SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 11
OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Denmark Claire Shewbridge 3 May 2011, Copenhagen Major points from the OECD review  Full report and ‘policy pointers’ available at: www.oecd.org/edu/evaluationpolicy
OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment  in Education: Denmark ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
School evaluation Internal and external System evaluation National and municipal Student assessment National and local Evaluation and assessment in Denmark:  The first steps in building a framework ,[object Object],Instruments Student assessment National Common Objectives Legal requirement for ‘continuous assessment’ School evaluation Common indicators for municipal quality reports Legal requirement for municipalities to specify learning targets and frameworks Student assessment Final examinations in Form 9 National tests in selected subjects and form levels Individual Student Plans ’ School evaluation Municipal quality reports School self-evaluation tools (central and municipal) System evaluation International student assessments Official evaluations National tests and final examinations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],System evaluation International benchmarks ‘ National profile’ of student performance in national tests
OECD review: overall assessment of ‘first steps’ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
OECD review: assessment of specific measures ,[object Object],Instruments Student assessment National Common Objectives Legal requirement for ‘continuous assessment’ School evaluation Common indicators for municipal quality reports Legal requirement for municipalities to specify learning targets and frameworks Student assessment Final examinations in Form 9 National tests in selected subjects and form levels Individual Student Plans ’ School evaluation Municipal quality reports School self-evaluation tools (central and municipal) System evaluation International student assessments Official evaluations National tests and final examinations Common basis for student assessment Translation into curriculum  and assessment plans Rapid feedback to teachers in discrete  areas of Common Objectives Not all teachers effectively use results Standardised with moderation  practices ;  Criticised as ‘outdated’ Good basis for formative  assessment Common basis for  school evaluation Do not sufficiently address  the  quality of teaching  and learning Increased focus on school evaluation Inadequate follow up on results No longer solely reliant on International measures ;  first possibility to measure progress against Common Objectives Exclusion of private sector; Narrow focus Useful resources for schools Usage depends on school/ municipal ethos Local targets most  pertinent  to specific  development needs No systematic overview Robust evaluation of implementation  of national initiatives Stimulated feedback to parents and documentation of student progress
OECD review: policy pointers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
School evaluation Internal and external System evaluation National and municipal Student assessment National and local Next steps: Refine key elements in the framework and clarify their purposes Further develop the Common Objectives -Develop a set of performance standards against these Clarify the monitoring role of the national tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Teacher appraisal School evaluation Internal and external System evaluation National and municipal School principal appraisal Student assessment National and local Next steps: Integrate teacher and school principal appraisal in the framework ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hold school principals accountable for teacher appraisal e.g.  ensure effective appraisal procedures, incl. classroom observation, professional feedback, coaching ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Teacher appraisal School evaluation Internal and external System evaluation National and municipal School principal appraisal Student assessment National and local Next steps: Invest in evaluation and assessment capacity development at all levels ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Teacher appraisal School evaluation Internal and external System evaluation National and municipal School principal appraisal Student assessment National and local Next steps: Promote and support the optimal use of evaluation and assessment results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
To conclude: Completing the  evaluation and assessment framework ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More Related Content

What's hot

SMART Data 2011
SMART Data 2011SMART Data 2011
SMART Data 2011
annelouey
 
Resume - Pope - 2016.05
Resume - Pope - 2016.05Resume - Pope - 2016.05
Resume - Pope - 2016.05
Alexis Pope
 
Standards rollout for Pickaway County 2010
Standards rollout for Pickaway County 2010Standards rollout for Pickaway County 2010
Standards rollout for Pickaway County 2010
JD Williamson
 
National Standards Parent Evening: 2011
National Standards Parent Evening: 2011National Standards Parent Evening: 2011
National Standards Parent Evening: 2011
gerry21
 
Revised introduction to ee power point
Revised introduction to ee power pointRevised introduction to ee power point
Revised introduction to ee power point
mbanios
 
Comparative And Non Comparative Study
Comparative And Non Comparative StudyComparative And Non Comparative Study
Comparative And Non Comparative Study
u065932
 

