Appendix 2 Electric Power Supply Survey Report .pdf
August 2021
Main Report
Appendix 2: Electric Power Supply Survey Report
Consulting Service for Building Trauma and Emergency Medical Center at
Dhulikhel Hospital in Nepal
Oriental Consultants Global Co. Ltd (OC Global)
20-2 Nishishinjuku 3-Chome, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 163-1409, Japan
Inclusive Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Sitapaila, Kathmandu
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Email: inclusive.consultants@gmail.com
www.inclusiveconsultants.com.np
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Electric Power Supply Survey Report for Building Trauma and Emergency Medical Center at
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Submitted By : Inclusive Consultants Pvt. Ltd 1
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................3
LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................4
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................5
2. Scope and Objectives.................................................................................................5
3. Basic Terms..............................................................................................................5
3.1 Voltage........................................................................................................................5
3.2 Current........................................................................................................................6
3.3 Power..........................................................................................................................6
3.4 Power Factor ...............................................................................................................6
3.5 Energy .........................................................................................................................6
3.6 Losses..........................................................................................................................6
3.6.1 Technical Losses.......................................................................................................7
3.6.2 Non-Technical Losses (Commercial Losses) ...............................................................7
3.7 Frequency....................................................................................................................7
4. Survey Methodology..................................................................................................7
4.1 Desk Study ........................................................................................................................7
4.2 Site Visit ............................................................................................................................7
4.3 Data collection and investigation ....................................................................................7
5. Electric Power Supply Survey of Dhulikhel Hospital .................................................9
5.1 Existing Power Supply Scenario ....................................................................................9
5.2 Record of Power Failure............................................................................................. 14
5.3 Measurements at Site................................................................................................ 17
5.3.1 HV side analysis ..............................................................................................................17
5.3.1.1 Power Consumption from Grid......................................................................................18
5.3.1.2 Energy Consumption from the Grid...............................................................................18
5.3.1.3 Power Factor Variation: .................................................................................................19
5.3.1.4 Grid Voltage level:..........................................................................................................22
5.3.1.5 Frequency variation:.......................................................................................................26
5.3.2 LV Side analysis...............................................................................................................26
5.3.2.1 Voltage Analysis..............................................................................................................26
5.3.2.2 Frequency Analysis.........................................................................................................28
5.5 Interaction with utility ............................................................................................... 32
6. Conclusion and Recommendations.......................................................................... 33
7. Annexes.................................................................................................................. 35
Annex 1: Site Visit Photographs ..................................................................................... 36
Annex 2: Electrical Power Supply Survey Data............................................................... 43
Annex 3: Electrical Power Supply Drawing .................................................................... 43
Electric Power Supply Survey Report for Building Trauma and Emergency Medical Center at
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Annex 4: Power Connection from Dhulikhel Hospital Dedicated Feeder to Trauma Center
...................................................................................................................................... 43
Annex 5: Time of Day Power Consumption from Grid (April 25th to May 1st) ................ 43
Annex 6: Technical Specification for Solar Net Metering System.................................... 43
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ABBREVIATIONS
A Ampere
V Voltage
KW Kilowatt
KWh Kilowatt Hour
Mwh Megawatt Hour
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
Hz Hertz
KV Kilovolt
KVA Kilovolt Ampere
P Active Power
Q Reactive Power
S Apparent Power
Φ Power factor angle
Pf Power factor
Electric Power Supply Survey Report for Building Trauma and Emergency Medical Center at
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 5-1 Power Supply arrangement at Utility Substation...................................................10
Figure 5-2 Monthly Outage Duration ......................................................................................15
Figure 5-3 Yearly Power Outage Frequency ...........................................................................15
Figure 5-4 Yearly Power outage frequency of Dhulikhel Hospital .........................................16
Figure 5-5 Yearly duration of power outage of Dhulikhel Hospital........................................16
Figure 5-6 Daily Variation of Load .........................................................................................18
Figure 5-7 Daily Energy Variation ..........................................................................................18
Figure 5-8 Daily Power Factor Variation ................................................................................19
Figure 5-9 Hourly Power Factor Variation..............................................................................19
Figure 5-10 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 25.........................................................................20
Figure 5-11 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 26.........................................................................20
Figure 5-12 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 27.........................................................................20
Figure 5-13 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 28.........................................................................21
Figure 5-14 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 29.........................................................................21
Figure 5-15 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 30.........................................................................21
Figure 5-16 Hourly p.f. Variation on May 1............................................................................22
Figure 5-17 Hourly Voltage variation of April 12th
.................................................................22
Figure 5-18 Hourly Voltage variation of April 19th
.................................................................22
Figure 5-19 Hourly Voltage variation of April 23rd
.................................................................23
Figure 5-20 Hourly Voltage variation of April 29th
.................................................................23
Figure 5-21 Hourly Voltage variation of May 2nd
...................................................................23
Figure 5-22 Hourly Voltage variation of May 7th
....................................................................24
Figure 5-23 Hourly Voltage variation of May 13th
..................................................................24
Figure 5-24 Hourly Voltage level analysis of April 12 ...........................................................24
Figure 5-25 Low Voltage start time frequency........................................................................25
Figure 5-26 Low Voltage cleared time frequency ...................................................................25
Figure 5-27 Frequency variation over a week period ..............................................................26
Figure 5-28 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 2nd
.....................................................27
Figure 5-29 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 3rd
......................................................27
Figure 5-30 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 4th
......................................................27
Figure 5-31 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 5th
......................................................28
Figure 5-32 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 6th
......................................................28
Figure 5-33 Hourly Frequency variation on June 2nd
.............................................................29
Figure 5-34 Frequency variation over a week period ..............................................................29
Figure 5-35 Comparison of yearly Outage Hrs........................................................................32
Figure 5-36 Comparison of yearly outage frequency ..............................................................32
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Existing Power Supply arrangement for Dhulikhel Hospital from Utility Substation10
Table 2 Consumer Record of Dhulikhel Hospital at Utility ....................................................11
Table 3 Details of Transformers supplying Dhulikhel Hospital..............................................11
Table 4 Details of Automatic Voltage Stabilizer.....................................................................12
Table 5 Specification of Generators used in Dhulikhel Hospital ............................................13
Table 6 Details of Solar installed.............................................................................................14
Table 7 Size of solar panels used.............................................................................................14
Table 8 Classification of Voltage level as per required load...................................................30
Table 9 Comparison of tapping points.....................................................................................31
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1. Introduction
Dhulikhel Hospital is an independent, not for profit, non-government institution which was
conceived and supported by the Dhulikhel community, as a quality health services
provider. Dhulikhel Hospital is located in Dhulikhel Municipality, headquarter of the Kavre
district. It has a population of about fourteen thousand and Kavre district has the population of
about 1.6 million people. The hospital covers the population of approximately 1.9 million
people from Kavrepalanchowk, Sindhu-palchowk, Dolakha, Sindhuli, Ramechhap, Bhaktapur
and other surrounding districts.
