C Programming Language Detailed Notes with Solved program

CLanguage
www.digitalnikhil.in

===» Computerkeyforprogramming
F2--save
Alt+F9--Compile
Ctrl+F9--Run
Alt+F5--output
Alt+F--New
F3--Loadoldfile
Alt+F3--pickrecentfile
Alt+x--Quit(close)
===»Bluewindow ==»Ceditor/IDE
===» black Window ==» Run window /
commandprompt
===»ProgramexecutTOPtoBOTTOM
===»And in printFunction program execut
LEFTtoRIGHT
printf("%d%d",123,654);
------------------------»»
LEFTtoRIGHT

1)Introductiontoc
C is a generalpurpose,high level,compilerbesed and
function/procedureorientedprogramminglanguage.
UsingClanguage,wecandesigndifferenttypeofsoftware
like
● OS[win,unix,...]
● Editor[Notepad,Wordpad,...]
● Translator[compiler,interpreter,assembler]
● Commercialapps[Hotel,shopprogram]
● Database[Oracle,mysal,...]
● Devicedriver[keyboard,...]
2)Whatisprogram
Setofinstructioniscalledprogram
3)whatissoftware
Setofprogramiscalledsoftware
OR
asperSoftwareIndustrysoftwareisa
digitalizedautomationprocess
4)Digitalized
Whentheenvironmentishavinggraphicaluserinterface
thenitiscalleddigitalized
5)Automation
Whenthetaskiscompletedwithoutanyhumaninterference
thenitiscalledautomation

6)Wearehavingtwotypeofsoftware
1.Systemsoftware
2.Applicationsoftware
1.Systemsoftware
Systemsoftwareisusedtooperatethe
device,memoryetc.
example:-
O.S,translators,devicedrivers…
2.Applicationsoftware
Applicationsoftwareisdesignedtodoaparticular
task. example:-
calculatorforcalculation
Tallyforaccount
Oraclefordatabase
[AndroidisthesystemsoftwareandWhatsApp&Facebookarethe
applicationsoftware]

7)Whatislanguage?
alanguageisusedtocommunicatewitheachother
OR
Incomputersalanguageisasoftwareisusedtowritethe
programtocommunicatewiththecomputer/device
Weareusingthreetypeoflanguage
1.Machinelanguage
Machinelanguagearehavingbinarycode. [0,1]
2.Lowlevel/assemblylanguage
LowlevelprogramsdesignedwithEnglishlikewords
calledMNEMONICS
3.Highlevellanguage
HighlevellanguagedesignedwithsimpleEnglish
Cisahighlevellanguagewithlowlevelfeatureshenceitis
alsocalledmiddlelevellanguage.

8)Whatiscompiler?
Compilerisapredefinedprogramisusedtoconvert
oursourcecode[Englishprogram]toobjectcode[machinecode]forthis
weareusing3typeofinterfacesoftwareknownas-
1.Compiler
CompilerconverttotalsourcecodeintoobjectcodeAt
Oncebyleavingerrorlines
2.Interpreter
Interpreterconvertlinebyline
[Compilerandinterpreterbothareusedtoconverthighlevelprogramto
machinecode]
3.Assembler
Assemblerisusedtoconvertlowlevelprogramsto
machinecode
9)Function/procedureorientedprogramming?
InCthetotalprogramisdividedintonumberof
small/subprogramsorsabroutinescalledfunctionorprocedure.
Afunctionisasmallprogramisusedtodoaparticulartask.
Advantagesoffunction
1.Modularity
2.simplicity
3.efficiency
4.reusability

10)HistoryofC
● ClanguageisdesignedbyDennisRitchie.hewasasoftwareengineer
inAT&TBellLabs[Americantelephoneandtelegraph]locatedat
MaryHillsNewJerseyUSA
● RichieadoptedClanguagefromBlanguagedesignedbyKen
Thompson.HewasaprogrammerinAT&TBellLabsin1972.
● ThomsonadoptedBlanguagefromBCPL[basiccombined
programminglanguage]designbyMartinRichardsanassistant
professorinCambridgeUniversity.
● initiallyCisdesignedtowritetheprogramforUNIX.nowadaywe
canuseClanguageonanymachine/O.S

11)FeatureofC
1.Itisamultipurposeprogramminglanguage.
2.Itisafunctionorientedprogramminglanguage.
3.Itisaportablelanguage.
accordingtotheaboveexamplewecancreateCprogramsonanymachine
regardlessofmachineconfigurationwhichiscalledmachineindependent.
ButoneoperatingsystemtoanotheroperatingsystemtheCfilearenot
compatiblewhichiscalledplatformdependent.
4.Cishavingarichsetofoperators.
5.Itsupportsdifferentdatatypes
6.Ccomeswithseveralpredefinedlibrary/built-infunction.
7.Csupportuserdefinedfunction.8.Dynamicmemoryallocation. 9.
Simplebecauseofhighlevel.10.Middlelevellanguage