What's hot (20)

Adding Up the Progress: Transforming Developmental Math Education
Adding Up the Progress: Transforming Developmental Math Education Adding Up the Progress: Transforming Developmental Math Education
Adding Up the Progress: Transforming Developmental Math Education
 
Franklin Public Schools: MCAS Update 2014
Franklin Public Schools: MCAS Update 2014Franklin Public Schools: MCAS Update 2014
Franklin Public Schools: MCAS Update 2014
 
SMART Data 2011
SMART Data 2011SMART Data 2011
SMART Data 2011
 
Resume - Pope - 2016.05
Resume - Pope - 2016.05Resume - Pope - 2016.05
Resume - Pope - 2016.05
 
Standards rollout for Pickaway County 2010
Standards rollout for Pickaway County 2010Standards rollout for Pickaway County 2010
Standards rollout for Pickaway County 2010
 
Quality Evaluation of the Higher Education Programmes
Quality Evaluation of the Higher Education ProgrammesQuality Evaluation of the Higher Education Programmes
Quality Evaluation of the Higher Education Programmes
 
Bob Gilworth
Bob GilworthBob Gilworth
Bob Gilworth
 
Teacher Effectiveness by Tracy Hembry Ph.D.
Teacher Effectiveness by Tracy Hembry Ph.D.Teacher Effectiveness by Tracy Hembry Ph.D.
Teacher Effectiveness by Tracy Hembry Ph.D.
 
National Standards Parent Evening: 2011
National Standards Parent Evening: 2011National Standards Parent Evening: 2011
National Standards Parent Evening: 2011
 
Instructional Student Services IEP Presentation
Instructional Student Services IEP PresentationInstructional Student Services IEP Presentation
Instructional Student Services IEP Presentation
 
MCAS Presentation Nov 27, 2018
MCAS Presentation Nov 27, 2018MCAS Presentation Nov 27, 2018
MCAS Presentation Nov 27, 2018
 
Reviewing the Research and PEAC Recommendations around Principal Evaluation
Reviewing the Research and PEAC Recommendations around Principal EvaluationReviewing the Research and PEAC Recommendations around Principal Evaluation
Reviewing the Research and PEAC Recommendations around Principal Evaluation
 
Revised introduction to ee power point
Revised introduction to ee power pointRevised introduction to ee power point
Revised introduction to ee power point
 
Attachment.aspx
Attachment.aspxAttachment.aspx
Attachment.aspx
 
Attachment.aspx 5
Attachment.aspx 5Attachment.aspx 5
Attachment.aspx 5
 
International Linking Study - Connecting the PISA-based Test for Schools (PBT...
International Linking Study - Connecting the PISA-based Test for Schools (PBT...International Linking Study - Connecting the PISA-based Test for Schools (PBT...
International Linking Study - Connecting the PISA-based Test for Schools (PBT...
 
Comparative And Non Comparative Study
Comparative And Non Comparative StudyComparative And Non Comparative Study
Comparative And Non Comparative Study
 
Sails Assessment
Sails AssessmentSails Assessment
Sails Assessment
 
Iain Mansfield
Iain MansfieldIain Mansfield
Iain Mansfield
 
Chris Millward
Chris MillwardChris Millward
Chris Millward
 

Similar to OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Denmark

Sse pp 11 november 2013
Sse pp   11 november 2013Sse pp   11 november 2013
Sse pp 11 november 2013
Martin Brown
 
Program Review ACCJC Presentation
Program Review ACCJC PresentationProgram Review ACCJC Presentation
Program Review ACCJC Presentation
Bradley Vaden
 
Teacher Evaluation Training
Teacher Evaluation TrainingTeacher Evaluation Training
Teacher Evaluation Training
kjones9999
 
Anja cedefop prelim infos
Anja cedefop prelim infosAnja cedefop prelim infos
Anja cedefop prelim infos
Ecuisine
 