Hospitals being one of the most sensitive area, the power supply interruption are eschewed. So,
to increase the reliability of the incoming power supply a survey for Electric power supply is
conducted to assess the adaptability and auditability of the electrical supply for healthcare
service purposes. Major works done in the survey can be synopsized as,
1. Recording of the history and frequency of power failure.
The frequency and duration of power failure are noted and analyzed along with
the time zone of power failure.
2. Measurement of fluctuation of voltage.
The fluctuation of voltage is famed along with the time for voltage sag and
restoration to the normal voltage.
3. Measurement of fluctuation of Frequency.
The frequency of the system changes depending on the load connected to the
system. The fluctuation of frequency of the supply system is analyzed which
can define the quality of the supplied power system.
2. Scope and Objectives
The main objective of this survey is to check the quality of the supply system along with the
variation of load at different time in the hospital, which helps to scrutinize the adaptability and
auditability of the supplied power system at the distribution level.
3. Basic Terms
3.1 Voltage
Voltage is one of the fundamental parameters associated with electrical power system. Voltage
can be considered as the pressure that forces the charged electrons to flow in an electrical
circuit. The unit of voltage is volt(V). The operating voltage is an important point to be
considered as the equipment’s operate on this value. Nepal Electricity Authority has
standardized the Operating Voltage Level in Nepal as follows:
i) Low Tension Supply
(1) 230 Volt (Single Phase)
(2) 400 Volt (Three Phase)
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ii) High Tension Supply
(1) Middle Voltage Level- 11 kV & 33 kV (3 Phase)
(2) Upper Voltage Level- 66 kV & above (3 Phase)
3.2 Current
Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons in a conducting material known
as conductor. Whenever a voltage is applied in a closed circuit, the voltage causes a flow of
electron in a particular direction which is known as current. The unit of current is Ampere(A).
The flow of current depends on the load connected across the voltage supply. As in Nepal, only
up to 30 Ampere loads can be drawn from an approved single-phase supply from the utility.
Consumers have to opt for 3 phase-supply for loads requiring higher than 30 Ampere.
3.3 Power
Electrical power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an
electrical circuit. Actually, power is the combination of both voltage and current in the circuit.
In AC system power can be divided into two parts, first is active power which does useful work
in the circuit. Second one is reactive power which produces the magnetic field in the system.
The combination of both active and reactive power is known as apparent power. The unit of
active power is Watt, reactive power is VAR and apparent power is volt-ampere.
As per NEA, consumers requiring load greater than 50 KVA shall install private transformers.
3.4 Power Factor
Power factor, cos(Φ), is an important part of an AC circuit which is defined as the ratio of
active power (P) to apparent power (S), and is generally expressed as either a decimal value,
for example 0.8.
Power factor defines the phase angle between the current and voltage waveforms, were I and
V are the magnitudes of rms values of the current and voltage. The value of Power Factor
should be close to 1 for better performance.
3.5 Energy
Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal,
electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. Electrical energy is a form
of energy resulting from the flow of electric charge. Electrical energy may be either potential
energy or kinetic energy, but it's usually encountered as potential energy, which is energy
stored due to the relative positions of charged particles or electric fields. The movement of
charged particles through a wire or other medium is called current or electricity. Electrical
energy is measured in kwh (Kilo-watt hour).
3.6 Losses
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Power loss in a circuit is the wastage of the electrical energy. While transforming power from
generation point to the consumer end various electrical equipment’s are connected through the
cable, overhead conductors and can be explained as transmission and distribution losses. We
can generally divide these losses into two types:
3.6.1 Technical Losses
The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors, equipment used for
transmission line, transformer, sub- transmission line and distribution line and magnetic losses
in transformers. The major amount of losses in a power system is in primary and secondary
distribution lines. While transmission and sub-transmission lines account for only about 30%
of the total losses. Therefore, the primary and secondary distribution systems must be properly
planned to ensure within limits.
3.6.2 Non-Technical Losses (Commercial Losses)
Non-technical losses are related to meter reading, defective meter and error in meter reading,
billing of customer energy consumption, lack of administration, financial constraints, and
estimating unmetered supply of energy as well as energy thefts.
3.7 Frequency
Frequency, in simple words, is how often something repeats. Alternating current (ac) frequency
is the number of cycles per second in an ac sine wave. Frequency is the rate at
which current changes direction per second. It is measured in hertz (Hz), an international unit
of measure where 1 hertz is equal to 1 cycle per second.
