath Clipboard AI: "A TIME Magazine Best Invention of 2023 Unveiled"DianaGray10
 
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024Alexander Turgeon
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELiveplex
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK GuideIEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK GuideHironori Washizaki
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
All in AI: LLM Landscape & RAG in 2024 with Mark Ryan (Google) & Jerry Liu (L...
All in AI: LLM Landscape & RAG in 2024 with Mark Ryan (Google) & Jerry Liu (L...All in AI: LLM Landscape & RAG in 2024 with Mark Ryan (Google) & Jerry Liu (L...
All in AI: LLM Landscape & RAG in 2024 with Mark Ryan (Google) & Jerry Liu (L...Daniel Zivkovic
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostMatt Ray
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
UiPath Clipboard AI: "A TIME Magazine Best Invention of 2023 Unveiled"
UiPath Clipboard AI: "A TIME Magazine Best Invention of 2023 Unveiled"UiPath Clipboard AI: "A TIME Magazine Best Invention of 2023 Unveiled"
UiPath Clipboard AI: "A TIME Magazine Best Invention of 2023 Unveiled"
 
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK GuideIEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
IEEE Computer Society’s Strategic Activities and Products including SWEBOK Guide
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
All in AI: LLM Landscape & RAG in 2024 with Mark Ryan (Google) & Jerry Liu (L...
All in AI: LLM Landscape & RAG in 2024 with Mark Ryan (Google) & Jerry Liu (L...All in AI: LLM Landscape & RAG in 2024 with Mark Ryan (Google) & Jerry Liu (L...
All in AI: LLM Landscape & RAG in 2024 with Mark Ryan (Google) & Jerry Liu (L...
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
 

