complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
This document discusses various types of refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. It describes the causes, clinical features, diagnostic evaluations including history, slit lamp exam, and tonometry, and management including pharmacological treatments, and surgical procedures like LASIK and LASEK. Nursing management focuses on safely administering treatments, monitoring vitals, and observing patients for side effects and responses to treatment.
Refractive errors occur when the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, causing blurred vision. The main types are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (age-related blurring of near vision), and astigmatism (abnormal corneal curvature). Refractive errors can result from factors like infection, injury, genetics, aging, or previous eye surgery. Diagnosis involves testing like retinoscopy and tonometry, while treatment may include eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery procedures like LASIK. Nursing care focuses on safely administering treatments and monitoring patients for side effects and complications.
This document discusses cataracts, including their definition, risk factors, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, management, and complications. Cataracts are an opacity of the lens that can impair vision. The most common type is age-related senile cataracts, which usually begin around age 50. Risk factors include aging, UV exposure, diabetes, corticosteroid use, and trauma. Diagnosis involves visual acuity and slit lamp tests. Treatment is surgical removal of the clouded lens and replacement with an intraocular lens. Complications can include infection, bleeding, and posterior capsule opacification.
Retinal detachment refers to the separation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the sensory retina. There are four main types: rhegmatogenous, traction, exudative, and a combination. Rhegmatogenous detachment occurs when a hole or tear develops in the sensory retina, allowing fluid to pass through and separate the layers. Risk factors include increasing age, high nearsightedness, eye trauma, and certain eye conditions. Diagnosis involves examination of the eye and sometimes ultrasound imaging. Treatment options are laser photocoagulation to seal retinal breaks, cryotherapy, vitrectomy surgery, or draining subretinal fluids depending on the type and severity of detachment.
- A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that prevents clear vision. It begins as proteins clump together in the lens.
- Risk factors include increasing age, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, previous eye injuries or inflammation, corticosteroid use, alcohol consumption, and nutritional deficiencies.
- There are several types of cataracts including nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and congenital. Modern cataract surgery involves breaking up and removing the clouded lens using ultrasonic technology and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens.
complete information about the retinal detachment , types, , symptoms , sign, etiology, causes, diagnosis, complications, medical management, nursing management, home care, patient teaching. nursing reserch.
Refractive error means that the shape of your eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age), and astigmatism.
An eye bank is a nonprofit organization that handles the collection, storage, and distribution of donated corneas for corneal transplantation. It operates on a three-tier system with eye bank training centers, eye banks, and eye donation centers. Eye banks are responsible for tissue harvesting, processing, distribution, and training. They recover donated eyes, examine and rate the corneas, and store them until distribution to hospitals for transplantation. Corneal transplantation, or keratoplasty, can be full thickness penetrating keratoplasty or partial thickness lamellar keratoplasty to treat various corneal diseases and restore vision. Legal permission and consent are required for eye donation and retrieval in India under the Transplantation of Human Organs Act
This document discusses various types of refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. It describes the causes, clinical features, diagnostic evaluations including history, slit lamp exam, and tonometry, and management including pharmacological treatments, and surgical procedures like LASIK and LASEK. Nursing management focuses on safely administering treatments, monitoring vitals, and observing patients for side effects and responses to treatment.
Refractive errors occur when the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, causing blurred vision. The main types are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (age-related blurring of near vision), and astigmatism (abnormal corneal curvature). Refractive errors can result from factors like infection, injury, genetics, aging, or previous eye surgery. Diagnosis involves testing like retinoscopy and tonometry, while treatment may include eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery procedures like LASIK. Nursing care focuses on safely administering treatments and monitoring patients for side effects and complications.
This document discusses cataracts, including their definition, risk factors, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, management, and complications. Cataracts are an opacity of the lens that can impair vision. The most common type is age-related senile cataracts, which usually begin around age 50. Risk factors include aging, UV exposure, diabetes, corticosteroid use, and trauma. Diagnosis involves visual acuity and slit lamp tests. Treatment is surgical removal of the clouded lens and replacement with an intraocular lens. Complications can include infection, bleeding, and posterior capsule opacification.
Retinal detachment refers to the separation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the sensory retina. There are four main types: rhegmatogenous, traction, exudative, and a combination. Rhegmatogenous detachment occurs when a hole or tear develops in the sensory retina, allowing fluid to pass through and separate the layers. Risk factors include increasing age, high nearsightedness, eye trauma, and certain eye conditions. Diagnosis involves examination of the eye and sometimes ultrasound imaging. Treatment options are laser photocoagulation to seal retinal breaks, cryotherapy, vitrectomy surgery, or draining subretinal fluids depending on the type and severity of detachment.
