OECD Bappenas Framework for industry’s net-zero transition: “Developing financing solutions in emerging and developing economies” Indonesia country stakeholder meeting, 6 December 2022, Jakarta, Indonesia

1. FRAMEWORK FOR INDUSTRY’S
NET-ZERO TRANSITION
1
6 December 2022
Deger Saygin
Industry Programme Lead
Joseph Cordonnier
Industry Programme Analyst
Developing financing solutions in emerging and developing
economies

2. • Introduce the OECD “Framework for industry’s net-zero transition”
• Discuss its benefits for Indonesia policy makers, industry actors and financial
institutions in view of their needs and priorities
• Share insights from OECD research on Indonesia industry decarbonisation
• Identify potential Focus Areas where Framework could be implemented
• Discuss stakeholder roles, timeline and work plan for implementation
2
Objectives of the Stakeholder Meeting

3. OECD programme funded by Australia, Canada,
Denmark, Egypt and Germany
Aim: to help accelerate clean energy finance and
investment by strengthening domestic enabling
conditions
Scope: renewable electricity, energy efficiency and
industry decarbonisation
Activities:
3
Overview
CEFIM country partners: Colombia, Egypt,
India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and
Viet Nam

4. Solutions for a net-zero transition requires
understanding of industry / country considerations
Technology
transfer & R&D
Carbon
Markets
Asset
stranding
High costs of
transition &
competitiveness
A flexible approach is
needed to develop
solutions that encompass
many considerations for
emerging and developing
economies
• Improving enabling market
conditions
• Financing

5. Min. of Industry
Min. of Finance
Min. of Energy
Min. of Environment
Min. of Planning
Other government
Financial regulator
…
Motors
Cement
…
MSMEs
Clusters
Iron / steel
…
Heavy
industry
Supply
chains
R&D
Tech.
transfer
Assets
Key stakeholders and Framework’s 3 Pillars
Develop financing
solutions for a
pipeline of bankable
projects
Solutions to improve
the enabling market
conditions
Support international
dialogue by sharing of
best practices
Understanding benefits &
risks of industry’s low-
carbon transition
2. Implementation Outcomes 3. Framework benefits
1. Focus Area
Finance
institutions
Policy
makers
Energy system
and
infrastructures
Regulation, target setting
Implementation, reporting
Industry

6. The Framework is a step-by-step guide
on how to approach industry transition
Deliverables
Activities
Step 1
Stakeholder Engagement
and Focus Area
Step 2
Background Research
Step 3
Business Cases and
Pipeline of Projects
Step 4
Market and Financing
Solutions
Step 5
Disseminate Framework
outcomes
Pillar 1
Focus Area
Pillar 2
Implementation Outcomes
Pillar 3
Framework Benefits
Report:
Country status
and Focus Area
Slide deck:
pathway,
projects,
business cases
Market &
Financing
solutions
Policy
brief(s)
Use cases
Bilateral meetings
Workshops
Desktop Research
Workshops
In-house
analysis
Plenary
session
Workshops
Consultations
Plenary
session
Meetings and
conferences
Website
communication
Envisaged Framework implementation period: around 12 months

7. Pillar Step Item Name Intermediate Final
Pillar
1
Focus
Area
1
1.A
Report: summary of stakeholder
priorities
x
1.B Country kick-off meeting summary x
1.C Governance structure x
2
2.A
Slide deck: Country status and
identification Focus Area
x
2.B Excel dataset x
Pillar
2
Implementation
Outcomes
3 3.A
Slide deck: Focus Area pathways,
projects, business cases
x
4
4.A
Slide deck: Barriers and market &
financing solutions
x
4.B Report: Guide for the next steps x
4.C Report: Policy briefs
x
(as Annexes)
7
Output summary

8. 8
Overview of Pillar 1: Focus Area
Steps 1 and 2
Engage with the OECD CEFIM programme
counterpart
Identify and understand the stakeholder groups’
priorities
Agree on the Focus Area
1.1
1.2
1.3
Set up a Steering Committee and
prepare Terms of Reference and work plan
1.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
Desktop research on current status of
technology, policy and financing
Regulatory, policy, financial and business status
Inform Step 1 to confirm the Focus Area

