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Методы анализа белокбелковых взаимодействий с
использованием
флуоресцентных белков
Interactoms
Human protein-protein
interaction network

Ferrell Journal of Biology 2009 8:2 doi:10.1186/jbiol107
Interactoms

Yeast SH3 domain protein-protein interaction network

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/01_02/Yeast_proteins.shtml
Many protein interactions are dynamic and regulatable

http://vis.cs.brown.edu/areas/projects/proteins.html
Main methods to investigate protein–protein
interactions
Classical methods
Co-immunoprecipitation
Yeast two-hybrid screen
Phage display
Chemical cross-linking

Fluorescence-based methods
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)
Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS)
Förster (Fluorescence)
Resonance Energy Transfer
(FRET)
FRET is a non-radiative transfer of energy from
excited donor chromophore molecule to
an acceptor chromophore molecule
FRET is proportional to:
• Donor quantum yield
• Acceptor extinction coefficient
• Overlap between donor emission and acceptor absorption spectra

FRET is inversely proportional to:
• Sixth power of the distance between donor and acceptor (1/R6). Thus, R < 10 nm.

http://microscopy.berkeley.edu/courses/TLM/fluor_techniques/fret.html
http://bio.physics.illinois.edu/newTechnique.html
How to measure FRET?
FRET results in:
Decrease of donor fluorescence intensity
Increase of acceptor fluorescence intensity (exc at donor wavelength)
Decrease of donor fluorescence lifetime
Common approaches of FRET imaging are:
1. Filter-FRET or spectral imaging FRET
2. Donor dequenching by acceptor photobleaching
3. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
Sensitized emission (three-filter) FRET imaging
1. Ex(Donor) -> Em(Donor)

1. Control: Donor only

2. Ex(Acceptor) -> Em(Acceptor)

2. Control: Acceptor only

3. Ex(Donor) -> Em(Acceptor)

3. Experiment: Donor + Acceptor

http://www.microscopyu.com

Sorkin et al, Curr.Biol.2000
Donor dequenching by acceptor photobleaching

SYFP2-mStrawberry fusion.
J. Goedhart, U. Amsterdam
CFP-Munc18-1 and cYFP-syntaxin1A interaction.
Liu et al., JBC 2004
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM)
- Absolute value
- Quantitative
- Concentration-independent
- Special expensive equipment

J. Goedhart, U. Amsterdam
Bimolecular fluorescence
complementation (BiFC)
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (split FPs)

Fluorescent protein is separated onto two fragments, which develop
fluorescence only after their association. This association is facilitated by the
interaction between the proteins of interest that are fused to FP fragments.

Kerppola TM. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 7:449
Kerppola TM. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 7:449
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC): Split FPs
Co-expression
of 2 promoters

Zhang, Ma & Chalfie, Cell 2004

Protein-protein
interactions
Shyu et al, Biotechniques 2006

Valencia-Burton et al. Nat Meth. 2007

Visualization of
RNA molecules

LacZ mRNA
5S rRNA
Fluorescence Correlation
Spectroscopy (FCS)
Fluorescence Cross-Correlation
Spectroscopy (FCCS)
Principle of the method

Detection of fluorescence fluctuations in a small volume at low
concentrations of fluorophore(s). Further mathematical analysis of
autocorrelations and cross-correlations.
http://www.leica-microsystems.com
Autocorrelation and cross-correlation analysis of GFP
and mCherry-tagged proteins in live yeast cells

Slaughter B D et al. PNAS 2007;104:20320-20325
©2007 by National Academy of Sciences
FRET vs BiFC vs FCCS

FRET

BiFC

FCCS

Detection

Real time
Reversible

Accumulative
Irreversible

Real time
Reversible

Image

Yes

Yes

No

Sensitivity

Low

High

High

FP concentration

High

High

Low

Important

Not important

Relative orientation of FPs Important
Key properties of FPs

Monomer
Assembling
Spectral overlap Maturation rate

Brightness
Photostability
Fluorescent Timers - proteins that changes color with
time
Mid-age
organelles
5

Old
organelles

4

Young
organelles

3

2

1

500

600
Wavelength, nm

700

DsRed-E5 – tetrameric
green-to-red timer (Terskikh
et al., Science 2000)

Early
expression

Late
expression
DsRed-E5 Fluorescent Timer in C. elegans
DIC

FITC

2h

5h

10h

50h

Terskikh et al., Science 2000

rhodamine

overlay
Novel blue-to-red fluorescent timers
Colorless

Blue

Red
Mutagenesis

FTs

mCherry

Subach et al. Nat Chem Biol. 2009
Intracellular
trafficking of lysosomal
membrane protein LAMP-2A
with Fluorescent Timer

Golgi ->
plasma membrane ->
early and recycling endosomes ->
late endosomes and lysosomes.

Subach et al. Nat Chem Biol. 2009.
‘‘Fucci’’- fluorescent ubiquitination-based
cell cycle indicator

Miyawaki lab, Cell 2008
Fucci in the
developing mouse
head

Miyawaki lab, Cell 2008
“Brainbow” mice
Livet et al. Nature 2007
~100 colors!
Application of fluorescent proteins for drug discovery
Cell transfection with
fluorescent protein
genes linked to
genes of interest

Transfer of visible
targets to mice

Stably transfected tumor cells

Discovery and evaluation
of candidate drugs

Target visualization

Drug treatment

control

control
drug1
drug2

treated
Whole body imaging of carcinogenesis and metastasis
Glioma U87-RFP and GFP

Pancreas cancer XPA1-RFP

Prostate cancer PC-3-RFP

Breast cancer MDA-MB-435-GFP

Real-time non-invasive monitoring of tumor progression, evaluation of drug
treatment efficiency
From Anticancer Inc.