- A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that prevents clear vision. It begins as proteins clump together in the lens.
- Risk factors include increasing age, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, previous eye injuries or inflammation, corticosteroid use, alcohol consumption, and nutritional deficiencies.
- There are several types of cataracts including nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and congenital. Modern cataract surgery involves breaking up and removing the clouded lens using ultrasonic technology and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens.
complete information about the retinal detachment , types, , symptoms , sign, etiology, causes, diagnosis, complications, medical management, nursing management, home care, patient teaching. nursing reserch.
Refractive error means that the shape of your eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age), and astigmatism.
An eye bank is a nonprofit organization that handles the collection, storage, and distribution of donated corneas for corneal transplantation. It operates on a three-tier system with eye bank training centers, eye banks, and eye donation centers. Eye banks are responsible for tissue harvesting, processing, distribution, and training. They recover donated eyes, examine and rate the corneas, and store them until distribution to hospitals for transplantation. Corneal transplantation, or keratoplasty, can be full thickness penetrating keratoplasty or partial thickness lamellar keratoplasty to treat various corneal diseases and restore vision. Legal permission and consent are required for eye donation and retrieval in India under the Transplantation of Human Organs Act
1. The document discusses various eyelid infections, tumors, and deformities. It defines eyelid infections as any abnormal condition affecting the eyelids and describes common infections like blepharitis, hordeolum, and chalazion.
2. The document also covers different types of eyelid tumors, separating them into benign tumors like nevus, hemangioma, and papilloma, and malignant tumors like squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma.
3. Eyelid deformities discussed include entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, and ptosis. Causes, signs, and treatments are provided for each condition.
This document provides information on cataracts, including:
1. Cataracts are a clouding of the lens in the eye that impairs vision and can become blinding if untreated. They typically progress slowly and affect both eyes.
2. Cataracts have many causes including aging, trauma, radiation exposure, certain medical conditions like diabetes, and genetic factors.
3. Treatment options range from glasses and medications to slow progression, to surgical removal of the clouded lens, usually done on an outpatient basis using local anesthesia. Post-operative care focuses on preventing infection and complications.
Retinal detachment is a serious condition where the retina peels away from its underlying supportive tissue layer. It can cause permanent vision loss if not repaired soon. The summary examines the risk factors, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for retinal detachment. Surgical methods like scleral buckling, cryopexy, laser photocoagulation, pneumatic retinopexy and vitrectomy aim to reattach the retina. Prompt treatment usually leads to vision improvement, though the prognosis depends on factors like macula involvement and presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Post-operative care and home management are important to monitor for complications and aid recovery.
This document provides information about ocular emergencies for student nurses, including objectives, classifications of emergencies, top ten emergencies, symptoms, and management of issues like chemical injuries, foreign bodies, and trauma. It aims to help students recognize, assess, diagnose, and properly treat ocular emergencies to prevent vision loss. The top ten emergencies covered include ischemic optic neuropathy, central retinal artery occlusion, retinal detachment, nerve palsy, corneal infections, open globe injuries, glaucoma, endophthalmitis, alkali injuries, and orbital cellulitis.
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions characterized by optic nerve damage and vision loss caused by increased intraocular pressure. The seminar discussed the definition, types, risk factors, diagnostic measures, management, and nursing care of glaucoma. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common type and results from impaired outflow of aqueous humor from the eye. Treatment involves medications, laser surgery, or filtering procedures to lower pressure and prevent further nerve damage. Nursing plays an important role in assessing patients, administering treatments, educating about risk factors and complications like vision loss.
Blepharitis is a common eyelid inflammation that can be caused by bacterial infections or dry eye conditions. It is characterized by scaling or crusting of the eyelashes and eyelid margins. There are two main types - anterior blepharitis, which involves inflammation at the base of the eyelashes, and posterior blepharitis, which affects the glands of the eyelid. Symptoms include burning, irritation, tearing and worsening in the morning. Treatment focuses on eyelid hygiene through warm compresses and lid scrubs to remove scales and debris. Blepharitis can exacerbate dry eye and may cause long-term eyelid changes if left untreated. It may also increase risks of certain inflammatory
1. Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage that can lead to vision loss.
