This presentation based on current scenario of India's Food security and different polices or programs run by Indian government for prevention of malnutrition

1. Presented By: Noopur Auddy
The Right to Food in India
Doctoral Seminar: 2

2.  Food is the most basic need of a person.
 Good health can be achieved only if –Secure access to sufficient and affordable nutritious food that can be
provided to every single household or to the global population.
 Food security is a very major issue in the Nations progress, and progress of the Nation is based largely on the goals
of achieving good health and well being of the people of that Nation.

3. Food security means :
 availability,
 accessibility and
 affordability of food to all people at all times.

4.  Enough food is available for all the persons
 All persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality and
 There is no barrier on access to food.

5.  For the poor sections of the society
 Natural disasters or calamity like earthquake, drought, flood, tsunami,
 Widespread crop failure due to drought

6.  Bengal Famine, 1943
- killed 1.5 million to 3 million
o The Bihar famine, 1966-7
- 2,353 deaths due to starvation reported
o Starvation deaths have also been reported in:
1. Kalahandi and Kashipur in Orissa
2. Baran district of Rajasthan,
3. Palamau district of Jharkhand
and many other remote areas during the recent
years.

7. Worst Affected Groups:
 landless people
 traditional artisans
 traditional services providers
 petty self-employed workers
 Homeless, beggars etc.
 Families employed in ill-paid occupations
 casual labourers (seasonal activities+ very low wages)
 SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs (lower castes among them) –having poor land-base
or very low land productivity
 Migrants ( as a result of natural disasters )
 Women and children

8.  insecurity
 Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south-eastern parts),
 Bihar,
 Jharkhand,
 Orissa,
 West Bengal,
 Chhattisgarh,
 parts of Madhya Pradesh and
 Maharashtra

9. Inadequate
diet for a
long time
Poor people
suffer from
chronic
hunger
Chronic
Hunger Due agricultural
activities-rural
regions & urban
areas- casual
labour
When a person
is unable to get
work for the
entire year
Seasonal
Hunger

10.  Green Revolution: Food grain Production
Highest
grow
Punjab and
Haryana
Tamil Nadu
and Andhra
Pradesh
Low
Growth
Maharashtra,
Madhya
Pradesh
Bihar, Orissa
and the N-E
states

11. Buffer
Stock
Public
distribution
System
Food
security
System
of India

12. Food grains – 271.98 million tonnes (record)
- Rice – 108.86 million tonnes (record)
-Wheat – 96.64 million tonnes (record)
-Coarse Cereals – 44.34 million tonnes (record)
-Maize – 26.15 million tonnes (record)
- Pulses – 22.14 million tonnes (record)
- Gram – 9.12 million tonnes
-Tur – 4.23 million tonnes (record)
- Urad – 2.89 million tonnes (record)
-Oilseeds – 33.60 million tonnes (record)
-Soyabean – 14.13 million tonnes
-Groundnut – 8.47 million tonnes
-Castorseed – 1.74 million tonnes
-Cotton – 32.51 million bales (of 170 kg each)
-Sugarcane – 309.98 million tonnes

13.  The Union Government has announced that the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 which envisages supply
of subsidized food grains has been implemented across the country
 According to recently released OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2017-2026, India will be the world’s largest milk
producer by 2026 and will account for the biggest increase in wheat production globally.
 The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog launched National Nutrition Strategy aimed at
Kuposhan Mukt Bharat in 2017. It intends at bringing nutrition to center-stage of National Development Agenda. It
lays down roadmap for targeted action to address India’s nutritional needs.

15.  PDS (initial Public Distribution System scheme)
 RPS (Revamped Public Distribution System)
 TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution System)
Special Schemes:
 0 AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana)
 0 APS (Annapurna Scheme)

16. Farmers or
Producers
States
F.C.I
(maintains
Buffer
Stocks)
Faire Price Shops
States
Grains MSP C.I.P Distributes
Grains
Allocates Grains
Central Issue Price

17.  Stabilizes prices of food grains
 Makes food available at affordable prices
 By supplying food from surplus regions of the country to the deficit ones, it
helps in combating hunger and famine
 Prices set with poor households in mind
 Provides income security to farmers in certain regions