The value of frequency of Nepalese and Indian power system is 50Hz whereas for American
power system it is 60 Hz. Frequency plays an important role in power system as it is one of the
parameters to define the quality of the power system. The value of frequency changes with
change in load, so to supply quality power it’s value must be maintained close to the predefined
value. In Nepal the predefined value is 50 Hz and a tolerance of ± 2.5 is acceptable according
to NEA.
4. Survey Methodology
4.1 Desk Study
Planning for survey methodology was conducted with the team of engineers and technicians at
the office. The initial survey, site visit and field measurement planning were altered by the
covid restrictions. However, improvisations on the planning was done to minimize the effects
of restrictions and gain the necessary information.
4.2 Site Visit
Site visit was conducted at the preliminary stage of study to gain the necessary data and conduct
investigations. Site visit to Dhulikhel Hospital, Banepa 66/11 kv Substation and NEA utility
office was done.
4.3 Data collection and investigation
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Visual inspections, interviews/meetings with the utility & hospital officials, accessing the
installed monitoring systems and cross-checking the records through measurements were
carried out for data collection related to the existing power supply and facilities.
• For clarifying the existing facilities at the hospital, visual inspections of the equipment
and nameplates of the equipment were checked. Confirmation and verification of those
data with the official (engineer) from hospital were done through interactions. At the
utility side, consumer record of the hospital was acquired, inspection at the utility
substation was done, the line route from the substation to the hospital was inspected.
Interactions with the operators at the substation and technical chief of the local utility
was done to understand the power supply arrangement, maintenance issues and to
ensure the credibility of the information collected.
• The records of power outages (frequency & duration) throughout the year were
obtained from the utility substation. The weekly logbook for power outages, maintained
at the substation provided with the time and frequency of the outage and the reason for
outage.
• Measurement of fluctuations in voltage and frequency were measured at the hospital.
The data were measured at two different points. One at the secondary side of the 200
KVA transformer and one at the point of primary side metering point. The meter at the
HV side metering records the electrical parameters sampled at every half hour interval
for over a time period of one month. The data from the meter was verified using external
measurement devices. For the analysis purpose the data from the meter was downloaded
using the meter software, since the external measurements were subjected to human
errors and better accuracy class of the meter. At the secondary side the data was
measured for over a week of period.
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5. Electric Power Supply Survey of Dhulikhel Hospital
Dhulikhel Hospital, located in Dhulikhel Municipality, is an immediate consumer of Kavre
Distribution and Consumer Service office-the local electricity utility. The major loads at
Dhulikhel hospital includes biomedical equipment.
The findings of the survey is mainly branched into three parts as follows:
5.1 Existing Power Supply Scenario
Dhulikhel Hospital Receives electricity supply from the 66/11 kv Banepa Substation, through
a approx. 2 km 11 kv sub-transmission line. The 11 kv line provides a dedicated supply for
Dhulikhel hospital, i.e. there is a separate line that feeds electricity to the hospital directly from
the substation supply: no other consumers are connected to the supply line. Figure 5.1 shows
the single line diagram of the power supply arrangement for Dhulikhel Hospital Feeder at the
utility substation. Related parameters are shown by Table 1. Similarly, the data of record of the
supply system to this hospital at NEA is shown by Table 2.
Findings of
Survey
• 1) Existing Power Supply Scenario
• Utility Substation
• Line
• Transformers
• Generators
• Solar Power
• Utility Record
• 2) Power Failure History
• Forced Outage
• Line Tripping
• 3) Measurements at Site
• Measuremet at HV Side
• Energy COnsumption
• Voltage Fluctuation
• Frequency
• Power Factor
• Measurement at LV Side
• Voltage
• Frequency
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Figure 5-1 Power Supply arrangement at Utility Substation
Table 1 Existing Power Supply arrangement for Dhulikhel Hospital from Utility Substation
S.No. Item Description
1 Supply Voltage 11 kv
2 Conductor Size 50 sq. mm
3 Underground Conductor Size 200sq.mm 3-Core
3 Substation name Banepa Substation, Banepa
4 Substation Capacity 22.5 MVA, 66/11 kv
5 Approx. line Length 2 km
6 Feeder Type Dedicated
7 Protection Relay at Utility
Substation
MICOM P111 Multifunction
Relay
8 Circuit Breaker at Utility
Substation
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
9 Rate Amps of CB 630 A
Panchkhal S/s Bhaktapur S/s
66 kV Busbar
66/11 kv, 22.5 MVA
Dhulikhel
Hospital
Dedicated 11kv
Feeder
11 kV Busbar
11 kV Public Utility Feeders
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Table 2 Consumer Record of Dhulikhel Hospital at Utility
Consumer Name Dhulikhel Hospital
Consumer Number 100.19.202
Consumer Category Non-Commercial
Approved Load 1430 KVA
Billing Method Medium Voltage-TOD
Monthly Billing Date 19th of Nepalese Month
Biiling (HT/LT) HT
There are a total of three transformers of 500KVA, 630KVA and 200KVA ( Total :1330 KVA)
in the premises of this hospital. The three transformers supply different areas of the hospital.
One 100 KVA transformer also sits in the facility but is currently not in operation.
The details of these transformers is shown by Table 3.