2. Risk factors include age, family history, diabetes, eye injuries or abnormalities.
3. Treatment involves lifelong use of eye drops or surgery to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss.
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in India, accounting for 62.6% of cases. The number of blind people in India is projected to increase to 31.6 million by 2020. Blindness can be caused by infection, nutritional deficiency, retinal vessel disease, or chemical poisoning. Types of blindness include color blindness, night blindness, snow blindness, complete blindness, and temporary or permanent blindness of one or both eyes. Blindness is diagnosed through history, physical exam, and ophthalmoscopy. Management includes correcting refractive errors, cataract and glaucoma surgery, laser surgery, guide dogs, Braille, and techniques using sound, touch, and smell.
The document discusses eye banking and corneal transplantation. It provides a brief history and overview of eye banking milestones. An eye bank collects, stores, and distributes corneal tissue for transplantation. Corneas can be stored short term in a moist chamber or intermediate term in storage media like McCarey-Kaufman medium, K-Sol medium, or Dexol medium to extend the storage period. The eye bank process involves donor selection and screening, tissue retrieval through enucleation or corneo-scleral excision, examination and testing of the corneal tissue, transportation, and storage prior to distribution.
This document discusses various types of refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. It describes causes as the eyeball being too short or long preventing correct focusing of light on the retina. Symptoms include blurred vision, headaches, and eye strain. Diagnosis involves tests like corneal topography, slit lamp exam, and tonometry. Treatments include eyeglasses, drugs, and surgical procedures like PRK, LASIK, and lens implantation to reshape the cornea or replace the lens to correct refractive errors.
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye and various eye conditions. It describes the three main parts of the eye: eyeball, orbit, and accessory structures. It then discusses the layers of the eye and specific structures like the lens. Various refractive errors are defined and described like emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. Causes, types, symptoms and treatments are provided for each condition. Assessment methods for eye problems are also listed.
This document discusses dacryocystitis, which is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac. It is often caused by an obstruction of the naso-lacrimal duct followed by a bacterial infection. It can be either acute or chronic, and is classified based on whether it is acquired or congenital. Acute dacryocystitis causes pain, redness, and swelling and risks include older age and poor hygiene. Chronic dacryocystitis causes watering, mucopurulent discharge, and regurgitation of pus or mucus with pressure. Treatments include antibiotics, warm compresses, and surgery.
1) Blindness is defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 or inability to count fingers at 3 meters. It affects 180 million people worldwide, of whom 45 million are blind.
2) Cataract (19 million), glaucoma (6.4 million), and trachoma (5.6 million) are the leading causes of blindness globally. In India, cataract causes 62.6% of blindness.
3) Prevention programs focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care as well as specific initiatives for conditions like trachoma and school eye health services. The goal is to reduce blindness prevalence through improved access to eye care.
Trachoma is a chronic eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that often leads to blindness. It spreads easily in dry, dusty areas with poor sanitation and is the world's leading cause of infectious blindness. The infection causes eyelid changes and scarring that can result in trichiasis, where eyelashes turn inward and scratch the cornea. Treatment involves antibiotics and improving hygiene and sanitation to prevent spread. The WHO's SAFE strategy aims to eliminate trachoma blindness worldwide by 2020 through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement.
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
This document discusses conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye. It defines conjunctivitis as an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white part of the eyeball. Conjunctivitis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, chemicals, or other irritants. Common symptoms include eye redness, discharge, itching, and tearing. Treatment depends on the cause but may involve antibiotic or antiviral eye drops, allergy medication, or simply allowing a viral infection to run its course. Good hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of contagious conjunctivitis.
A group of eye disorders, glaucoma is characterized by high intraocular pressure (IOP) that damages the optic nerve.
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and is the leading cause of blindness among adults in the United States.
Glaucoma may occur as primary or congenital disease or secondary to other causes, such as injury, infection, surgery, or prolonged use of topical corticosteroids.
Primary glaucoma has mainly two forms :
1. Open angle glaucoma ( chronic, simple, or wide angle glaucoma)
2. Angle –closure glaucoma( Acute or narrow angle glaucoma)
Angle –closure glaucoma occurs suddenly and may cause permanent or irreversible vision loss in 48 to 72 hours.