18.  Problem of Hunger still exists in many areas of India
 Food stock in granaries often above specified levels
 Deterioration in quality of stored food grains if kept for longer time
 High storage costs
 Increase in MSP has led to shift from coarse grain to rice and wheat production among the farmers
 Cultivation of rice has also led to environmental degradation and fall in the water level
 Average consumption of PDS grain at the all-India level is very low
 Malpractices on part of PDS dealers:
Diverting the grains to open market to get better margin,
Selling poor quality grains at ration shops,
Irregular opening of the shops
 Low Income families earning just above poverty line have to pay APL rates which are almost equal to open
market rates – lower incentive to buy from Fair Price Shops

19. • Given the current trends of food grain production and government procurement, and the likely
improvements in these over time, will there be adequate availability of grain with the public authorities to
implement the full entitlements.
• India is home to the largest number of hungry people in the world. (FAO)
• The estimated number of undernourished people increased to 815 million in 2016, up from 777 million in
2015 (FAO,2017)
• In India, data for 2015-16 (NFHS-4) shows that 38 percent of children below five years (urban: 31%, rural:
41%) are stunted (low height for age); 21 percent (urban: 20%, rural: 22%) are wasted (low weight for
height); 36 percent (urban: 29%, rural: 38%) are underweight (low weight for age).

20. The programmes implemented are:
DIRECT NUTRITION PROGRAMMES:
 Ministry of Health and Family welfare
1. National Vitamin A prophylaxis programme
2. National Nutritional Anemia prophylaxis programme for mother and children
3. National goiter control programme
 Ministry of Human Resource Development
1. ICDS Scheme
2. Special Nutrition programme
3. Balwadi feeding programme
4. Mid-day meal programme

21.  Ministry of food and civil supplies
1. Nutrition education and extension
2. Food fortification programme
INDIRECT NUTRITION PROGRAMMES:
 Ministry of Health and Family welfare
1. Primary health care services.
2. Immunization programmes
3. Family welfare programmes.
 Ministry of food and civil supplies
1. Storage of food grains and general warehousing
2. 2. Public food distribution systems

22.  Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
1. Krishi vigyan kendras.(KVK)
2. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
3. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)
4. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
5. Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)
6. National Food for Work programme (NFFWP)

23.  ICDS scheme
 Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
 Annapurna Scheme
 Balwadi nutrition programme
 Special nutrition programme
 Mid-day meal programme
 Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Programme (TINP)
 Public Distribution system
 Wheat based nutrition program
 Vitamin A prophylaxis programme
 Nutritional Anemia prophylaxis programme for mother and children
 National goiter control programme

24.  It remains the worlds most unique early childhood development
programme.
 It was launched on 2 nd October ,1975 in pursuance of the national policy
for children in 33 experimental blocks.
 It is the largest nutrition program implemented by the government of India.
 This scheme was funded by Central govt. of India and partly by UNICEF.
 This scheme comes under Ministry of social welfare.
 The ICDS is implemented through Anganwadi centers. At present 13.42
lakh operational anganwadi’ s in India.

25.  To improve the nutrition and health status of children aged 0-6 years.
 To lay the foundations for proper psychological, physical and social
development of the child.
 To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school drop-
out.
 To achieve effective coordinated policy and its implementation amongst the
various departments to promote child development.
 To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and
nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education.

26. 1. Child below 6 years
2. Pregnant and lactating mothers
3. Women in the age group of 15-44 years residing in socially backward villages and urban slums.
Beneficiaries getting supplementary foods under ICDS :
Children 6- 35 months 59.3 %
Children 36-71 months 27 %
Pregnant women 47 %
Lactating mothers 72.9 %

27.  Supplementary Nutrition
 Immunization.
 Health check up
 Referral services
 Treatment of minor illnesses
 Nutrition and health education to women
 Preschool education to children in the age group of 3-6 years
 Convergence of other supportive services like water supply, sanitation

28.  This programme was launched in 1962 by the Ministry of education and
was implemented throughout the country for school children in age group
of 6-11 years of age.
 The program was launched to enhance the admissions and retain students
in the school to improve literacy and also improve health status of children.
 The meal should be hygienic that demands monitoring of the raw material
and cooked preparation by trained personnel.
 The children in classes 1-8th could be included as beneficiaries of the
program.

