Dna 130805152406-phpapp01

1. Presentation by NW Maholwana Please view references on the last slide.

2. Watson and Crick were able to figure out that one strand went up and one went down. Watson and Crick also found that if they paired Thymine with Adenine and Guanine with Cytosine DNA would look uniform.

8. • The back story of our lives are that we are the product of billions of years of evolution. The very DNA that allows us to pass on our genetic information to our offspring has its roots in primitive microbes that existed billions of years ago. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

9. • The back story of our lives are that we are the product of billions of years of evolution. The very DNA that allows us to pass on our genetic information to our offspring has its roots in primitive microbes that existed billions of years ago. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

30. Transcription, Learn more at http://biology.about.com/od/cellularpro cesses/ss/Dna-Transcription.htm

71. • Transcription and Translation.

73. • Important Note: Most DNA is found in the nucleus.

74. • Important Note: Most DNA is found in the nucleus.

75. • Important Note: Most DNA is found in the nucleus. Small amounts of DNA are found in the mitochondria organelle (mtDNA) –Learn more abaout mtDNA at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

76. • Important Note: Most DNA is found in the nucleus. Small amounts of DNA are found in the mitochondria organelle (mtDNA)

80. Watson and Crick were able to figure out that one strand went up and one went down.

83. Watson and Crick were able to figure out that one strand went up and one went down. Watson and Crick also found that if they paired Thymine with Adenine and Guanine with Cytosine DNA would look uniform.

84. Watson and Crick were able to figure out that one strand went up and one went down. Watson and Crick also found that if they paired Thymine with Adenine and Guanine with Cytosine DNA would look uniform. Learn more at… http://www.nobelprize.org/educa tional/medicine/dna_double_heli x/readmore.html?referer=www.cl ickfind.com.au

86. James Watson

87. James Watson Francis Crick

88. “Am I Watson or Crick?”

89. “I am James Watson.”

90. “Am I Watson or Crick?”

91. “I am Francis Crick.”

93. Francis Crick

94. Francis Crick

95. Francis Crick James Watson

97. James Watson

98. James Watson

99. James Watson Francis Crick

100. “What year did we discover the structure of DNA.”

101. 1953

106. • Watson and Crick used her photograph and lectures to create a failed model of the helix. – Maurice Wilkins who was working with Rosalind Franklin showed Watson her experiments. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

114. • In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize for physiology/medicine, – Franklin had died of Ovarian Cancer. – The cancer that killed her may have been caused by working with X-Rays.

115. • In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize for physiology/medicine, – Franklin had died of Ovarian Cancer. – The cancer that killed her may have been caused by working with X-Rays. – The Nobel Prize only goes to living recipients, and can only be shared among three winners.

141. A A AG T C T T Nucleotide

195. “Remember me.” “I’m Rosalind Franklin and I took X-ray pictures of DNA.”

232.  RNA  - Single strand.  - Thymine replaces Uracil Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy –Note: Should probably be the other way around. RNA likely evolved long before DNA. –One suggestion is this: cytosine (C) occasionally converts into uracil (U) by deamination. If this U is not removed, at the next replication it will act as a template for an adenine (A) on the new strand, and there will have been a mutation from G to A. Having thymine (T) as the regular base in DNA makes it easy for a cell to spot a deamination, because U should not be there at all. The cell then removes the U with a DNA repair enzyme (e.g. uracil glycosylase). –Do you want to know why Thymine replaces Uracil in DNA? –The short and sweet explanation is under this box.

233.  RNA  - Single strand.  - Thymine replaces Uracil Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy –Note: Should probably be the other way around. RNA likely evolved long before DNA. –One suggestion is this: cytosine (C) occasionally converts into uracil (U) by deamination. If this U is not removed, at the next replication it will act as a template for an adenine (A) on the new strand, and there will have been a mutation from G to A. Having thymine (T) as the regular base in DNA makes it easy for a cell to spot a deamination, because U should not be there at all. The cell then removes the U with a DNA repair enzyme (e.g. uracil glycosylase).