Table 3 Details of Transformers supplying Dhulikhel Hospital
Details TR1 TR2 TR3
Manufacturer Nepal Ekarat
Engineering
Nepal Ekarat
Engineering
(NEEK)
Nepal Ekarat
Engineering
(NEEK)
Ratio 11/0.4 11/0.4 11/0.4
Size 500 KVA 630 KVA 200 KVA
Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz
No. of Phases 3 3 3
Earthing Nos
LT Cable Type ABC ABC UG Cable
Tap Function Automatic On Load Tap
Changer
-
Current Tapping 2 - -
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Tap Size - 17 Steps: 11770 V
to 8690 V
Mounting Platform Platform Pole Mounted
Connection Vector
Group
DYN 11 DYN 11 DYN 11
HV Side Delta Delta Delta
LV Side Grd. Wye Grd. Wye Grd. Wye
Cooling System ONAN ONAN ONAN
Oil Level Ok Ok OK
Condenser Yes Yes Yes
HV Side Protection Drop Out Fuse Drop Out Fuse &
Lightning Arrestor
Drop Out Fuse &
Lightning
Arrestor
Voltage Stabilizer
Installed
Yes Yes -
Coverage Sections All (except OPD,
Dental Department &
Hostels)
OPD Block Dental
Department and
Hostels
Automatic Voltage Stabilizer are installed in series with the 500 KVA & 630 KVA rating
transformers. Their details are as follows:
Table 4 Details of Automatic Voltage Stabilizer
Manufacturer Nepal Ekarat Engineering Nepal Ekarat Engineering
KVA Rating 500 630
Phase 3 3
Type Oil Immersed Oil Immersed
Input Voltage 8000-12000 8000-12000
Rated Output Voltage 400 V 400 V
Output Current 696 A 879 A
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Insulation Class A A
Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz
Note: Voltage Stabilizer is not installed for 200 KVA rating Transformer
To increase the reliability and ensure continuous supply of power to the hospital four generators
of total rating 610KVA are used. The specification of used generator is shown by Table 5.
Table 5 Specifications of Generators used in Dhulikhel Hospital
Details G1 G2 G3 G4
Manufacturer FG Wilson Crompton
Greaves
Crompton
Greaves
FG
Wilson
Rated KVA at
rated rpm
KVA 100 250 160 100
Rated KW KW 80 200 128 80
Rated RPM rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500
Frequency Hz 50 50 50 50
Power Factor lagging 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Voltage (1φ) V 240 240 240 240
Noise Level dBA - 75 75 -
To facilitate hospital with uninterruptable power supply utilizing green energy sources, solar
power to used. The Dhulikhel Hospital Solar power project was supported by Government of
Nepal through Alternative Energy Promotion Center and was inaugurated on 6th
December
2018. The solar power used in this hospital also feedbacks the excessive power generated by
the solar to the national grid. The total installed capacity is 275 KW where four solar arrays are
used. The number of battery banks used are four with total capacity of 984KWh. The detail of
installed solar panels are shown by Table and Table. From Table we can see that there are four
sites of solar panels installed which were installed in two phases. 63KW solar panel is installed
at the main building, 102KW at skill lab, 60 KW again at the main building and 50KW at the
administrative building.
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Table 6 Details of Solar installed
No. of Solar Arrays 4
Total Installed Solar Capacity 275 KW
No. of Battery Banks 4
Installed Battery Capacity 984 KWh
Output Voltage 230 V
Battery Rating 10OPzV1000, 2V1000Ah/10hr
Table 7 Size of solar panels used.
B1 B2 B3 B4
Power (kwp) 63 102 60 50
Capacity (kwhr) 240 240 252 252
Inverter Size (kw) 60 120 175 60
Coverage Area
Main Building,
ICU, PICU,
NRCU, Ward,
Admin Office,
Dean Office
Dental, Blue
Hostel,
Canteen,
Women
Center, Epp
OT-6, All
Conference Hall,
Communication
Maternity
Ward,
Forensic
5.2 Record of Power Failure
Power supply failure to the hospital premises can classified into three main reasons: System
failure, tripping and forced outages. System failure outages, here are classified as those
conditions when the utility substation at Banepa (66/11 kv substation) does not have the
electricity supply. This may be due to- no supply from the grid, inhouse problem, maintenance
shutdown etc. During system outage, none of the 11 kv feeders have the electricity supply.
Tripping outages are classified as those outages caused when fault occurs in the dedicated 11
kv line from substation to the hospital. Tripping faults generally occur due to Earth faults and
Over current Fault. Forced outages are those outages which are pre-planned and implemented
when maintenance work is to be carried on the line.
The following graph and chart show the outage detail of dhulikhel hospital.
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Figure 5-2 Monthly Outage Duration
From the graph above, it is observed that the longest duration of outage occurred in the month
of Asar (June 15 to July 15 2020) i.e. 6 hrs 6 mins. Most of the outage was due to shut down
for pre-scheduled maintenance. After the pre-schedule maintenance in the month of Asar, we
can see that the outage due to line tripping has significantly reduced. In the month of Mangsir
(November 16 to December15), no outages were recorded.
Figure 5-3 Yearly Power Outage Frequency
We can observe from the above figure 5.3, that most frequency of power outages occurred in
the month of Poush (Dec 16, 2020 to Jan 13 2021) i.e. 13. And no outage was recoded in
Mangsir ((November 16 to December15).
Baishak
h
Jestha Asar
Shrawa
n
Bhadra Ashoj Kartik
Mangsi
r
Poush Magh Falgun Chaitra
Shutdown 1.33 1.13 5.98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0
Tripping 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
System Outage 1.05 0.28 0.03 0.38 0.08 0.12 0.15 0 1.47 0.03 0.45 2.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Duration
in
Hrs
Month (acc. to Nepalese Calendar)
Yearly Outgae Duration ( April 13 2020 to April 13 2021)
System Outage Tripping Shutdown
Baishak
h
Jestha Asar
Shrawa
n
Bhadra Ashoj Kartik
Mangsi
r
Poush Magh Falgun Chaitra
Shutdown 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Tripping 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
System Outage 7 4 1 5 2 1 1 0 13 1 3 2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Yearly Power Outage Frequency (April 13 2020 to April 13 2021)
System Outage Tripping Shutdown
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Figure 5-4 Yearly Power outage frequency of Dhulikhel Hospital
We can see from Figure 5.4, that system outage covered a major % of the outage frequency
perceived at Dhulikhel Hospital in the time April 13 2020 to April 13 2021. 40 outages out of
total yearly 52 outages was caused due to system outage, while there were total of 5 shutdowns
(for scheduled maintenance) and 7 tripping outages.