Chapter2cognitiveneuroscience4346

  • 1. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience http://brainexplorer.org/brain_atlas/Brainatlas_index.shtml#image http://www.learner.org/resources/series142.html#
  • 2. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Basic Unit of Brain: Neuron
  • 3. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Windows Mac OS 8-9 Mac OS X Neuron and Neural Impulse
  • 4. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Methods for the studying the human brain •Postmortem studies •Animal Studies •Electrical Recordings •Static Imaging Techniques •Metabolic Imaging
  • 5. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Postmortem Studies •Identify disorder and then examine after death – Researchers may trace a link between an observed type of behavior and anomalies in a particular location of the brain. •Paul Broca – linked severe speech problems to an area in the frontal lobe now called Broca’s area •Studies of Alzheimer's victims have le to identify some of the brain structures involved in memory
  • 6. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 – Young, Holcomb, Yazdani, Hicks & German (2004) •Found that depression is associated with a greater number of nerve cells in the Thalamus being devoted to emotional regulation •Supported idea that structural abnormality may lead to depression – ¿Limitations? •Cannot be performed on the living brain •Do no offer insights into more specific physiological processes of the brain.
  • 7. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Animal Studies: In Vivo •Monitor activity of a single neuron •Microelectrodes are inserted into the brain of the animal to obtain single-cell recordings of the activiry of a single neuron •Selective lesioning to observe resulting funcitonal deficits
  • 8. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Animal Study: Single Neuron Monitoring •Disterhoft & Matthew (2003) – Young versus old rabbits compared in learning of eyeblink conditioning – Hippocampal pyramidal neurons were monitored – Typically aging animals cannot learn the task – Metrifonate, galanthamine, and CI-1017 injected into the aging rabbits – This led aged rabbits to learn as quickly as young controls
  • 9. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 EEG-Human Studies Dehaene-Lambertz, Pena, M., Christophe, & Landrieu (2004) Examined the language abilities of infants using EEG Electroencephalograph Research Example EEG’s are recordings of the electrical frecuencies and intensities of the living brain, typically recorded over relatively long periods.
  • 10. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) •Radioactive material is injected or inhaled •Participant is then scanned to produce an image of the brain’s activity
  • 11. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging •Strong magnetic field passed through the skull •Uses the detection of radio frequency signals produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic field •Creates a detailed anatomical image of the brain
  • 12. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) •fMRI imaging takes a series of images of the brain in quick succession and then statistically analyzes the images for differences among them •Brain areas with more blood flow have been shown to have better visibility on MRI images •Better visibility is thought to be correlated with brain activation
  • 13. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 fMRI in Research •Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore & Anderson (2000) – fMRIs demonstrate that expertise for cars and birds uses areas involved in face recognition
  • 14. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Anatomy of the Brain •Forebrain – Cerebral cortex – Basal ganglia •Motor movement – Limbic system – Thalamus – Hypothalamus
  • 15. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Anatomy of the Brain
  • 16. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Function of Limbic System •Emotion, motivation, memory, and learning – Controls mood and attitude – Stores highly charged emotional memories – Controls appetite and sleep cycles – Make us better to adapt our behaviors flexibly in response to our changing environment
  • 17. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Function of Limbic System
  • 18. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Anatomy of Limbic System •Amygdala – Involved in anger and aggression •Septum – Involved in anger and fear •Hippocampus – Is important in the formation of memories – Disruption results in deficits in declarative memory but not in procedural memory – Korsakoff’s syndrome •Loss of memory function
  • 19. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Anatomy of Limbic System
  • 20. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Anatomy of Limbic System •Thalamus – Relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex – Control of sleep and walking •Hypothalamus – Important to metabolic behaviors, eating, drinking, sexual behaviors, and regulating emotions
  • 21. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Anatomy of Limbic System
  • 22. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Midbrain •Location – The midbrain extends from the pons to the lower portion of thalamus •Reticular activating system – Controls respiration, cardiovascular function, digestion, alertness, and sleep Controls eye movement and coordination
  • 23. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Midbrain •Brain Stem – Vital in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness – Physicians make determination of brain death based on the functions of the brain stem – Physicians must determine that the brain stem has been damaged so severely that various reflexes of the head are absent for more than 12 hours – The brain must show no electrical activity or cerebral circulation of blood.
  • 24. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Hindbrain •Medulla Oblongata – Breathing, swallowing and digestion •Pons – Relay station •Cerebellum – Motor co-ordination, posture, and maintaining balance.
  • 25. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2Hindbrain
  • 26. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Cerebral Cortex Principles •Contralaterality – Right side of brain controls left side of body – Left side of brain controls right side of body •Corpus Callosum – Neural fibers connecting left and right lobes – Allows communication between right and left sides of the brain
  • 27. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Cerebral Cortex Principles •Localization of function – Specific mental processes are correlated with discrete regions of the brain •Hemispheric Specialization – Each lobe of the brain has specialized functions
  • 28. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Evidence for Specialization of Left lobe •Wernicke’s area – Speaks fluently but nonsensically – Not coherent, contains lexical and grammatical errors •Broca’s area – Can understand everything said – Patient can only respond in monosyllabic words
  • 29. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Split Brain Studies •Sperry (1960 - 1998) – First to study patients with a split corpus callosum – Two lobes function independently •Gazzaniga (1980’s- current) – Two lobes function complimentarily
  • 30. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Split Brain Methodology •Corpus callosum severed •Techniques used test each half-brain
  • 31. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Split Brain Studies Demonstrate Hemispheric Specialization •Left Lobe – Language functions (speech, song) – Logical thought (writing, logic) •Right Lobe – Spatial-relation functions – Perception of rhythm, abstract or intuitive thought
  • 32. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Split Brain Demonstration What would a split brain patient say they saw? What would a split brain patient point to with their left hand?
  • 33. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex •Frontal – Reasoning & Planning •Parietal – Touch, Temperature, Pain, & Pressure •Temporal – Auditory & Perceptual processing •Occipital – Visual processing
  • 34. Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 2 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