9. 9
Overview of Pillar 2: Implementation Outcomes
Steps 3 and 4
Pillar 1 Milestones
➢ Stakeholder groups are formed
➢ Focus Area is decided
➢ Governance & Terms of reference are defined
➢ Dataset is built
➢ Priorities, critical issues and barriers to
industry transition and investment decisions
are understood
Evaluate business cases and identify
a pipeline of projects and financing needs
Assess investment needs
Choose a net zero pathway for the Focus Area
Choose a Current Policies scenario as a reference
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.5 Agree on a monitoring and evaluation mechanism
Identify financing gaps in the available financing
instruments
Match low-carbon projects and financing solutions
Establish the financing and market barriers
Develop market
enabling solutions
4.2
Develop financing
solutions

10. 10
Overview of Pillar 2: Implementation Outcomes
Step 3: Business Cases and Pipeline of Projects
Evaluate business cases and identify
a pipeline of projects and financing needs
Assess investment needs
Choose a net zero pathway for the Focus Area
Choose a Current Policies scenario as a reference
3.1
3.2
3.3 3.4
Technology solutions
to close the transition gap:
• Energy efficiency
• Direct use of renewables
• Switching to low-carbon fuels
and feedstocks
• Circular economy
• CCUS
Investment needs for the technology
solutions
Based on quantification of technology
solutions (how many tons of low-carbon
fuels, % of recycling, ...)
2020 2050
2030 2040
Emissions of
Focus Area
[Mt CO2/yr]
Current policies
scenario
Net-zero
transition pathway
Choice of scenario/pathway
based on existing analyses for the
Focus area
Business Cases and pipeline of
projects
Based on a subset of technology
solutions consistent with the net-
zero transition pathway
Selection of relevant technologies
and projects:
• Technical parameters
• Economic parameters (CAPEX,
market prices, …)
• Selection of indicators and
metrics (Internal Rate of Return,
public money spend…)

11. 11
Overview of Pillar 2: Implementation Outcomes
Step 4: Market and financing solutions
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.5
Agree on a monitoring and evaluation
mechanism
Identify financing gaps in the available financing
instruments
Match low-carbon projects and financing
solutions
Establish the financing and market barriers
Develop market enabling solutions
4.2 Develop financing solutions
Analysis of gaps and barriers
Based on extended desktop research and
work with stakeholders, supported by
output of business cases in Step 3
Internal Rate of Return
[ % ]
Low-carbon Conventional
Development of solutions
Based on policy toolboxes and
workshops with stakeholder groups;
covering the capital and the operation
and maintenance costs
Internal Rate of Return
[ % ]
Low-carbon Conventional
Matching of solutions with projects
Based on quantitative KPIs (required
financing, CO2 improvement, ...)
Definition of country-level mechanisms
for monitoring and evaluation
Policy maker Industry
Finance institutions

12. 12
Outputs of the Framework implementation and
dissemination of Framework outcomes (Pillar 3 – Step 5)
Pillar 2 Milestones
➢ Current policies scenario and net-zero
pathway are defined
➢ Investments needs are estimated
➢ Business cases of the low-carbon
technologies/projects are validated with
stakeholder groups
➢ Critical issues and barriers to investments in
low-carbon technologies are identified
➢ Barriers and solutions are matched
➢ Implementation of solutions and
monitoring/evaluation strategy is outlined
5.1 Develop a communication and outreach strategy
Disseminate Framework outcomes in the country
and beyond
5.3
Identify follow-up actions and further collaboration
between OECD and emerging economies
5.2
Final outputs from the Framework implementation
➢ 1.A Short report about the stakeholder priorities
➢ 2.A Country status and identification Focus Area
➢ 3.A Focus Area pathways, projects, business cases
➢ 4.A Barriers and market & financing solutions
➢ 4.B Guide for the next steps
➢ 4.C Policy briefs

13. Contributing to broader energy, climate and financing
policy dialogue and international cooperation
3. Framework
benefits
Framework
for
Industry’s
net-zero
Transition
Country
priorities
Market &
Financing
solutions
Trade
Industry
Value
Chain
Net-Zero
Pathway
Just
Transition
Carbon
markets
Technology &
Digitalisation
Transition
finance
Blended
finance
Emissions
tracking &
ESG
Projects
develop
ment
Standards &
certification
Finance institutions
Industry
Policy makers
CEFIM
coordination
of the
Framework
Stakeholder groups
September 2022:
Framework
launch
2022-2024:
Indonesia
& Thailand
Timeline
Engage new
countries: Egypt,
India, South Africa and
others

14. FRAMEWORK
FOR INDUSTRY’S NET-ZERO
TRANSITION
Background research - Indonesia
14
6 December 2022
Deger Saygin
Industry Programme Lead
Joseph Cordonnier
Industry Programme Analyst