29.  Supplement the children, not substitute to home diet
 1/3 of total energy requirement/day and ½ of total protein requirement/day.
 Reasonably low cost
 Easily prepared at schools.
 As for as locally available food.
 Change menu frequently. This program is Centrally sponsored and assisted by CARE ( cooperative of
American relief everywhere).

30.  Bal (children) wadi (home or centre) Nutrition Programme is a contemporary
of SNP and is being implemented since 1970-71 by the Central Social
Welfare Board and national level nongovernmental voluntary organizations,
namely, Indian Council for Child Welfare.
 The beneficiaries of SNP are basically from the disadvantaged section of the
society like tribal/scheduled caste people, urban slum dwellers and also
migrant labourers.
 The Balwadis not only provide supplemental nutrition but also look after the
social and emotional development of children attending these Balwadis.

31.  It was first implemented in Orissa & Andhra Pradesh in 1962.
 By the 1973, the whole country was covered by the scheme.
 The program was initiated as a centrally sponsored scheme but now is being implemented by the states.
 This programme till date is the best conceived nutrition programme but it could not achieve the desired
results due to management failure.
 ANP is at present a non-expandable, low priority programme as compared to other nutrition programmes
implemented by the states.

32. Objectives:
 To make people conscious of their nutritional needs.
 To increase production of nutritious foods and its consumption
 To provide supplementary nutrition to vulnerable groups through local production of foods.
Beneficiaries :
 Children between 3-6 years
 Pregnant and lactating mothers.
Activities:
 ANP envisaged production of nutritious food by people themselves and to be consumed by them to improve
their own nutritional status.
 Poultry farming, horticulture, beehive keeping, kitchen gardening and nutrition education were the main
activities in the program.
 Also, supplementary nutrition was provided to children and women beneficiaries.
 The programme is implemented under the supervision of Block Development Officer.

33.  The WNP is a centrally sponsored scheme started in 1986.
 Initially , this scheme was meant to cover additional beneficiaries who could
not be covered by the ICDS projects. However , from 1990, only the
beneficiaries of the central sector ICDS projects are provided supplementary
nutrition under this scheme.
OBJECTIVES:
 To enlarge the scope of existing nutrition program by covering additional
beneficiaries, i.e., preschool children and nursing and expectant mothers
through wheat based supplementary nutrition.

34. Beneficiaries:
 Children of preschool age
 Nursing and expectant mothers in disadvantaged areas.
Activities:
 Under this scheme supplementary nutrition is provided to the preschool children and pregnant and expectant
mothers.
The scheme consists of two components:
 The centrally funded component
 State funded component
Centrally funded component:
Under the centrally sponsored WNP , supplementary food containing 300 calories and 10 gm of protein
is given to children and 500 calories and 20 gm of protein to expectant and nursing mothers. Assistance at a
cost norm of 75 paise per beneficiary per day for 25 days in a month is provided.
 Out of 75 paise, the GOI contributes 50 paise and the balance 25 paise is borne by the concerned state
governments themselves

35. State funded component:
under this component, wheat was initially provided to the state
governments at a subsidy of Rs. 700 per month to provide supplementary
nutrition to the beneficiaries covered by the state government nutrition
program.
 From 1989, no subsidy is given to the state governments. The states are,
however, now provided wheat at the public distribution system (PDS) rate.

36.  Nutritional anemia is major public health problem in India.
 The NNAPP was started in 1970.
 It is a centrally sponsored scheme.
 Anemia especially affects women in the reproductive age group and young
children.
 It is estimated that over 50% of pregnant women suffer from anemia.
 Fortification of salt with iron. a universally consumed dietary article. has
been identified as a measure to control anemia.

37.  Under the programme, the expectant and nursing mothers as well as women
acceptors of family planning are given one tablet of iron and folic acid
containing 60 mg elemental iron (180mg of ferrous sulphate and 0.5 mg of
folic acid)
 Children in the age group 1-5 years are given one tablet of iron containing
20 mg elemental iron (60 mg of ferrous sulphate and 0.1 mg folic acid) daily
for a period of 100 days.
 This programme covered children and pregnant women with hemoglobin
level less than 8 gm per cent and 10gm percent respectively.