Editor's Notes

  1. Figure 2.5  The components of a vertebrate motor neuron. The cell body of a motor neuron is located in the spinal cord. The various parts are not drawn to scale; in particular, a real axon is much longer in proportion to the size of the soma. From Kalat, J. Biological Psychology , 8th Edition Use image to discuss neuronal communication.
  2. Young KA, Holcomb LA,Yazdani U, Hicks PB, and German DC., Elevated neuron number in the limbic thalamus in major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161 , 1270-1277. http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/findfac/research/0,2357,12533,00.html Other well known postmortem studies are Phineas Gage, deteriorated hippocampus of alzheimers patients, and Tan as mentioned in the text.
  3. Describe the single neuron technique using image and corresponding action potentials such as the example of In Vivo research. Single neuron and the corresponding action potentials image created and used with permission by: Patricio O'Donnell, MD, PhD Professor of Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience Albany Medical College 47 New Scotland Ave. Albany, NY 12208 http://www.odonnell-lab.net/links.htm
  4. Full cite of research: Disterhoft JF, Matthew Oh M. (2003) Modulation of cholinergic transmission enhances excitability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and ameliorates learning impairments in aging animals. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2003 Nov;80(3):223-33. Abstract: Four cholinesterase inhibitors have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Here we review our experiences with two cholinesterase inhibitors (metrifonate and galanthamine) and a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (CI-1017) in behavioral pharmacological and brain slice experiments in aging and young rabbits. Aging rabbits are impaired in their ability to acquire the hippocampus-dependent trace eyeblink conditioning task, as compared to young controls. A large proportion of aging animals cannot reach behavioral criterion in this task. Those that do learn, do so more slowly. In addition, the post-burst afterhyperpolarization and spike frequency accommodation is increased in hippocampal pyramidal neurons from aging animals, i.e., cellular excitability is reduced as compared to those from young animals. Metrifonate, galanthamine, and CI-1017 reduced the learning deficits observed in aging rabbits so that they learned almost as quickly as young controls. These cholinergic compounds also enhanced the postsynaptic excitability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vitro. Therefore, we propose that the amelioration of learning impairment with the cholinergic compounds may in part be due to the enhanced excitability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. The potential relevance of our studies to further understanding the cellular and behavioral changes that occur with normal aging and Alzheimer's Disease is discussed. PMID: 14521865 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  5. Dehaene-Lambertz’s work with Infants presented at this website: http://www.unicog.org/ uses EEG in addition to other brain imaging methods. Dehaene-Lambertz, Pena, M., Christophe, A., Landrieu, P. (2004). Phoneme perception in a neonate with a left sylvian infarct. Brain & Language,88,26-38. Brain & Language , Vol 88(1), pp. 26-38. Abstract: We report the case of a neonate tested three weeks after a neonatal left sylvian infarct. We studied her perception of speech and non-speech stimuli with high-density event-related potentials. The results show that she was able to discriminate not only a change of timbre in tones but also a vowel change, and even a place of articulation contrast in stop consonants. Moreover, a discrimination response to stop consonants was observed even when syllables were produced by different speakers. Her intact right hemisphere was thus able to extract relevant phonetic information in spite of irrelevant acoustic variation. These results suggest that both hemispheres contribute to phoneme perception during the first months of life and confirm our previous findings concerning bilateral responses in normal infants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
  6. No X-rays or radioactive material is used. Provides detailed view of the brain in different dimensions.
  7. Full paper cite: Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J.C., Anderson, A.W. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 3 , 191-197. Image used by permission of author. This research examines whether the area of the brain activated for recognition of faces is also activated when bird and car experts examine pictures of birds and cars.
  8. Korsakoff's syndrome presents symptoms of severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, as well as confabulation.
  9. Korsakoff's syndrome presents symptoms of severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, as well as confabulation.
  10. Gazzaniga, M.S. (1995). Principles of human brain organization derived from split-brain studies. Neuron, 14, 217-228.
  11. Gazzaniga gave permission to use image. Source:  Gazzaniga, Michael S., "The Split Brain Revisited," Scientific American , July 1998 This study is described in Gazzaniga, Michael S.(1988), Mind Matters Each hemisphere is presented with a different picture that is related to one of four cards placed in front of the split-brain patient. The right hemisphere sees the picture on the left (snowy scene), and the left hemisphere sees a picture on the right (chicken foot). Both hemispheres can see all of the cards. When asked to point to the picture related to the image seen, the left hand pointed to the shovel and the right hand pointed to the chicken head. The patient was then asked why the left hand was pointing to the shovel, since the left hemisphere controls language, they did not have an answer because the shovel is what fits with the information that is given to the left side of the brain. However the left hemisphere immediately made up a story about what it could see– the chicken and explained that the right hemisphere chose the shovel to clean out a chicken shed. This reveals the left brain’s interpreter in action.
  12. Split brain patients are asked to stare at the black dot in the middle of the screen. Two different images are displayed simultaneously to each side of the brain. Information about wrench is on the left side, so would be processed by the right side of the brain which controls the left hand, thus a split brain patient would point to a wrench. The apple is on the right side and so would be processed by the left side of the brain which controls language so the patient will say apple.