TPEP WSU October 2011
TPEP WSU October 2011TPEP WSU October 2011
TPEP WSU October 2011
WSU Cougars
 

Similar to OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Denmark (20)

Sse pp 11 november 2013
Sse pp   11 november 2013Sse pp   11 november 2013
Sse pp 11 november 2013
 
CCE ppt.pptx
CCE ppt.pptxCCE ppt.pptx
CCE ppt.pptx
 
Program Review ACCJC Presentation
Program Review ACCJC PresentationProgram Review ACCJC Presentation
Program Review ACCJC Presentation
 
Assessment
AssessmentAssessment
Assessment
 
Assessing_Student_Learning_Outcomes3_1.ppt
Assessing_Student_Learning_Outcomes3_1.pptAssessing_Student_Learning_Outcomes3_1.ppt
Assessing_Student_Learning_Outcomes3_1.ppt
 
Assessment parent workshop nov 2010
Assessment parent workshop nov 2010Assessment parent workshop nov 2010
Assessment parent workshop nov 2010
 
Year 07 Assessment Workshop for Parents, November 2011
Year 07 Assessment Workshop for Parents, November 2011Year 07 Assessment Workshop for Parents, November 2011
Year 07 Assessment Workshop for Parents, November 2011
 
Teacher Evaluation Training
Teacher Evaluation TrainingTeacher Evaluation Training
Teacher Evaluation Training
 
ASSESMENT MECHANISM (ANIDA & TITI)
ASSESMENT MECHANISM (ANIDA & TITI)ASSESMENT MECHANISM (ANIDA & TITI)
ASSESMENT MECHANISM (ANIDA & TITI)
 
Anja cedefop prelim infos
Anja cedefop prelim infosAnja cedefop prelim infos
Anja cedefop prelim infos
 
Discuss the role of provincial education assessment system in enhancing qua...
Discuss the role of provincial education assessment   system in enhancing qua...Discuss the role of provincial education assessment   system in enhancing qua...
Discuss the role of provincial education assessment system in enhancing qua...
 
School Improvement/System Change/Change Management
School Improvement/System Change/Change ManagementSchool Improvement/System Change/Change Management
School Improvement/System Change/Change Management
 
Terry Handley - Assessing Pupils Progress in ICT
Terry Handley - Assessing Pupils Progress in ICTTerry Handley - Assessing Pupils Progress in ICT
Terry Handley - Assessing Pupils Progress in ICT
 
Staff meeting part 2
Staff meeting part 2Staff meeting part 2
Staff meeting part 2
 
TPEP WSU October 2011
TPEP WSU October 2011TPEP WSU October 2011
TPEP WSU October 2011
 
Des nuig05 long version
Des nuig05 long versionDes nuig05 long version
Des nuig05 long version
 
OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: SWEDEN Implementing p...
OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: SWEDEN Implementing p...OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: SWEDEN Implementing p...
OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: SWEDEN Implementing p...
 
update on new inspection framework
update on new inspection frameworkupdate on new inspection framework
update on new inspection framework
 
Effective assessment practices Project
Effective assessment practices ProjectEffective assessment practices Project
Effective assessment practices Project
 
Salisbury Introductory materials
Salisbury Introductory materialsSalisbury Introductory materials
Salisbury Introductory materials
 

More from EduSkills OECD

More from EduSkills OECD (20)

Andreas Schleicher presents at the launch of What does child empowerment mean...
Andreas Schleicher presents at the launch of What does child empowerment mean...Andreas Schleicher presents at the launch of What does child empowerment mean...
Andreas Schleicher presents at the launch of What does child empowerment mean...
 
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
 
AI & cheating on high-stakes exams in upper secondary - Introduction by Shivi...
AI & cheating on high-stakes exams in upper secondary - Introduction by Shivi...AI & cheating on high-stakes exams in upper secondary - Introduction by Shivi...
AI & cheating on high-stakes exams in upper secondary - Introduction by Shivi...
 