38.  Assess the baseline prevalence of nutritional anemia in mothers and young children through estimation of
hemoglobin levels.
 To put the mothers and children with low Hb levels (less than 10 and less than 8 g, respectively) on anti
anemia treatment.
 To put the mother with Hb level more than 10 g/dl and children with Hb more than 8 g/dl on the
prophylaxis program.
 To monitor continuously the quality of the tablets , distribution and consumption of the supplements.
 To assess periodically the Hb of the beneficiaries
 To motivate the mother to consume the tablets through relevant nutrition education (and to give to their
children).

39.  Vitamin –A deficiency is a major public health problem among preschool children in India.
 It was launched in 1970 and presently covers 30 million beneficiaries.
 The program comprises a long term and a short term
Strategy.
 The Short term intervention focuses on administration of Mega doses of vitamin-A on periodic basis,
 the Long term strategy emphasizes on dietary intervention to increase the intake of food which are rich in
vitamin-A.

40. Objectives:
 The specific objective o the program is to reduce the diseases and prevent
blindness due to vitamin-A deficiency.
Activities:
 A massive dose of vitamin-A is given every 6 months to children between the
ages of 6 months to 5 years.
 The scheme give priority to children aged between 6 months to 3 years as a
highest prevalence of clinical sign of vitamin-A deficiency are reported in this
age group. In 1980, the Department of Food introduced a scheme of
Fortification of Milk with Vitamin A to prevent nutritional blindness.

41. The Recommended schedule for Dose Administration:
 6-11 months old - one dose of 1,00,000 IU
 1-5 years old - 2,00,000 IU every six months.
 A child is expected to receive a total 10 doses of vitamin-A before his fifth
birthday.
 The long term strategy emphasize the improvement of dietary intake of
vitamin-A through regular consumption of vitamin-A rich food such as dark
green leafy vegetable, yellow vegetables and fruits, dairy products and the
promotion of breast feeding.

42.  The National Goiter Control Program was launched by the government of India in 1962 in the goiter belt in
the Himalayan region and iodized salt was supplied in goiter endemic areas.
 Later on in 1986 this program was changed to National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program
(NIDDCP) because the problem was found to be widespread and more than the problem of goiter.
Objectives:
 To conduct the initial surveys to assess the magnitude of the iodine deficiency disorder.
 To supply iodized salt in place of common salt to the entire country.
 To conduct resurveys to assess the impact of iodized salt after 5 years.
Beneficiaries:
 All people residing in endemic and non-endemic areas for IDD are the intended beneficiaries. However , the
endemic areas are to be given priority

43. Activities:
 Iodization of salt: In order to control the problem of IDD, the government of
India has initiated steps since 1st April , 1986 for universal iodization of
edible salt in a phased manner by the year 1992.
 Notification for banning use of non-iodized salt: The sale of non-iodized
salt has been banned completely in 18 states and partially in 6 states. The
government stands firmly committed to universal iodization of salt.
 Establishment of Goiter cell
 Information , education and communication activities.

44.  This programme was started in 1982.
Aims:
 To increase health coverage of all under weight pre-school children and also improve immunization
programme.
 To reduce the incidence of PEM among children under 3 years of age.
 To reduce the infant mortality rate through immunization
 To reduce incidence of Vitamin A deficiency in children under 5 years of age.
 Reduction in incidence of Nutritional Anemia in Pregnant and Nursing women.

45.  Beneficiaries:
1. Children of 6-36 months of age (< Normal wt.)
2. Pregnant and Lactating women belong to poor sections.
Four Components:
A). Nutrition and Growth Monitoring:
 TINP center for every 1500 population.
 Children below 3 years are weighed every month and children with PEM are given supplementary feeding.
 Supplementary feeding is discontinued when child moves to higher grade and weight gain of 500 gms over
1 month in 6-12 months age groups and in 3 months in 13-36 months age group.
 Pregnant women covered during last trimester of pregnancy and Nursing women during the first
four months of Nursing based on pre health and Income criteria.
 Supplementary food contains Wheat -35% , Jowar - 20 %, Jaggery- 25% Edible oil – 10% and
Roasted Bengal gram- 10%. Children < 2 yrs - 40 gms / Day Children between 2-3 yrs. - 80 gms /
Day Women - 80 gms / Day Normally a child is covered under the project for 90 days.
2). Health care:
 Iron tablets are also distributed to Pregnant and Lactating women.
 Children below 6 yrs of age are given Vitamin A solution.