This document discusses disorders of the uveal tract, which is the middle layer of the eye. It defines uveitis as inflammation that can affect the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. There are two main types of uveitis - non-granulomatous and granulomatous. Non-granulomatous uveitis is more common and presents with acute pain, photophobia, and conjunctival infection. Granulomatous uveitis has a more insidious onset and can involve any part of the uveal tract, tending to be chronic. Diagnosis involves collecting a medical history, doing a physical exam, and running tests like a complete blood count. Treatment
This document discusses different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on:
- The definition and normal state of emmetropia
- Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for myopia and hypermetropia such as prescription lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery
- Types of myopia including simple, pathological, and congenital myopia
- Causes of refractive errors like abnormal eyeball length, corneal or lens curvature, or refractive index
- Potential complications of high degrees of myopia like macular degeneration and retinal detachment
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness) and its various classifications and treatments. It defines myopia as a condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia classified by factors like age of onset, degree of nearsightedness, and presence of degenerative changes. Treatments include optical correction with glasses or contacts, pharmaceutical agents like atropine to slow progression, and surgical options like LASIK, PRK, and phakic IOL implantation. The goal is to fully correct low to moderate myopia while considering risks of overcorrection for higher degrees of myopia.
1. The document discusses various eyelid infections, tumors, and deformities. It defines eyelid infections as any abnormal condition affecting the eyelids and describes common infections like blepharitis, hordeolum, and chalazion.
2. The document also covers different types of eyelid tumors, separating them into benign tumors like nevus, hemangioma, and papilloma, and malignant tumors like squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma.
3. Eyelid deformities discussed include entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, and ptosis. Causes, signs, and treatments are provided for each condition.
This document provides information on cataracts, including:
1. Cataracts are a clouding of the lens in the eye that impairs vision and can become blinding if untreated. They typically progress slowly and affect both eyes.
2. Cataracts have many causes including aging, trauma, radiation exposure, certain medical conditions like diabetes, and genetic factors.
3. Treatment options range from glasses and medications to slow progression, to surgical removal of the clouded lens, usually done on an outpatient basis using local anesthesia. Post-operative care focuses on preventing infection and complications.
Retinal detachment is a serious condition where the retina peels away from its underlying supportive tissue layer. It can cause permanent vision loss if not repaired soon. The summary examines the risk factors, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for retinal detachment. Surgical methods like scleral buckling, cryopexy, laser photocoagulation, pneumatic retinopexy and vitrectomy aim to reattach the retina. Prompt treatment usually leads to vision improvement, though the prognosis depends on factors like macula involvement and presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Post-operative care and home management are important to monitor for complications and aid recovery.
This document provides information about ocular emergencies for student nurses, including objectives, classifications of emergencies, top ten emergencies, symptoms, and management of issues like chemical injuries, foreign bodies, and trauma. It aims to help students recognize, assess, diagnose, and properly treat ocular emergencies to prevent vision loss. The top ten emergencies covered include ischemic optic neuropathy, central retinal artery occlusion, retinal detachment, nerve palsy, corneal infections, open globe injuries, glaucoma, endophthalmitis, alkali injuries, and orbital cellulitis.
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions characterized by optic nerve damage and vision loss caused by increased intraocular pressure. The seminar discussed the definition, types, risk factors, diagnostic measures, management, and nursing care of glaucoma. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common type and results from impaired outflow of aqueous humor from the eye. Treatment involves medications, laser surgery, or filtering procedures to lower pressure and prevent further nerve damage. Nursing plays an important role in assessing patients, administering treatments, educating about risk factors and complications like vision loss.
Blepharitis is a common eyelid inflammation that can be caused by bacterial infections or dry eye conditions. It is characterized by scaling or crusting of the eyelashes and eyelid margins. There are two main types - anterior blepharitis, which involves inflammation at the base of the eyelashes, and posterior blepharitis, which affects the glands of the eyelid. Symptoms include burning, irritation, tearing and worsening in the morning. Treatment focuses on eyelid hygiene through warm compresses and lid scrubs to remove scales and debris. Blepharitis can exacerbate dry eye and may cause long-term eyelid changes if left untreated. It may also increase risks of certain inflammatory
1. Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage that can lead to vision loss.
2. Risk factors include age, family history, diabetes, eye injuries or abnormalities.
3. Treatment involves lifelong use of eye drops or surgery to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss.
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in India, accounting for 62.6% of cases. The number of blind people in India is projected to increase to 31.6 million by 2020. Blindness can be caused by infection, nutritional deficiency, retinal vessel disease, or chemical poisoning. Types of blindness include color blindness, night blindness, snow blindness, complete blindness, and temporary or permanent blindness of one or both eyes. Blindness is diagnosed through history, physical exam, and ophthalmoscopy. Management includes correcting refractive errors, cataract and glaucoma surgery, laser surgery, guide dogs, Braille, and techniques using sound, touch, and smell.