Figure 5-5 Yearly duration of power outage of Dhulikhel Hospital
In the figure 5.5, we can see that out of yearly total outage duration of 16 hrs 5 mins, outage of
9 hrs 3 mins was due to pre-scheduled shutdown, outage of 6 hrs 27 mins was due to System
Outage and outage of 35 mins was due to tripping.
77%
2%
11%
10%
Frequency of Power Failure
System Outage Tripping (O/C Fault) Tripping (E/F Fault) ShuntDown
6.45
0.08
0.5
9.05
System Outage Tripping (O/C Fault) Tripping (E/F Fault) ShutDown
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Types of Outage
Duration
in
hrs
Power Failure Duration (April 13 2020 to April 13 2021)
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Seasonal Outage Analysis
From the graphs above and with the interaction with utility personnel, we conclude that the
most of the frequency of unplanned outage perceived at the hospital is due to the system outage.
This implies that the feeder line from utility to the hospital is highly reliable compared to
another public feeder fed from the substation. The outage detail of one public feeder is also
shown in Annex (for comparison with Dhulikhel Hospital feeder).
The frequency of system outage occurred most in the month of Poush (Dec 16 2020 to Jan 13
2021) ie. 13 times. According to the utility officials, the electricity generation of overall
National grid highly depends upon hydropower plants and during the month of Poush (Dec 16
2020 to Jan 13 ), the water level in the rivers decreases resulting in lower generation of
electricity. Also, the in the month of Poush (Dec 16 2020 to Jan 13), the country experienced
the peak winter which increased the overall demand for electricity with increase in heating
loads. The imbalance in the overall supply-demand created frequent system outage.
While, imbalance in overall supply-demand is one of the cause of system outage, it was also
affected by high windy conditions and rainfall during Falgun to Jestha period (early March to
late July).
5.3 Measurements at Site
Measurement of electrical parameters were done at the HV side and LV side of the transformer.
The measurement of electrical parameters at the HV was done at the point of utility metering.
This reflects the actual quality of electricity supplied from the utility to the whole facility at the
hospital. The measurement at the LV side was done at the secondary side of the transformer.
This reflects the combined effect of automatic voltage regulator with grid supplied electricity.
The electrical parameters of both measuring points are analysed below:
5.3.1 HV side analysis
The electrical data of one month (April 12 to May 13) is acquired. The following HV side
analysis solely reflects the status of electricity received from the grid.
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5.3.1.1 Power Consumption from Grid
Figure 5-6 Daily Variation of Load
Figure 5.6 shows two graph one for the daily maximum load variation and other for daily
average load variation for one month. We can see that the average load for the month is around
200KW and average maximum load is around 310KW.
From here we can find out the average Load Factor for this month which is the ratio of average
load to maximum load. The value of Load factor is found to be 0.63.
5.3.1.2 Energy Consumption from the Grid
The daily energy consumption over a month is shown in following Figure 2. The maximum
energy is found to be consumed in 4th
of May which is 5915 KWh, whereas the minimum
energy consumed is found to be in 24th
April which is 3578 KWh. The total energy consumed
over this time is 158269 KWh.
Figure 5-7 Daily Energy Variation
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
12-Apr
13-Apr
14-Apr
15-Apr
16-Apr
17-Apr
18-Apr
19-Apr
20-Apr
21-Apr
22-Apr
23-Apr
24-Apr
25-Apr
26-Apr
27-Apr
28-Apr
29-Apr
30-Apr
01-May
02-May
03-May
04-May
05-May
06-May
07-May
08-May
09-May
10-May
11-May
12-May
13-May
Daily Load Variation
Daily Maximum Load(KW) Daily Average Load(KW)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
12-Apr
13-Apr
14-Apr
15-Apr
16-Apr
17-Apr
18-Apr
19-Apr
20-Apr
21-Apr
22-Apr
23-Apr
24-Apr
25-Apr
26-Apr
27-Apr
28-Apr
29-Apr
30-Apr
01-May
02-May
03-May
04-May
05-May
06-May
07-May
08-May
09-May
10-May
11-May
12-May
13-May
Daily Energy Consumption
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5.3.1.3 Power Factor Variation:
Figure 3 shows the daily average power factor variation over a month. Maximum daily average
power factor of 0.95 is seen on 21st
April and minimum daily average power factor of 0.86 is
seen on 24th
April. From here we can conclude that the daily average power factor has not
crossed the limit of 0.8. However, it is recommended to use power factor correction method to
achieve power factor close to unity.
Figure 5-8 Daily Power Factor Variation
Figure 5-9 Hourly Power Factor Variation
Figure 5.8 shows hourly variation of PF of four days each from one week. Here, the graph for
12th
April, 19th
April and 5th
May is shown in above figure. We can see that the power factor
tends to lower slightly around 8 am in the morning and recovers as the day ends. Although,
generally power factor has not dropped beyond the limit (i.e. 0.8), we can see the p.f. dropped
beyond 0.8 at 12:00 pm on 26th
April. So, we must also prepare for such events where the p.f
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
12-Apr
13-Apr
14-Apr
15-Apr
16-Apr
17-Apr
18-Apr
19-Apr
20-Apr
21-Apr
22-Apr
23-Apr
24-Apr
25-Apr
26-Apr
27-Apr
28-Apr
29-Apr
30-Apr
01-May
02-May
03-May
04-May
05-May
06-May
07-May
08-May
09-May
10-May
11-May
12-May
13-May
14-May
Average PF Variation
Daily Average PF
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
Hourly Power Factor Variation
12th April 19th April 26th April 5th May
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may drop beyond the acceptable limits. Hourly pf variations from 25th
April to May 1st
are
shown below.