46. 3). Communication:
The community worker uses Traditional methods like Folk theatre and arts and Folk songs for educating mothers
about Immunization, Nutrition importance, Methods of combating diarrhea.
4). Monitoring:
The project staff monitor the impact of the project on the target population.

47.  Launched in 2000 for the poorest of the poor.
 This scheme reflects the commitment of govt. of India to ensure food security for all and create a hunger free
India.
 Target group: Estimated that 5% of the population are unable to get 2 square meals a day.
 Identifies 1 crore families(5 crore people) out of the BPL families who would be provided 35 kg per family
per month.
 Food grains will be issued by the Govt. of India @2 Rs. per kg for wheat and 3 Rs. Per kg of rice.

48.  Aims at providing food security to meet the requirement of senior citizens not receiving any old age pensions.
(NOAPS).
 10 kg of food grains/month are to be provided ‘Free of cost’ to the beneficiaries.
 Age of beneficiary should be 65 years or above.

49.  NRHM is now under National Health mission is an initiative undertaken by
GOI to address the health needs of under- served rural areas.
 Launched in April 2005 by PM Manmohan Singh.
 Initially tasked for 18 states which are having weak public health indicators.
 on May 1, 2013 the GOI launched National Urban Health Mission under
NHM.
 The thrust of the mission is on establishing a fully functional, community
owned, decentralized health delivery system with inter-sectoral convergence
at all levels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants
of health such as water, sanitation, education, nutrition, social and gender
equality

50.  Under NHM, it is an initiative aiming at early identification and early identification for children from Birth
to18 years.
 It covers 4 D’s , i.e., Defects at birth, Deficiencies, Diseases and Developmental delays including disability.
 Screening :
1. At delivery points - Medical officers
2. From 48 hrs. – 6 weeks - ASHA at home .
3. 6 weeks to 6 years - Anganwadi centers.
4. 6 years to 18 years - School.

51.  DIRECT INTERVENTIONS – SHORT TERM
1.Nutrition intervention for specially vulnerable groups.
a. Expanding the safety net-Increasing the covering areas of ICDS and other nutrition policies.
b. Growth Monitoring.
c. Reaching the Adolescent girls.
These group are more vulnerable and it is important to creating awareness through Non-Formal education for
particularly Nutrition and Health Education.
d. Ensuring better coverage of Pregnant and lactating women. Care should be taken to prevent Low birth of
children by educating mothers. Providing health tablets and importance of Breast feeding should be
explained.

52. 2. Fortification of Essential foods.
Essential food items should be fortified with appropriate nutrients. ex: Salt with Iodine and/or Iron, Milk with
Vitamin A.
3. Popularization of low-cost Nutritious foods: Efforts to produce and popularize low cost nutritious food from
Indigenous and locally available raw materials.
4. Control of Micro- Nutrient Deficiencies among Vulnerable groups.

53. INDIRECT INTERVENTIONS – LONG TERM:
1. Food security : Per capital availability of food grains need to be attained. The
average Indian had access to 2,455 kcal per day with protein - 60 gm and fat –
52.1 gm . Food grains availability is 510.8 gms / day.
2. Improvement of dietary pattern through production and demonstration:
Increasing food production to meet growing needs.
3. Improving the purchasing power: Implementing poverty alleviation programs to
increase purchasing power of the lowest economic segments of population. Ex:
IRDP.
4. Public distribution system : Efficient use of PDS to ensure availability of
essential food items in subsidiary price in rural areas.
5. Land reforms: Implementing land reform measures so that the vulnerability of
landless and landed poor could be reduced. Creating awareness for increasing
production by modern practices.
6. Health and family welfare. Facilities for increasing Health and Immunization
facilities shall be provided to all. Improved pre- natal and post- natal care to

54. 7. Basic Health and Nutrition Knowledge.
8. Prevention of food Adulteration.
9. Nutrition Surveillance: Periodical monitoring of Nutritional status of children, Adolescent girls, Pregnant and
Lactating mothers and based on data policies have to be made.
10. Research : Research into various aspects of nutrition, both on the consumption side as well as supply side.
Research should enable selection of new varieties of food with high nutritional value which can be within the
purchasing power f poor and also which prevents malnutrition.
11. Communication
12. Minimum wage administration.
13. Education and Literacy.
14. Improvement of status of women.