The document discusses eye banking and corneal transplantation. It provides a brief history and overview of eye banking milestones. An eye bank collects, stores, and distributes corneal tissue for transplantation. Corneas can be stored short term in a moist chamber or intermediate term in storage media like McCarey-Kaufman medium, K-Sol medium, or Dexol medium to extend the storage period. The eye bank process involves donor selection and screening, tissue retrieval through enucleation or corneo-scleral excision, examination and testing of the corneal tissue, transportation, and storage prior to distribution.
This document discusses various types of refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. It describes causes as the eyeball being too short or long preventing correct focusing of light on the retina. Symptoms include blurred vision, headaches, and eye strain. Diagnosis involves tests like corneal topography, slit lamp exam, and tonometry. Treatments include eyeglasses, drugs, and surgical procedures like PRK, LASIK, and lens implantation to reshape the cornea or replace the lens to correct refractive errors.
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye and various eye conditions. It describes the three main parts of the eye: eyeball, orbit, and accessory structures. It then discusses the layers of the eye and specific structures like the lens. Various refractive errors are defined and described like emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. Causes, types, symptoms and treatments are provided for each condition. Assessment methods for eye problems are also listed.
This document discusses dacryocystitis, which is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac. It is often caused by an obstruction of the naso-lacrimal duct followed by a bacterial infection. It can be either acute or chronic, and is classified based on whether it is acquired or congenital. Acute dacryocystitis causes pain, redness, and swelling and risks include older age and poor hygiene. Chronic dacryocystitis causes watering, mucopurulent discharge, and regurgitation of pus or mucus with pressure. Treatments include antibiotics, warm compresses, and surgery.
1) Blindness is defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 or inability to count fingers at 3 meters. It affects 180 million people worldwide, of whom 45 million are blind.
2) Cataract (19 million), glaucoma (6.4 million), and trachoma (5.6 million) are the leading causes of blindness globally. In India, cataract causes 62.6% of blindness.
3) Prevention programs focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care as well as specific initiatives for conditions like trachoma and school eye health services. The goal is to reduce blindness prevalence through improved access to eye care.
Trachoma is a chronic eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that often leads to blindness. It spreads easily in dry, dusty areas with poor sanitation and is the world's leading cause of infectious blindness. The infection causes eyelid changes and scarring that can result in trichiasis, where eyelashes turn inward and scratch the cornea. Treatment involves antibiotics and improving hygiene and sanitation to prevent spread. The WHO's SAFE strategy aims to eliminate trachoma blindness worldwide by 2020 through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement.
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
This document discusses conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye. It defines conjunctivitis as an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white part of the eyeball. Conjunctivitis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, chemicals, or other irritants. Common symptoms include eye redness, discharge, itching, and tearing. Treatment depends on the cause but may involve antibiotic or antiviral eye drops, allergy medication, or simply allowing a viral infection to run its course. Good hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of contagious conjunctivitis.
A group of eye disorders, glaucoma is characterized by high intraocular pressure (IOP) that damages the optic nerve.
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and is the leading cause of blindness among adults in the United States.
Glaucoma may occur as primary or congenital disease or secondary to other causes, such as injury, infection, surgery, or prolonged use of topical corticosteroids.
Primary glaucoma has mainly two forms :
1. Open angle glaucoma ( chronic, simple, or wide angle glaucoma)
2. Angle –closure glaucoma( Acute or narrow angle glaucoma)
Angle –closure glaucoma occurs suddenly and may cause permanent or irreversible vision loss in 48 to 72 hours.
This document discusses disorders of the uveal tract, which is the middle layer of the eye. It defines uveitis as inflammation that can affect the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. There are two main types of uveitis - non-granulomatous and granulomatous. Non-granulomatous uveitis is more common and presents with acute pain, photophobia, and conjunctival infection. Granulomatous uveitis has a more insidious onset and can involve any part of the uveal tract, tending to be chronic. Diagnosis involves collecting a medical history, doing a physical exam, and running tests like a complete blood count. Treatment
This document discusses different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on:
- The definition and normal state of emmetropia
- Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for myopia and hypermetropia such as prescription lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery
- Types of myopia including simple, pathological, and congenital myopia
- Causes of refractive errors like abnormal eyeball length, corneal or lens curvature, or refractive index
- Potential complications of high degrees of myopia like macular degeneration and retinal detachment
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness) and its various classifications and treatments. It defines myopia as a condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia classified by factors like age of onset, degree of nearsightedness, and presence of degenerative changes. Treatments include optical correction with glasses or contacts, pharmaceutical agents like atropine to slow progression, and surgical options like LASIK, PRK, and phakic IOL implantation. The goal is to fully correct low to moderate myopia while considering risks of overcorrection for higher degrees of myopia.