Figure 5-10 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 25
Figure 5-11 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 26
Figure 5-12 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 27
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
Hourly Power factor variation of April 25th
PF
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
Hourly Power factor variation of April 26th
PF
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
Hourly Power factor variation of April 27th
PF
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Figure 5-13 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 28
Figure 5-14 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 29
Figure 5-15 Hourly p.f. Variation on April 30
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
Hourly Power factor variation of April 28th
PF
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
Hourly Power factor variation of April 29th
PF
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
Hourly Power factor variation of April 30th
PF
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Figure 5-16 Hourly p.f. Variation on May 1
5.3.1.4 Grid Voltage level:
The hourly voltage level variation of the grid is noted for one month. Here Figure 5.10 to
5.16 shows the hourly variation of voltage for seven days i.e. April 12, April 19, April 23,
April 29, May 2 , May 7 and May 13. We can see that the variation of voltage level is within
the limit i.e ±10%.
Figure 5-107 Hourly Voltage variation of April 12th
Figure 5-118 Hourly Voltage variation of April 19th
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
Hourly Power factor variation of May 1st
PF
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
Hourly Voltage variation of April 12th
Phase a Phase b Phase c
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
Hourly Voltage variation of April 19th
Phase a Phase b Phase c
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Figure 5-129 Hourly Voltage variation of April 23rd
Figure 5-2013 Hourly Voltage variation of April 29th
Figure 5-2114 Hourly Voltage variation of May 2nd
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
Hourly Voltage variation of April 23rd
Phase a Phase b Phase c
9400
9600
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
Hourly Voltage variation of April 29th
Phase a Phase b Phase c
9200
9400
9600
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
Hourly Voltage variation of May 2nd
Phase a Phase b Phase c
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Figure 5-22 Hourly Voltage variation of May 7th
Figure 5-23 Hourly Voltage variation of May 13th
From the above seven graph we can see that there is hourly fluctuation of voltage and the
voltage level goes below 11KV at around morning time, stays there for certain number of hours
and the voltage level rises above 11KV as the day ends. This pattern is noted and the time at
which voltage level goes below 11KV is noted as Low voltage start time and the time at which
voltage level goes above 11KV is noted as Low voltage clear time.
Figure 5-2415 Hourly Voltage level analysis of April 12
9600
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
11600
Hourly Voltage variation of May 7th
Phase a Phase b Phase c
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
11600
Hourly Voltage variation of May 13th
Phase a Phase b Phase c
0
1
Voltage below Rated (Low- start and Cleared Time)
Voltage Low start and Cleared Time
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Figure 5.17 shows the variation of voltage to show the low voltage start time and low voltage
cleared time of 12th
April. Here, in this graph, 1 means that the value of voltage is above
11KV and 0 means that the value of voltage is below 11KV, which denotes that the voltage
is lower than the rated voltage. From Figure 5.8 we can see that the low voltage start time
is 5:30 AM and this low voltage is cleared at 7:30 PM.
Hence, for each day the low voltage start time is noted and the frequency (here number of
days) at which this low voltage starts is shown in Figure 5.18. Low voltage start time for
each day from 12th
April to 12th
May is noted and it is seen that the voltage starts to move
below the rated for most of the days in 5:30AM and 6:00AM.
Figure 5-25 Low Voltage start time frequency
Similarly, for each day the low voltage cleared time is noted and the frequency (here number
of days) at which this low voltage is cleared is shown in Figure 5.19. Low voltage cleared
time for each day from 12th
April to 12th
May is noted and it is seen that the Low voltage is
cleared for most of the days occurs in 8:00PM.
Figure 5-26 Low Voltage cleared time frequency
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4:30AM 5:00AM 5:30AM 6:00AM 6:30AM
Low Voltage starting Time vs Number of Days
Days
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7:00 PM 7:30 PM 8:00 PM 8:30 PM 9:00 PM
Low Voltage Clearing Time vs Number of Days
Days
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5.3.1.5 Frequency variation:
The hourly variation of frequency for one week (from April 25 to May 1) is shown by Figure
5.20. We can see that the frequency goes up to maximum value of 50.2 Hz and minimum value
of 49.8 Hz which is within the tolerance level i.e., ± 2.5% of 50 Hz.
Figure 5-27 Frequency variation over a week period
5.3.2 LV Side analysis
5.3.2.1 Voltage Analysis
The voltage level must be analysis to find whether it is within the limit according to the
guidelines of NEA. Tolerance level of ± 10% to the rated value is considerable. Here, Figure
5.21 shows the hourly variation of voltage for a single day i.e June 2nd on secondary side. We
can see that the voltage variation is within the limit (i.e ± 10% of 230V). Similarly, the variation
of voltage for June 3rd
to June 6th
is shown by Figure 5.22 to 5.25 respectively. We can see that
in these figures to. The variation is within the limit.
49.6
49.7
49.8
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
Frequency variation for a week period
Apr-25 Apr-26 Apr-27 Apr-28 Apr-29 Apr-30 May-01
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Figure 5-168 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 2nd
Figure 5-179 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 3rd
Figure 5-30 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 4th
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
Hourly Voltage variation of June 2nd
R S T
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
Hourly Voltage variation of June 3rd
R S T
220
225
230
235
240
245
Hourly Voltage variation of June 4th
R S T
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Figure 5-31 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 5th
Figure 5-32 Hourly Variation of Voltage level of June 6th
5.3.2.2 Frequency Analysis
The frequency changes with the change in load and should be monitored whether it is within
the limit. The tolerance level for frequency variation is ±2.5% of the rated value i.e 50Hz
according to NEA. Here, the hourly variation of frequency on June 2nd
is shown by Figure 5.26
and we can see that the variation is within the limit.
