2. Higher education has not always promoted diversity College was reserved for white males in the upper class of society Essentially, colleges practiced ethnocentrism Cambridge and Oxford
3. Originally, higher education originated to educate clergy and church officials Over time, the goals of higher education have extended to include: Multiple career paths Diverse student body Technical programs of study Goals of Higher Education
4. Throughout history, minorities have been denied access to higher education Over time, campuses started to become segregated Today, thanks to many laws, court rulings, and proactive groups, higher education becoming more diverse Access Denied
5. 1866: Civil Rights Act of 1866 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson 1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1962: First African American enrolled in college at the University of Mississippi 1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964 Pivotal Movements
6. 1965: President Johnson signed the Executive Order 11246 1978: Regents of University of California v. Bakke 1988: Civil Rights Restoration Act 2003: Grutter v. Bollinger Pivotal MovementsContinued…
7. 2003: Gratz v. Bollinger 2008: Grutter case upheld for University of Texas in Austin 2010: Christian Legal Society v. Martinez Pivotal MovementsContinued…
8. The above court cases and amendments increased access to higher education to minority students Although colleges are allowed to use race to increase the overall diversity of students on campus, this must be outlined in admission plans and be backed by proper documentation Race is not to be used for any other reason in admission policies and procedures Affirmative Action in Admissions
9. Students desire to interact with students with diverse backgrounds However, students need assistance with knowing how to interact with those different from them Therefore, colleges must help students explore diversity in a safe but beneficial environment for everyone Students and Diversity
10. Since faculty members tend to remain on campus the longest, it is essential to understand their views of diversity Faculty within Engineering, Mathematics, and Sciences score low on “Diversity Advocacy” Faculty within English, Education and Fine Arts departments score high on “Diversity Advocacy” Faculty and Diversity
11. Male faculty members tend to score lower on “Diversity Advocacy”, especially if they are in the Engineering and Math/Science departments Female faculty members tend to score higher on “Diversity Advocacy”, especially if they are in the English, Education, and Fine Arts arenas Gender and Diversity
12. Along with increasing diversity within the student body, administrators and faculty must also be diverse 3 recommendations for higher education Increase faculty and staff diversity New programs and training for faculty in low diversity advocacy fields Promote civic engagement and responsibility Diversity on Campus
13. 7,006 accredited higher education institutions 1,195 Community Colleges 105 Historically Black Colleges and Universities 268 Hispanic Serving Institutions 34 Tribal Colleges and Universities Higher Education Now
15. Minority representation in faculty, administrators, and governing boards do not matching minority representation in the student body Student population: 35% minority Institution presidents: 14% minority Executive and administrative staff: 19% minority Diversity Representation
16. Full-time faculty: 22% minority Part-time faculty: 25% minority Governing board of public institutions: 22% minority Governing board of independent institutions: 12% minority Diversity RepresentationContinued…
18. If we are not diligent in our recognition, acceptance, and awareness of diverse peoples, our higher education will suffer serious growing pains in the near future According to Milligan, we can only strengthen America as a whole if we enhance new minds and views on diversity Importance of Diversity
19. Student organizations like Student Think Tank (STT) are doing their part to promote diversity in higher education Recommendations by STT: “Improve how information about the college is disseminated” Open savings account to be set up for elementary school students of low socioeconomic status to save for college Student Think Tank
20. However, student organizations cannot combat a lack of diversity alone—this must be done from the top down Administrators, faculty members, and governing boards must also be diverse and promote diversity education, awareness and acceptance for real change to occur Beyond Students
21. Colleges across the country must actively recruit diverse individuals to fill faculty, staff, and administrative positions on the college campus Student bodies are ever-changing, but faculty and upper-level administrators are relatively consistent; therefore, the change must occur on this level as well Recruitment
22. “The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities.” John Dalberg Quote
23. Betts, K., Urias, D., Chavez, J., & Betts, K. (2009, April 29). Empirical Research: Higher Education and Shifting U.S. Demographics: Need for Visible Administrative Career Paths, Professional Development, Succession Planning & Commitment to Diversity. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from Academic Leadership The Online Journal: http://www.academicleadership.org/emprical_research/623_printer.shtml Brunner, B., & Haney, E. (2007).Civil rights timeline: Milestones in the modern civil rights movement. Retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html Cantrell v. Granholm, 473 F. 3d 237 (2008).Retrieved from http://www.mied.uscourts.gov/Opinions/lawsonpdf/06-15024%20Prop%202%20Opinion%20Granting%20MSJ.pdf Civil Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C. § 1981. References
24. Downes, K. P., & Dun, L. M. (2009). Understanding Diversity: White College Students’ Perceptions of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity. Harper, S.R. (2008). Creating inclusive campus environments for cross-cultural learning and student engagement. United States: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA). Hebel, S. (2007, July 26). Student Think Tank Offers 25 Ideas to Raise Socioeconomic Diversity of Enrollments. Home - The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://chronicle.com/article/Student-Thonk-Tank-Offers-25 Jaschik, S. (2010).New venue for anti-bias debate. Retrieved from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/06/29/supreme Jaschik, S. (2009).Court win for affirmative action. Retrieved from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/08/18/texas
25. Milligan, D., 291.,& 000. (n.d.).Cultural Diversity in Higher Education.Department of Mathematics & Statistics. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://www.math.usf.edu/mug/diversity Park, J. J., & Denson, N. (2009). Attitudes and Advocacy: Understanding Faculty Views on Racial/ Ethnic Diversity. Journal of Higher Education , 415-438. Preserving diversity in higher education (2004). Retrieved from http://www.equaljusticesociety.org/compliancemanual/Preserving_Diversity_In_Higher_Education.pdf Sidanius, J., Levin, S., van Laar, C., & Sears, D. O. (2008). The Diversity Challenge: Social Identity and Intergroup Relations on the College Campus. New York: Russel Sage Foundation. U.S. Const. amend. XIX.