Advancing Gender Equality The Crucial Role of Science and Technology 4 April ...
Advancing Gender Equality The Crucial Role of Science and Technology 4 April ...Advancing Gender Equality The Crucial Role of Science and Technology 4 April ...
Advancing Gender Equality The Crucial Role of Science and Technology 4 April ...
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Andreas Schleicher_OECD-ISSA webinar_Diversity plus Quality, does it equal Eq...
Andreas Schleicher_OECD-ISSA webinar_Diversity plus Quality, does it equal Eq...Andreas Schleicher_OECD-ISSA webinar_Diversity plus Quality, does it equal Eq...
Andreas Schleicher_OECD-ISSA webinar_Diversity plus Quality, does it equal Eq...
 
Managing Choice, Coherence and Specialisation in Upper Secondary Education - ...
Managing Choice, Coherence and Specialisation in Upper Secondary Education - ...Managing Choice, Coherence and Specialisation in Upper Secondary Education - ...
Managing Choice, Coherence and Specialisation in Upper Secondary Education - ...
 
Andreas Schleicher_ Strengthening Upper Secondary Education in Lithuania
Andreas Schleicher_ Strengthening Upper Secondary  Education in LithuaniaAndreas Schleicher_ Strengthening Upper Secondary  Education in Lithuania
Andreas Schleicher_ Strengthening Upper Secondary Education in Lithuania
 
Andreas Schleicher - 20 Feb 2024 - How pop music, podcasts, and Tik Tok are i...
Andreas Schleicher - 20 Feb 2024 - How pop music, podcasts, and Tik Tok are i...Andreas Schleicher - 20 Feb 2024 - How pop music, podcasts, and Tik Tok are i...
Andreas Schleicher - 20 Feb 2024 - How pop music, podcasts, and Tik Tok are i...
 
Andreas Schleicher - Making learning resilient in a changing climate - 8 Febr...
Andreas Schleicher - Making learning resilient in a changing climate - 8 Febr...Andreas Schleicher - Making learning resilient in a changing climate - 8 Febr...
Andreas Schleicher - Making learning resilient in a changing climate - 8 Febr...
 
Andreas Schleicher - Teach for All 8 February 2024.pptx
Andreas Schleicher - Teach for All 8 February 2024.pptxAndreas Schleicher - Teach for All 8 February 2024.pptx
Andreas Schleicher - Teach for All 8 February 2024.pptx
 
Jordan Hill - Presentation of Engaging with education research- With a little...
Jordan Hill - Presentation of Engaging with education research- With a little...Jordan Hill - Presentation of Engaging with education research- With a little...
Jordan Hill - Presentation of Engaging with education research- With a little...
 
RETHINKING ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL SKILLS by Adriano Linzarini OEC...
RETHINKING ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL SKILLS by Adriano Linzarini OEC...RETHINKING ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL SKILLS by Adriano Linzarini OEC...
RETHINKING ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL SKILLS by Adriano Linzarini OEC...
 
Andreas Schleicher Global Launch of PISA - Presentation - 5 December 2023
Andreas Schleicher Global Launch of PISA - Presentation - 5 December 2023Andreas Schleicher Global Launch of PISA - Presentation - 5 December 2023
Andreas Schleicher Global Launch of PISA - Presentation - 5 December 2023
 
Moving up into upper secondary by Hannah Kitchen - OECD Education Webinar 23N...
Moving up into upper secondary by Hannah Kitchen - OECD Education Webinar 23N...Moving up into upper secondary by Hannah Kitchen - OECD Education Webinar 23N...
Moving up into upper secondary by Hannah Kitchen - OECD Education Webinar 23N...
 
Mathematics in PISA by Andreas Schleicher - 31 October 2023 OECD Webinar.pptx
Mathematics in PISA by Andreas Schleicher - 31 October 2023 OECD Webinar.pptxMathematics in PISA by Andreas Schleicher - 31 October 2023 OECD Webinar.pptx
Mathematics in PISA by Andreas Schleicher - 31 October 2023 OECD Webinar.pptx
 
PISA in Practice - The Power of Data to Improve Education - Andreas Schleiche...
PISA in Practice - The Power of Data to Improve Education - Andreas Schleiche...PISA in Practice - The Power of Data to Improve Education - Andreas Schleiche...
PISA in Practice - The Power of Data to Improve Education - Andreas Schleiche...
 