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лекция 2 методы анализа

  • 1. Методы анализа белокбелковых взаимодействий с использованием флуоресцентных белков
  • 2. Interactoms Human protein-protein interaction network Ferrell Journal of Biology 2009 8:2 doi:10.1186/jbiol107
  • 3. Interactoms Yeast SH3 domain protein-protein interaction network http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/01_02/Yeast_proteins.shtml
  • 4. Many protein interactions are dynamic and regulatable http://vis.cs.brown.edu/areas/projects/proteins.html
  • 5. Main methods to investigate protein–protein interactions Classical methods Co-immunoprecipitation Yeast two-hybrid screen Phage display Chemical cross-linking Fluorescence-based methods Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS)
  • 7. FRET is a non-radiative transfer of energy from excited donor chromophore molecule to an acceptor chromophore molecule
  • 8. FRET is proportional to: • Donor quantum yield • Acceptor extinction coefficient • Overlap between donor emission and acceptor absorption spectra FRET is inversely proportional to: • Sixth power of the distance between donor and acceptor (1/R6). Thus, R < 10 nm. http://microscopy.berkeley.edu/courses/TLM/fluor_techniques/fret.html http://bio.physics.illinois.edu/newTechnique.html
  • 9. How to measure FRET? FRET results in: Decrease of donor fluorescence intensity Increase of acceptor fluorescence intensity (exc at donor wavelength) Decrease of donor fluorescence lifetime Common approaches of FRET imaging are: 1. Filter-FRET or spectral imaging FRET 2. Donor dequenching by acceptor photobleaching 3. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
  • 10. Sensitized emission (three-filter) FRET imaging 1. Ex(Donor) -> Em(Donor) 1. Control: Donor only 2. Ex(Acceptor) -> Em(Acceptor) 2. Control: Acceptor only 3. Ex(Donor) -> Em(Acceptor) 3. Experiment: Donor + Acceptor http://www.microscopyu.com Sorkin et al, Curr.Biol.2000
  • 11. Donor dequenching by acceptor photobleaching SYFP2-mStrawberry fusion. J. Goedhart, U. Amsterdam CFP-Munc18-1 and cYFP-syntaxin1A interaction. Liu et al., JBC 2004
  • 12. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) - Absolute value - Quantitative - Concentration-independent - Special expensive equipment J. Goedhart, U. Amsterdam
  • 14. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (split FPs) Fluorescent protein is separated onto two fragments, which develop fluorescence only after their association. This association is facilitated by the interaction between the proteins of interest that are fused to FP fragments. Kerppola TM. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 7:449
  • 15. Kerppola TM. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 7:449
  • 16. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC): Split FPs Co-expression of 2 promoters Zhang, Ma & Chalfie, Cell 2004 Protein-protein interactions Shyu et al, Biotechniques 2006 Valencia-Burton et al. Nat Meth. 2007 Visualization of RNA molecules LacZ mRNA 5S rRNA
  • 17. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS)
  • 18. Principle of the method Detection of fluorescence fluctuations in a small volume at low concentrations of fluorophore(s). Further mathematical analysis of autocorrelations and cross-correlations. http://www.leica-microsystems.com
  • 19. Autocorrelation and cross-correlation analysis of GFP and mCherry-tagged proteins in live yeast cells Slaughter B D et al. PNAS 2007;104:20320-20325 ©2007 by National Academy of Sciences
  • 20. FRET vs BiFC vs FCCS FRET BiFC FCCS Detection Real time Reversible Accumulative Irreversible Real time Reversible Image Yes Yes No Sensitivity Low High High FP concentration High High Low Important Not important Relative orientation of FPs Important Key properties of FPs Monomer Assembling Spectral overlap Maturation rate Brightness Photostability
  • 21. Fluorescent Timers - proteins that changes color with time Mid-age organelles 5 Old organelles 4 Young organelles 3 2 1 500 600 Wavelength, nm 700 DsRed-E5 – tetrameric green-to-red timer (Terskikh et al., Science 2000) Early expression Late expression
  • 22. DsRed-E5 Fluorescent Timer in C. elegans DIC FITC 2h 5h 10h 50h Terskikh et al., Science 2000 rhodamine overlay
  • 23. Novel blue-to-red fluorescent timers Colorless Blue Red Mutagenesis FTs mCherry Subach et al. Nat Chem Biol. 2009
  • 24. Intracellular trafficking of lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-2A with Fluorescent Timer Golgi -> plasma membrane -> early and recycling endosomes -> late endosomes and lysosomes. Subach et al. Nat Chem Biol. 2009.
  • 25. ‘‘Fucci’’- fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator Miyawaki lab, Cell 2008
  • 26. Fucci in the developing mouse head Miyawaki lab, Cell 2008
  • 27. “Brainbow” mice Livet et al. Nature 2007 ~100 colors!
  • 28. Application of fluorescent proteins for drug discovery Cell transfection with fluorescent protein genes linked to genes of interest Transfer of visible targets to mice Stably transfected tumor cells Discovery and evaluation of candidate drugs Target visualization Drug treatment control control drug1 drug2 treated
  • 29. Whole body imaging of carcinogenesis and metastasis Glioma U87-RFP and GFP Pancreas cancer XPA1-RFP Prostate cancer PC-3-RFP Breast cancer MDA-MB-435-GFP Real-time non-invasive monitoring of tumor progression, evaluation of drug treatment efficiency From Anticancer Inc.