12)FundamentalsofClanguage
‘C’characterset:-
● ThecharacterweareusingindesigningaCprogramarecalledC
characterset.
● InClanguageweareusing256characterincludingalphabets,digit
andspecialcharacter.
● Weareusing44operatorsand14separator.
● Allthese256characterareidentifiedwith256ASCII[American
standardcodeforinformationinterchange]value.
Theyare:-
Character ASCIIvalue
a-z 97-122
A-Z 65-90
0-9 48-57
SpaceBar 32
TabKey 9
*[or(multiplier)selfwritten] 42
BackSpace 8
ESC 27

13)C-Tokens
Thesmallestindividualwordsthatweareusingindesigning
aCprogramarecalledC-tokens.
Theyaredifferenttypes
1.Keywords:-
Thesystempredefined/reservedwordsarecalled
keyboards.keyboardsishavingaparticularmeaningandwecan'tchange
thismeaning.
Clanguageprovide32keyboardsandtheyare:-
auto,brake,case,char,const,continue,default,do,double,else,enum,
extern,float,for,goto,if,int,long,register,return,short,signed,sizeof
static,struct,switch,typedef,Union,unsigned,void,volatile,while.
2.Identifiers:-
Namesofvariables,functions,files,pointers,arraysetc.
Example:-
a=10,sum(),myfile.c,…
Identifiernamingrules:-
● Nameshouldbestartwithalphabetorunderscore(_).
● Numberareallowed.butnotatfirstposition.
● Spacearenotallowed.
● Specialcharactersnotallowedexceptunderscore.
● Keywordsnotallowed.
● Duplicatenamesarenotallowedwithinsameblock.
● Theyarecasesensitivei.e.smallandcapitalaredifferent.
● Namemaycontainupto32characters.ifexceeded,ignoredbythe
compiler.

3.Constant:-
Fixedvalue,wecan'tchangeaconstantvalueduring
programexecution.
Constantvalueshouldbeprovidedatthetime
ofdeclarationonly.furtherinitialisationarenotallowed.
Theyaredeclaredwithconst.keyboard.

4.String:-
Agroupofcharactersiscalledstring.
example:-
charst[5]=”rama”
Problemsinstrings:-
● OneplusshouldbeleftforNULLcharacter.otherwisewearegetting
garbagevalue
● Stringvariablessizeneverlessthanstring.
● Using=operatorswecan'tcopyastring.
● Using==wecan'tcomparetwostrings.

5.Datatype:-
Datatypedeterminesthefollowingmemoryproperties:-
● Typeofdata
● Numberofbytes
● Valuerange
Storeanythinginourcomputerweshouldhaveto
allocatethememoryandthismemoryiscontrolledbydatatype.
InClanguageorweareusing3basicdatatype:-
1.int
2.float
3.char
InClanguagethetotaldatatypesaredividedinto4types:-
1.Primitivedatatypes.
2.Deriveddatatype.
3.Userdefineddatatype.
4.Emptydatatype.

1.Primitivedatatype:-

OR
2.Deriveddatatype:-
● array
● pointer
● function
3.Userdefineddatatype:-
● structure
● union
● enum
4.Emptydatatype:-
● void

14)OPERATORS
● Anoperatorisusedtoperformaparticularoperationon
operand.
● Operatorisaspecialsymboldesignedtodoawork.
BasedonnumberofoperandsparticipatinginOperation,theoperators
aredividedinto3types:-
1.Unaryoperators:-
itrequiresoneoperand
example:-
a++,a--,sizeof(),+5,-5,~
2.Binaryoperators:-
Itrequiredtwooperands
. example:-
a+b,a-b,a>=b,a!=b
3.Ternaryoperators:-
Itrequiresthreeoperands orexpressions
example:-
a>b?a:b;

Basedonoperationtheoperatorsaredividedintoseveral
types:-
1.Assignmentoperator[=]
2.Arithmeticoperators[+,-,*,/]
3.Relationaloperators[==(comparison),<,>,<=,>=,
!=(notequal)]
4.Logicaloperators [&&,||,!,]
5.Increment/decrementoperators[++,--]
6.Compoundassignment/combinedoperators[+=,-=,
*=,/=,%=]
7.Addressoperators[&,*]
8.Bitwiseoperators[&,|,^,~,<<,>>]
9.Ternaryoperators[?,:]

1.Assignmentoperator[=]
Itisusedtocopythevalueonitsrightsideintothe
variableonitsleftside.
example:-
a=10;
b=1.2;
c=’x’
d=”abc”---»error----------»stringcopynotallowed
2.Arithmeticoperators[+,-,*,/,%]
Theyareusedtoperformmathematicaloperation
example:-
a+b,a-b,a*b,...
(%--»modulus-»remainder)
5%2=1,2%5=2
Note:- 2)5(2«-Quotient
-4
1«-remainder
Note1:-ifthedivisorisbiggerthandividendanddividendistheresult
ex.:-2%5=2
Note2:- inCandC++languagesoperatorneverworksonfloatingdata
ex.5.0%2.0=error