The largest variation of frequency from the rated frequency (50Hz) is noted for a particular day
for a week period and plotted in Figure 5.27. Here we can see that the deviation of frequency
is within the limit for this week period.
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
Hourly Voltage variation of June 5th
R S T
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
Hourly Voltage variation of June 6th
R S T
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Figure 5-33 Hourly Frequency variation on June 2nd
Figure 5-34 Frequency variation over a week period
5.3.3 11 kv Line Loss
Table 5. 1 11 kv Line Loss
Energy in Kwh
Substation Meter
(Sending End)
Meter at Hospital (Receiving End)
Apr-14 18869 kwh 8480341 kwh
May-14 19021 kwh 8631635 kwh
Total Units 152000 151294
Difference 706 kwh
Line Loss 0.46%
Table 5.1 shows the monthly loss of the 2 km, 11 kv line from substation to the hospital for the
period April 14 2021 to May 14 2021. It is also referred as the technical loss for the line which
is below 1%
5.4 Supply points for electricity supply from utility at the new site
49.7
49.8
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
Hourly Frequency variation on June 2nd
Frequency
49.55
49.6
49.65
49.7
49.75
49.8
49.85
49.9
49.95
50
01-Jun 02-Jun 03-Jun 04-Jun 05-Jun 06-Jun 07-Jun
Average daily Frequency during one week period
Frequency
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The inspection of possible point of connection from utility for electricity supply at the site was
done. There were two main probable points for interconnection. Further things are discussed
below.
Selection of Supply voltage level
Before applying for the new connection from the utility it is necessary to identify the voltage
level required. The voltage level of electricity supply depends upon the total power required
for the facility. Utility (NEA) has classified the voltage level for required power as follows:
Table 8 Classification of Voltage level as per required load
Phase Load Power Facility Meter/Metering Type (meters
provided by utility)
Single
Phase
Supply
Less than 30
Ampere
Single Phase 230 V Single Phase
Three
Phase
Supply
Up to 25 KVA Three phase 400 V
supply from Utility
provided Transformer
Three Phase Meter with flat
demand Charge
From 25 to 50
KVA
Three phase 400 V
supply from Utility
provided Transformer
CT Operated Three Phase Meter
with Demand Meter
From 50 to 200
KVA
11 kv Supply-
Consumer needs to
install private
Transformer
LV side metering- Time of Day
Meter
Above 200 KVA 11 kv Supply-
Consumer needs to
install private
Transformer
HV Side Metering- Time of Day
Meter
Above 3000
KVA
11 kv Supply-
Consumer needs to
install private
Transformer
HV Side Metering- Time of Day
Meter- Grid Impact Study
required
Above 5000
KVA
11 kv Supply-
Consumer needs to
install private
Transformer
HV Side Metering- Time of Day
Meter- Grid Impact Study
required- Two Meters (Main &
Check Meter) required
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Hence, the requirement of load power at the site is significant for the type of supply and
metering facility to be installed.
We have identified two main supply connection points; these both points are able to handle
suitable for any of the facility required as mentioned in the Table 8. (However, for the load
power of above 2000 KVA, upgradation of existing line is recommended).
The two identified supply points are
1) Tapping Point 1
This supply point lies just at the road adjacent with the facility site. Both 11 kV and
400 V supply can be accessed from here.
2) Tapping Point 2
This supply point is the existing electricity supply system supplying the hospital.
Further comparison on these two tapping points are discussed below in the Table 9.
Table 9 Comparison of tapping points
Details Tapping Point 1 Tapping Point 2
11 kV Supply Available Available
400 V Supply Available Available
Distance from
the site
10 meters 200 meters
Feeder Bhakunde feeder Dhulikhel Hospital Feeder
Pros
Nearest to the site Dedicated feeder- direct supply
from substation to hospital only
No right of way issue Less Frequency of outage-
Reliable Supply
Less cost of construction Higher Power Quality
relatively short administrative
process at utility for supply
connection approvement
Regular supervision and timely
maintenance of feeder by hospital
management
Feeder maintance done by utility -
Public Feeder about 200 meters from the site
more frequency power outage- Less
reliable
right of way may be an issue
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Cons
Less power quality Higher Cost of Construction
Feeder is long and extends to rural
areas
relatively long administrative
process at utility for supply
connection approvement due to
dedicated feeder
Untimely maintenance by utility -
Yearly outage frequency and duration comparison between two supply feeders
Figure 5-35 Comparison of yearly Outage Hrs
Figure 5-36 Comparison of yearly outage frequency
Technically, it is recommended to use the tapping no 2 option for electricity supply due to
higher reliability and quality of the dedicated hospital feeder.
5.5 Interaction with utility
6.45 0.5
9.05
6.45
42.83
227.7
0
50
100
150
200
250
System Outage Tripping Shutdown
Outage
Hours
Dhulikhel Hospital Bhakunde
40
6 5
40
439
197
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
System Outage Tripping Shutdown
Outage
frequency
Dhulikhel Hospital Bhakunde
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Nepal Electricity Authority is the sole electricity utility which is responsible for distribution
and consumer services of electricity.
Kavre Distribution Center, local utility branch under Distribution and Consumer Services
Directorate of NEA, is the immediate concern office related to electricity utility services for
Dhulikhel Hospital.
Dhulikhel Hospital receives power from the Banepa 66/11 kv Substation. Banepa Substation
is an entity of Kathmandu Grid Department Under Transmission Directorate.
Though, Kavre Distribution Center and Banepa 66/11 kv Substation are under different
Directorate, it is seen that the operations of 11 kv Dhulikhel Hospital is more directed by Kavre
Distribution centre while the Grid department has more role in operating the 66 kv side. All
Utility services like billing, maintenance, shutdown, records, revenue etc are provided by
Kavre Distribution Center.