15. • In 2022 the Government of Indonesia pledged to reduce emissions from 2020-2030 by 31.89%
(unconditionally) up to 43.20% (conditionally) against the 2030 business as usual (BAU) scenario.
• 6 strategic steps identified in MEMR's Roadmap for NZE 2060 for the industry sector:
15
Introduction
Nationally Determined Contribution & Net-zero Emission
Fuel switch
Energy
efficiency
Electrification in
industry
Hydrogen Biomass
Carbon Capture
and Storage
(CCS)
• Electricity share
increase from
24% in 2020 to
51% in 2060
• Reduce coal
share from 33%
in 2020 to 7% in
2060
• Reduce natural
gas share from
27% in 2020 to
15% in 2060
• Reduce
specific energy
consumption of
equipment by
50-60% by
2060
• For low
temperature
processes (e.g.,
food &
beverage,
textile,
electronic
devices),
assuming 55%
electrification
in 2060
• Replace fossil
natural gas by
green
hydrogen in
high-
temperature
processes from
2036
• Replace fossil
fuels with
biomass in
high-
temperature
processes,
especially in
the cement
industry
• Use CCS in the
cement and steel
sectors starting
from 2036
• Potential to
reduce 13 million
tons CO2
emissions from
the use of coal
and gas in these
sectors..

16. 16
Introduction
Energy mix outlook for industry in Indonesia
➢ September 2022: Energy Sector Roadmap to
net zero emissions by 2060 in Indonesia by
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
(MEMR) and the International Energy Agency
(IEA)
➢ Based on the IEA’s Announced Pledges
Scenario (APS), with net zero emissions in
Indonesia by 2060
➢ Accelerated scenario: Net Zero Emissions by
2050 (NZE)
➢ Decarbonisation solutions vary for each
industry subsector
Source: IEA, 2022

17. 17
Introduction
Focus Area selection: underlying questions
Role of industry subsectors decarbonisation
to achieve Indonesia’s energy/climate goals?
Which sectors will benefit from the “market”
and “financing” solutions that the OECD
Framework offers?
What is the outlook of industry towards
decarbonization: which subsectors face the
highest urgency and biggest challenges?
What are the strategic industry subsectors
for Indonesia’s economy and society?

18. Breakdown by industry sub-sectors [%] (2016)
18
Contribution to Gross Domestic Product
Manufacturing industry: 20% of Indonesia’s GDP in 2020
Food and beverages,
32.8%
Tobacco products , 5.2%
Textile and apparel,
6.4%
Paper and paper
products, 4.0%
Chemical and pharmacy,
9.9%
Rubber and plastics, 3.5%
Non-metallic
mineral, 3.9%
Basic metal, 4.0%
Fabricated
metal, 10.7%
Transport equipment,
10.5%
Furniture, 1.4%
Wood products, 3.6%
Machinery and
equipment, 1.8%
Source: UNDP, 2018

19. 19
Industrial plants and output overview
Source: UNDP (2018)
Subsector Product Number of companies Production Unit
Cement Cement 13 108 Mt
Fertiliser
Ammonia 13 7 Mt
Urea 13 8.7 Mt
Pulp and Paper
Pulp 8 10 Mt
Paper 62 12 Mt
Iron and Steel Steel 325 8 Mt
Ceramic and Glass
Ceramics
(main product: floor and wall tiles)
93 7.3 Mt
Glass
(main product: flat glass)
39 2.3 Mt
Chemical Various >100
Textile Various
22 yarn
300 spinning
1400 sewing
Food and Beverage
Food 6775
Beverages 1121

20. 100.0%
73.8%
90.4%
78.5%
91.8%
58.2%
99.2%
98.9%
94.8%
96.0%
32.4%
98.6%
81.5%
39.1%
44.1%
96.5%
40.6%
83.9%
51.8%
29.1%
58.2%
19.9%
46.2%
25.9%
19 Products from Coal and Petroleum Refinery
33 Repair and Installation for Machines and Equipment
28 Machines and Equipment That Cannot Be Classified Elsewhere
21 Pharmaceuticals, Chemical Medicinal Products and Traditional Medicines
30 Other Transport Equipment
18 Printing and Reproduction of Recording Media
26 Computers, Electronic and Optical Goods
27 Electrical Equipment
17 Paper and Paper Goods
24 Metal Base
11 Beverage
29 Motorized Vehicles, Trailers and Semi Trailers
20 Chemicals and Articles of Chemicals
31 Furniture
25 Metal Goods, Not Machinery and Equipment
22 Rubber, Rubber and Plastic Products
32 Other Manufacturing
15 Leather and Leather Goods and Footwear
12 Tobacco Processing
23 Non-Metal Excavated Goods
13 Textile
16 Wood, Wood and Cork Products Excluding Furniture and Woven Products…
14 Apparel
10 Food
0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000
Total Workers by subsector in 2020 (2-digit ISIC)
20
Employment structure varies widely according to the
industry subsector considered
Source: BPS, 2022
Ratio of
the workers in large and medium
companies
to the total number of workers
Number of workers
Sectors dominated by large
and medium companies
Large and medium
companies:
annual revenue
above
IDR 2.5 billion
(USD ~155,000)