Prog2
Prog3
Note3:-
Anynumber%10givesthelastdigitans
ex.-
123%10=3
10%10=0
1%10=1 www.digitalnikhil.in

Note4:-
Inmodulus(%)ifthedividendisnegativethenresultalso
negative
ex.-
-5%2=-1
Note5:-
Division(/)
ex.-
5/2=2--»[int/int=int]
5.0/2=2.500000
5/2.0=2.500000
5.0/2.0=2.500000
(float)5/2=2.500000[typecasting]
(int)5.0/2=2[typecasting]
Prog4

Prog5
Prog6

Prog7
Prog8

Prog9
Prog10
Prog11

Findingfloatingmodulus
Prog12
Prog13
Note6:-
Indivisionanyoneoperandisnegativethenresultisnegative.
ifbothareoperandarenegativethenresultispositive.
ex.
-5/2=-2
5/-2=-2
-5/-2=2

Note7:-
Anynumber/10removesthelastdigit
ex.
123/10=12
10/10=1
1/10=0

3.Relationaloperators
[==(comparison),<,>,<=,>=,!=(notequal)]
Theyare used to checkthe relation in between the
expressions.ifrelation/expressionistrueitalwaysReturns1.Ifrelationis
falseitalwaysreturn0.

example:-

4.Logicaloperators [&&,||,!,]
Theyareusedtocombinedifferentexpressions.
Clanguageprovide3logical.operators
1.&&---»and
2.||----»or
3.! ----»not

TruthTable

Prog15
Prog16
Prog17

5.Increment&Decrementoperators[++&--]
Theyareusedtoincrementordecrementavariable
valuewithon1.
ex.
Note:-
++a&--a(prefixincrement)---»Givethe1stprioritytoit
a++&a--(postfixincrement)---»Givethe2ndprioritytoit
Inexpression

Prog20
Note:--
Until
assigning any
ether variable
pre and post
operations are
equal.

Prog30
Prog31

prog33
Prog34

Prog39
Prog40

6.Compoundassignment/combinedoperators
[+=,-=,*=,/=,%=]
hereweareusing
one arithmetic operatorwith the combinations of1
assignmentoperator

7.Addressoperators[&,*]
1.&--»Givesaddressofavariable.
2.*---»storesaddressofanathervariable[Pointer]
Prog44
for note part 2 visit
https://bit.ly/2BXEsyh
or
www.digitalnikhil.com

8.Bitwiseoperators[&,|,^,~,<<,>>]
bitwiseoperatorsworkonbits.
TurboCisalsoa16bitcompiler.duetothisthebitwiseoperatorare
limitedto16bitonly.
bitwiseoperatoroperatoronlyonintegertypevalue.
whenthefirstbit[signbit]isstartedwith1thenthenumberis
negative-veanditis0thenthenumberispositive+ve.
Clanguagesupportsthefollowingbitwiseoperators
& --»Bitwiseandoperator
|---»Bitwiseoroperator
^ ---»X-OR--»Exclusiveoroperator
~ ----»Complementoperator
<<---»Leftshiftoperator
>>---»Rightshiftoperator
Note:- Bitwiseoperatorismidlevelfeature
or

1.[&]--»'Bitwiseand'operator
inthisbothbitsare1'sthenresult
bitis1.otherwiseresultbitis0.
or

2.[|]---»'Bitwiseor'operator
Inthisbothbitsare0'sthen
resultbitis0.otherwiseresultbitis1's.
or

3.[^]---»X-OR--»Exclusiveoroperator
Inthisbothbitsaresamearesame
thenresultbitis0's.otherwiseresultbitis1.
or

4.[~]----»Complementoperator
Incomplimentoperatorthebits
arecomplimentedi.e1'sbecom 0'sand0'sbecome1's.Duetothis+veno
become-veand-vebecomes+ve.
or

or

5.[<<]---»Leftshiftoperator
inleftshiftoperation,thespecified
numberofbitsaredeletedfrom leftsideandthesamenumberof0are
addedonrightside
Inleftshiftoperationmostprobablythevalueismultipliedwith2that
numberoftimes.
or

6. [>>]---»Rightshiftoperator
In rightshiftoperation,thebits
aremovedtorightsidei.ethespecifiednumber[2]ofbitsaredeletedfrom
rightsideandsamenumbersofzero[2zero]areaddedleftside.dueto
thisalwaysthenumberisdividedwith2tothatnumberoftime.
or

9. Ternaryoperator[?,:]
itisalsocalledconditionaloperatorbecauseofitstartwitha
condition.
itisitishavingthreeexpressionshenceitiscalledternary
operator.
Itcheckstheconditionanditistrue,itisgoingtoexecutethe
statementafter'?'.
Ifconditionisfalsethenitexecutethestatementafter':'
(colon)
Prog45
or

Prog46
or

Prog47
or

C Programming Language Detailed Notes with Solved program

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