This document provides an overview of myopia including its etiology, mechanisms, clinical types, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and correction. It discusses the optics of myopia and how parallel light is focused in front of the retina. The main types of myopia covered are simple, pathological, and acquired myopia. Diagnosis involves refraction procedures and various tests. Correction options discussed include spectacles, contact lenses, refractive surgeries like LASIK and PRK, and prevention methods.
Hypermetropia, or farsightedness, occurs when the eye is too short, causing light rays to focus behind the retina. There are several types of hypermetropia based on its cause, including axial hypermetropia due to a short eyeball, and index hypermetropia which occurs in older patients due to changes in the lens. Hypermetropia is classified by severity and can range from asymptomatic to causing blurred vision. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to optically shift the focal point of light rays to the retina.
A refractory error is a very common eye disorder. It occurs when the eye cannot clearly focus the images from the outside world. The result of refractory errors is blurred vision ,which is sometimes so severe that it causes visual impairment.
This document provides an overview of common refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism. It discusses the definitions, classifications, symptoms, signs, complications, and management of each condition. Key points include that hypermetropia results in light focusing behind the retina, myopia in front of the retina, and astigmatism in focal lines rather than a point. Management involves optical correction using lenses to focus light appropriately on the retina. Complications can include retinal detachment with high myopia.
This document discusses the optical system of the eye and various types of refractive errors. It begins by explaining how the cornea and lens are responsible for most of the eye's refractive power. It then discusses schematic eyes and different types of ametropia including myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. The document provides details on causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment options for each refractive error.
This document discusses different types of refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It provides details on the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and correction methods for each type of refractive error. Surgical procedures for correcting refractive errors are also outlined, along with nursing management considerations for pre- and post-operative care.
diseases of eye may be related to a variety of systemic disorders. prompt management is important to prevent long term complictions. it includes diseases such as ROP, cataract, conjunctivitis, strabismus, refractive errors, retinoblastoma, congenital glaucoma, etc.
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive error where light rays focus in front of the retina when the eye is at rest. It can be classified as simple myopia, pathological myopia, or acquired myopia. Simple myopia is usually not associated with eye disease and typically does not exceed -6 to -8 diopters. Pathological myopia is a rapidly progressive form that can lead to high myopia over -10D and degenerative changes in the retina and choroid. Treatment includes optical correction with glasses or contacts, and refractive surgery such as LASIK for higher degrees of myopia. Prognosis is generally good for simple myopia but guarded for pathological myopia due to risk of vision
This document summarizes different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It defines each condition and describes the causes, types, grading, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Myopia is defined as a refractive error where light focuses in front of the retina. It can be axial, curvature, or index-related. Hypermetropia is where light focuses behind the retina and can also be axial, curvature, or index-related. Astigmatism causes unequal refraction in different meridians leading to focal lines rather than a point. Treatment involves corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the type and
Dr. Om Patel presented on myopia (nearsightedness). There are several types and causes of myopia, including axial myopia caused by an elongated eyeball, curvatural myopia from increased corneal or lens curvature, and pathological myopia associated with degenerative changes. Treatment options discussed included optical correction with glasses or contacts, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, and phakic intraocular lenses for high myopia. The goal of treatment is to slow progression and provide clear vision.
This document provides an overview of optics and refraction for 5th year medical students. It defines key terms related to light, refraction, the eye, and refractive errors. It describes how the eye focuses light onto the retina using the cornea and lens. Refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism occur when light is not correctly focused on the retina. Methods for correcting refractive errors include glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures.
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve damage, and visual field loss. It is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts are cloudy lenses that reduce vision and are most often age-related. They occur when the lens becomes less transparent over time. Risk factors for cataracts include diabetes, corticosteroid use, and glaucoma. Both conditions are generally treated surgically by removing the opaque lens or reducing eye pressure, but vision lost from glaucoma cannot be recovered. A combined study found diabetes significantly increases cataract risk while glaucoma is also an independent risk factor, potentially causing 5% of all cataracts.