234.  RNA  - Single strand.  - Thymine replaces Uracil Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy –Note: Should probably be the other way around. RNA likely evolved long before DNA. –One suggestion is this: cytosine (C) occasionally converts into uracil (U) by deamination. If this U is not removed, at the next replication it will act as a template for an adenine (A) on the new strand, and there will have been a mutation from G to A. Having thymine (T) as the regular base in DNA makes it easy for a cell to spot a deamination, because U should not be there at all. The cell then removes the U with a DNA repair enzyme (e.g. uracil glycosylase). “Short and Sweet?” “Holy Base Pair.”

235. • Transcription to Translation digital simulation – The Met codon is AUG

236. • Hip Hip Hooray for DNA

239. • Building DNA and labeling it. – You are required to construct a model of DNA in the shape of double helix. – The model should be a 3-D representation of the double helix. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

240. • Building DNA and labeling it. – You are required to construct a model of DNA in the shape of double helix. – The model should be a 3-D representation of the double helix. – The 3-D model should be able to be placed on a sheet of paper towel with the correct parts labeled. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

248. • Materials to build double helix. • Note: The better behaved you are, the more materials you get ! – Phosphate backbone = Twizzler’s – Adenine – Green – Thymine – Orange A T C G Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

250. • Materials to build double helix. • Note: The better behaved you are, the more materials you get ! – Phosphate backbone = Twizzler’s – Adenine – Green – Thymine – Orange – Cytosine – Red Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

252. • Materials to build double helix. • Note: The better behaved you are, the more materials you get ! – Phosphate backbone = Twizzler’s – Adenine – Green – Thymine – Orange – Cytosine – Red – Guanine – Yellow T G Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

254. • Materials to build double helix. • Note: The better behaved you are, the more materials you get ! – Phosphate backbone = Twizzler’s – Adenine – Green – Thymine – Orange – Cytosine – Red – Guanine – Yellow – Toothpick – Deoxyribose sugar – Twist to make double helix. – Build a single stranded mRNA with clear representing Uracil with extra parts. A T C G Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

255. ?

256. PhosphateBackbone

257. PhosphateBackbone

258. Adenine PhosphateBackbone

259. Adenine PhosphateBackbone

260. Adenine Thymine PhosphateBackbone

261. Adenine Thymine PhosphateBackbone

262. Adenine Thymine Cytosine PhosphateBackbone

263. Adenine Thymine Cytosine PhosphateBackbone

264. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone

265. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone

266. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine

267. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine

268. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine

269. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine

270. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine Pryimidine

271. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine Pryimidine

272. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine Pryimidine Pryimidine

273. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine Pryimidine Pryimidine ????????

274. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine Pryimidine Pryimidine Ribose Sugar

276. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine Pryimidine Pryimidine Ribose Sugar Nitrogen Bases

278. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PhosphateBackbone Purine Purine Pryimidine Pryimidine Ribose Sugar Nucleotides

279. • DNA Khan Academy

280.  DNA replication: The double helix is unwound and bases are matched to create a new identical strand.

281.  DNA replication: The double helix is unwound and bases are matched to create a new identical strand. Hopefully 

282.  DNA replication: The double helix is unwound and bases are matched to create a new identical strand. Hopefully  –Step by step found at…(Advanced but visual) http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_repli cation/

284. • Activity! Each group 1-5 needs to verbalize to the class the corresponding base pair before it attaches to the DNA. – Teacher will point to a group so be ready. – Teacher may repeat as necessary.

287. • DNA and DNA Replication Crash Course. –Caution, some mild language used.

288. Reference list • Campbell & Reece,(2010) Biology • http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/under standingcancer/genetesting • http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/health _basics/genes_genetic_disorders.html • http://www.genetics.edu.au/Information/Un derstanding-Genetic-Testing

Dna 130805152406-phpapp01

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