Ana Carrero -European year of skills – EU update
Ana Carrero -European year of skills – EU updateAna Carrero -European year of skills – EU update
Ana Carrero -European year of skills – EU update
 
Building Future Ready VET systems - EU OECD webinar, 26 October 2023 - Malgor...
Building Future Ready VET systems - EU OECD webinar, 26 October 2023 - Malgor...Building Future Ready VET systems - EU OECD webinar, 26 October 2023 - Malgor...
Building Future Ready VET systems - EU OECD webinar, 26 October 2023 - Malgor...
 
Key indicators on vocational education - Insights from Education at a Glance ...
Key indicators on vocational education - Insights from Education at a Glance ...Key indicators on vocational education - Insights from Education at a Glance ...
Key indicators on vocational education - Insights from Education at a Glance ...
 

Recently uploaded

IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdffIATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
17thcssbs2
 
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyesppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ashishpaul799
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdfDanh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
Danh sách HSG Bộ môn cấp trường - Cấp THPT.pdf
 
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General QuizPragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
Pragya Champions Chalice 2024 Prelims & Finals Q/A set, General Quiz
 
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
 
The Ball Poem- John Berryman_20240518_001617_0000.pptx
The Ball Poem- John Berryman_20240518_001617_0000.pptxThe Ball Poem- John Berryman_20240518_001617_0000.pptx
The Ball Poem- John Berryman_20240518_001617_0000.pptx
 
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
 
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
 
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPointOpen Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
 
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdffIATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
 
Essential Safety precautions during monsoon season
Essential Safety precautions during monsoon seasonEssential Safety precautions during monsoon season
Essential Safety precautions during monsoon season
 
2024_Student Session 2_ Set Plan Preparation.pptx
2024_Student Session 2_ Set Plan Preparation.pptx2024_Student Session 2_ Set Plan Preparation.pptx
2024_Student Session 2_ Set Plan Preparation.pptx
 
Exploring Gemini AI and Integration with MuleSoft | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #45
Exploring Gemini AI and Integration with MuleSoft | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #45Exploring Gemini AI and Integration with MuleSoft | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #45
Exploring Gemini AI and Integration with MuleSoft | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #45
 
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. Henry
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. HenryThe Last Leaf, a short story by O. Henry
The Last Leaf, a short story by O. Henry
 
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
 
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
How to the fix Attribute Error in odoo 17
 
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyesppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
 
Championnat de France de Tennis de table/
Championnat de France de Tennis de table/Championnat de France de Tennis de table/
Championnat de France de Tennis de table/
 
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Operations Management - Book1.p  - Dr. Abdulfatah A. SalemOperations Management - Book1.p  - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
 
Removal Strategy _ FEFO _ Working with Perishable Products in Odoo 17
Removal Strategy _ FEFO _ Working with Perishable Products in Odoo 17Removal Strategy _ FEFO _ Working with Perishable Products in Odoo 17
Removal Strategy _ FEFO _ Working with Perishable Products in Odoo 17
 
factors influencing drug absorption-final-2.pptx
factors influencing drug absorption-final-2.pptxfactors influencing drug absorption-final-2.pptx
factors influencing drug absorption-final-2.pptx
 
Envelope of Discrepancy in Orthodontics: Enhancing Precision in Treatment
 Envelope of Discrepancy in Orthodontics: Enhancing Precision in Treatment Envelope of Discrepancy in Orthodontics: Enhancing Precision in Treatment
Envelope of Discrepancy in Orthodontics: Enhancing Precision in Treatment
 

OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Denmark

  • 1. OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Denmark Claire Shewbridge 3 May 2011, Copenhagen Major points from the OECD review Full report and ‘policy pointers’ available at: www.oecd.org/edu/evaluationpolicy
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.