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, types, causes, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment options. The main types of myopia are axial, curvatural, and index myopia. Causes include genetics, excessive eye growth, and changes in the eye's shape or refractive index. Signs include prominent eyeballs and myopic degeneration in advanced cases. Treatments include glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery such LASIK, and low vision aids for severe vision loss.
1. Refractive errors occur when the eye is unable to correctly focus light on the retina, resulting in blurred vision. The main types are myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism.
2. Refractive errors can be caused by factors such as infections, injuries, aging, genetics, and eye diseases. Symptoms include double vision, glare, eye strain, and headaches.
3. Diagnosis involves tests like ophthalmoscopy, corneal topography, tonometry, and retinoscopy. Treatment options include eyeglasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgeries like LASIK and PRK to correct the shape of the cornea. Proper nursing management is also
Cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens that can impair vision. It is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, responsible for 48% of blindness. Age is the main risk factor, with most cataracts occurring in people over 65. Surgical removal and replacement of the lens with an intraocular lens is currently the only effective treatment. Post-surgery care involves administering eye drops and educating patients to avoid straining or rubbing the eyes during healing.
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Refractive errors (eye condions)
1. SUBMITTED TO:
Mrs. Mamta Toppo
Associate Professor,
College of nursing
RIMS, Ranchi
SUBMITTED BY:
Prerna Tirkey
Roll no – 19
Basic B.Sc. Nursing
3rd year (2017- 2021)
RIMS, Ranchi
3. INTRODUCTION
Refractive disorders are abnormalities of
refraction that occur in the eye. Refraction
results in the focusing of image on the retina
of the eye, permitting vision. In refractive
errors, vision is impaired because a
shortened or elongated eyeball prevents
light rays from focusing sharply on the retina.
Blurred vision from refractive errors can be
correctly with eyeglasses or contact lenses.
4. DEFINITION
A refractive error is a very common eye
disorder. It occurs when the eye cannot
clearly focus the image from the outside
world. The result of refractive error is blurred
vision which is sometimes so severe that it
causes visual impairment.
Refractive error also known as refraction
error is a problem with focusing light
accurately on the retina due to the shape of
eye.
5. EMMETROPIA
Emmetropia ( optically normal eye) can be
defined as a state of refraction, when the
parallel rays of light coming from infinity are
focusing at the sensitive layer of retina with
the accommodation being at rest.
6. AMETROPIA
Ametropia ( a condition of refractive error), is
defined as a state of refraction, when the
parallel rays of light coming from infinity,
(with accommodation at rest), are focussed
either in front or behind the sensitive layer of
retina.
8. MYOPIA
It is near sightedness also known as short
sightedness.
It is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays of
light coming from infinity are focussed in front of the
retina when accommodation is at rest.
Myopia is a condition of the eye where light focuses
in front of the retina instead of on the retina this
causes distant objects to be blurred while close
objects appear normal.
10. ETIOLOGY OF MYOPIA
Axial myopia results from increase in the antero-
posterior length of the eyeball.
Curvatural myopia occurs due to increased
curvature of the cornea, lens or both.
Index myopia results from increase in the
refractive index of the crystalline lens associated
with nuclear sclerosis.
11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiology factor
degenerative changes causes by gradual loss of
elasticity of lens
Which leads to decreased ability to accommodate
Then lead to refractive error
13. CONGENITAL MYOPIA
Congenital myopia is present since birth. Usually the
error is of about -8 to -10 diopters, which mostly
remains constant . It may be associated with other
ocular congenital anomalies. Ex: cataract,
megalocornea, aniridia and microphthalmos.
14. SIMPLE MYOPIA
It is the commonest variety, which results from
normal is starts biological variation in the
development of eye. Simple myopia starts at school
age and very slowly progresses till adult age. Usually
the error does not exceed -6 to -8 diopters.
15. DEGENERATIVE MYOPIA
Pathological myopia or degenerative myopia is a
rapidly progressive error resulting in high myopia of
-20 D or more. It is strongly linked with heredity.
16. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
There is reduced visual acuity for the distance of but near
objects are seen clearly. Usually there is no headache.
In pathological myopia, the patient may complain of
seeing black spots floating in front of the eye, due to
vitreous opacities.