According to Er. Toyanath Regmi, incharge of technical department of Kavre Distribution
Center, Dhulikhel Hospital 11 kv feeder is the most reliable feeder within the substation. The
frequency and duration of outages are the lowest for Dhulikhel Hospital Feeder in comparison
to other 11 kv Feeders. Also, the maintenance of Dhulikhel Hospital feeder is relatively easy.
Due to its short line length, fault diagnosis time is low and shortest feeder in terms of line
length and due to its easy accessibility- the line route lies along an accessible road.
Any maintenance problems related to distribution lines are solved by the Kavre Distribution
Center. Outages related to earth faults and over current fault are the main causes of line tripping.
These types of faults need prompt maintenance. Also, scheduled maintenance, pre-planned
feeder shutdown is done by utility or upon request of Dhulikhel Hospital. While these outages
are under the scope of the Kavre Distribution Centre, outages related to 66 kv grid line are
under Kathmandu Grid Department. Grid line system outages occur due to national grid
failure, partial grid failure, 66-kv transmission line fault or scheduled maintenance. The
occurrence of Grid System line outage are low but it has a significant part in total outages
perceived at the Hospital due to low 11 kv outages.
Also, recent replacement of bare ACSR conductor with XLPE Insulated Conductor at the
feeder section with trees (responsible for frequent tripping), has significantly reduced outages
due to tripping.
6. Conclusion and Recommendations.
The current status of electricity supply from the grid to the hospital is well above satisfactory
in comparison with supply from other public feeder. The dedicated feeder provides with the
better reliability in electricity supply to the hospital.
The approved load of the hospital is 1430 KVA, but the maximum power consumption from
the grid during the one-month period (April 12 to May 13) was seen to be 404 kW (~435 KVA
with 0.93 p.f) on April 22. This suggests that the hospital facility is only utilising around 31%
of the approved load at peak load during the measurement period.
Investigating the records at the utility side showed that the highest peak demand consumed by
the hospital in last 5 years was about 663 KVA in the billing month of Falgun in 2076 (2nd
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February 2020 to 1st
March 2020). This implies that the maximum load consumed at the
hospital till date is about 46% of the approved load. Therefore, the demand of the hospital can
still be increased by about 100 % of without the need to increase the approved power at the
utility side. Also, the 275 kw solar power system installed at hospital has reduced the power
need to be received from the grid.
The voltage received from the grid start to fall below the rated voltage level of 11 kv in the
morning and rises up to 11 kv as the day ends. The voltage level dropped below the tolerance
level of 5% on several occasions. But the automatic Voltage Regulator installed at the in series
with the transformer regulated the voltage in secondary side. So, it is recommended to install
Automatic Voltage regulator in series with the transformer at the new site.
Regarding the frequency of the electricity supply, the variation in frequency was within the
limit of 2.5%. So, frequency variation may not be an issue if the supply is extended from the
dhulikhel hospital feeder.
Although the power factor was within the rated value of 0.8. It is always recommended to
maintain the power factor value close to 1. So, installing devices like Automatic power factor
correction (APFC) at the LV side will be a better option.
For the electricity supply line route to the new site, two different option was studied; one-
feeder used by dhulikhel hospital currently and another- public feeder located near to the new
site. On technical grounds, it is highly recommended to extend the supply from the hospital
feeder since the outage duration and frequency is relatively very low in dedicated hospital
feeder than the public feeder.
The major part of the outage duration and frequency perceived at the hospital is due to the
system outage. During the system outage, there is no supply in any of the 11 kv feeders
originating from the Banepa Substation. Problems relating to system outages are dealt by
Kathmandu Grid Division Office, so, the local utility has no direct control and responsibility
in reducing the system outage. However, the frequency and duration of tripping outages and
pre-scheduled maintenance shutdown, which are under the control and responsibility of local
utility are relatively low.
The minimum hosting capacity of 11 kv line from substation to the hospital feeder is
approximated to be around 2500 kW.
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7. Annexes
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Annex 1: Site Visit Photographs
Figure A. 1 Local Utility Office with Technical Department Head
Figure A. 2 Interacting with the Utility Substation Staffs
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Figure A. 4 Existing Line Route- XLPE Cable start section
Figure A. 3 Utility Meter at site
Figure A. 5 Existing Line Route to Hospital
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Figure A. 9 Utility Substation Power Transformer
Figure A. 8 Grid Receiving Point at Hospital
Figure A. 7 500 KVA Transformer Figure A. 6 Automatic Voltage Regulator in series with 500 KVA
Transformer
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Figure A. 13 Nameplate of 630 KVA Transformer
Figure A. 10 Nameplate of AVR
Figure A. 12 200 KVA Transformer with Distribution Box Figure A. 11 Distribution Panel
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Figure A. 15 Generator 3 (100 KVA) Figure A. 14 Changeover 200 Amp
Figure A. 17 Generator 1 & 2 Figure A. 16 Generator 4
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Figure A. 19 Solar Array
Figure A. 18 Grid Tie Solar Monitoring System
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Figure A. 22 Battery Bank
Figure A. 20 Solar Inverter and Control System Figure A. 21 For line route at new site from Bhakunde feeder
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Annex 2: Electrical Power Supply Survey Data
Annex 3: Electrical Power Supply Drawing
Annex 4: Power Connection from Dhulikhel Hospital Dedicated Feeder to Trauma
Center
Annex 5: Time of Day Power Consumption from Grid (April 25th to May 1st)
Annex 6: Technical Specification for Solar Net Metering System
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Annex 2: Load Profile Data
Load Profile Data from 9th
April 2021 to 13th
May 2021