Ophthalmoscopically, the typical changes seen in the
high myopia are: myopic crescent either on the temporal
side of the optic disc or surrounding the disc and chorio-
retinal myopic degeneration or atrophy at the periphery.
In vary high myopia the eye are prominent
(pseudoproptosis), the pupils are large and vision may be
very poor even with optical correction.
18. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Radial keratotomy: Multiple radial incisions are
given in the periphery of cornea in order to flatten
the curvature of cornea.
19. • Lasik laser: Laser assisted in situ the preferred
surgical technique for correcting myopia of up to
-12 D. The midstromal tissue is ablated with
excimer laser after raising a 130-160 micron
thick flap of anterior corneal tissue.
• Removal of clear crystalline lens: Removal
of lens extra capsular cataract extraction
(phacoemulsification) with IOL implantation of
appropriate power is being recommended.
• Orthokeratology : A non surgical reversible
method pf molding the cornea with overnight
wear unique rigid gas permeable contact
lenses.
20. HYPEROPIA
Hypermetropia (hyperopia) or long sightedness is
the refractive state of the eye where in parallel rays of
light coming from infinity are focussed behind the
retina with accommodation being at rest. Thus the
posterior focal point is behind the retina, which
therefore receives a blurred image.
21. ETIOLOGY
Axial hyoermretropia is by far the commenest
form. It occurs due to short axial length of the
eyeball.
Curvatural hypermetropia occurs due to
comparatively flatter curvature of the cornea or lens
or both.
Index hypermetropia results due to change in the
refractive index of the lens.
Absence of the lens (aphakia) either congenital or
acquired (following surgical removal of the lens)
leads to high hypermetropia.
25. ASTIGMATISM
Astigmatism is a type of refractive error where in the
refraction varies in the different meridia of the eye
consequently, the ray of light entering in the eye
cannot converge to a point focus but form focal lines.
26. ETIOLOGY
Usually occurs due to unequal curvature of cornea.
Rarely it may occur due to subluxation abnormalities
of the curvature of the lens.
27. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
Blurred vision
Eye strain and eye fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Vomiting
31. PRESBYOPIA
Presbyopia (eyesight of old age ) is not an error of
refraction, but a condition of physiological
insufficiency of accommodation, leading to failing
vision for near.
It is usually occurs after 40 years of age.
32. ETIOLOGY
Decrease in the accommodation power of crystalline lens
with increasing age, leading to presbyopia occur due to:
Decrease in the elasticity and plasticity of the crystalline
lenses.
Age related decrease in the power of ciliary muscle.
Causes of premature presbyopia:-
• Hypermetropia
• Primary open- angle glaucoma
• Premature sclerosis of the lens
• Excessive close work
33. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
A tendency to hold reading material farther away to
make the letter clearer.
Blurred vision at normal reading distance.
Eye strain or headache after reading or doing close
up work .
34. MANAGEMENT
Convex glasses of an appropriate power :
At the age of 40 years – reading correction is + 1D.
At the age of 45 years - reading correction is +1.5D.
At the age of 50 years - reading correction is +2D.
At the age of 55 years - reading correction is +2.5 D.
37. PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Cycloplegia drugs are used to refraction ( to paralyze
the ciliary muscle in order to determine the true
refractive error of eye)
Cholinergics (Miotics): Pilocarpine, carbachol
- It increases aqueous fluid outflow by contracting
the ciliary muscles.
Beta blockers : Betaxolol, Timolol
Decrease aqueous humor production.
38. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Assess the patient for any previous allergy to medicine,
fruits etc.
When we administer any new medicine we have to
observe the side effect of it.
We must have the knowledge about the sign and
symptoms of shock.
Observe the response to the treatment.
39. • Safe administration of the prescribed fluid .
• Right documentation.
• Monitor the hemodynamic pressure, vital
sign, arterial blood gas .
43. SUMMERY
Refractive error are disorders, not disease.
A refractive error means that the shape of eye doesn’t
bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image.
Types of refractive error are:
1. Myopia : near sightedness
2. Hyperopia :far sightedness
3. Presbyopia : Age related loss of lens flexibility,
causing reduced near vision.
4. Astigmatism :Irregularly shaped cornea, causing
blurred vision.
45. BIBLIOGRAPHY
o Ansari javed, a text book of medical surgical
nursing-ll, pv publications, page no.-164-170
o Brunner and suddarth,s textbook of medical surgical
nursing vol-ll, south asian edition, wolters
kluwer,page no- 255-262
o www.wikipedia.com