21. -
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
Chemicals Fuels Mach and
Elec
Metals Minerals Plastic or
Rubber
Stone and
Glass
Textiles
and
Clothing
Food Wood,
Pulp and
Paper
21
Export/Trade: Indonesia had a neutral balance of payments
in 2016-2020, turning positive to USD 34 bln in 2021
Trade flows of the main industrial sectors in Indonesia, in 1000 US Dollars, 2019
Source: Government of Indonesia, 2021
Main contributor to trade balance
Ferro-nickel
and
Stainless steel
Copper ores
and
concentrates
Natural
rubber and
gums
Coal, briquettes,
lignite
Plywood, chemical
wood pulp and
uncoated paper
Palm oil,
coconut, palm
kernel

22. 22
Total final energy consumption of the industry sector
Total final energy consumption of industrial subsectors, in
Mtoe/y, 2000-2019
Caveat: Based on OECD/IEA data, almost half of the energy
consumption of the industry is not allocated to a specific
subsector.
Note: Mtoe = million tonnes of oil equivalent
Source: OECD, 2022
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Non-energy use
Industry not
elsewhere specified
Textile and leather
Wood and wood
products
"Paper, pulp and
printing"
Food and tobacco
Machinery
Transport equipment
Non-metallic
minerals
Non-ferrous metals
Chemical and
petrochemical
Iron and steel
Construction
Mining and
quarrying
Total final consumption [Mtoe/year]
Total final energy consumption of the industry sector by
energy source (left axis, in %) and total in Mtoe/y (labels)
7.9 3.6 3.9 10.6 0.0 0.3 1.5 0.5 29.6 7.8
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Coal Gas Oil Biomass and waste Electricity District heat
Total final energy consumption [Mtoe/year]

23. 23
CO2 emissions of Indonesia
Total CO2 emissions of Indonesia by fuel, in Mt CO2/yr,
2000-2019
Source: IEA, 2022
Total CO2 emissions of Indonesia by sector, in Mt CO2/yr,
2000-2019
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Coal Oil Natural gas
0
200
400
600
800
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Final consumption not elsewhere specified Agriculture
Commercial and public services Residential
Transport Industry
Other energy industries Electricity and heat producers
Industry consumes around 30% of electricity in
Indonesia, thus a large share of the emissions of the
electricity and heat producers are related to industry.

24. 24
CO2 emissions breakdown by industry subsectors
284 Mt CO2e in 2019
Contributions of subsectors of the manufacturing industry to the GHG emissions, 2019
b) Industrial Process and Product Use: 58 Mt CO2-eq/yr
Source: Government of Indonesia, 2021
Iron and
Steel, 18.4%
Chemical,
7.7%
Pulp, Paper,
and Print,
9.5%
Food
Processing,
Beverages,
and Tobacco,
10.4%
Non-
Metallic
Mineral
Industry,
14.9%
Non-specified
Industry,
39.0%
Cement
production,
51.8%
Ammonia
production,
16.7%
Iron & Steel
production,
11.9%
Paraffin
wax use,
6.7%
Others,
12.9%
a) Energy-related emissions: 136 Mt CO2-eq/yr
c) 30% of electricity generation: 90 Mt CO2-eq/yr
e

25. 25
Physical output and production volumes
Cement
Cement capacity and demand volumes, 2010-2025
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Mt/yr
Capacity Demand
Source: Indocement, 2021
Semen
Indonesia +
SBI, 42%
Indocement,
21%
Conch,
10%
Bosowa,
6%
Cemindo
Gemilang,
5%
Others, 3%
Capacity share of cement producers, 2021
Highest capacity in ASEAN

26. 26
Physical output and production volumes
Fertiliser
Source: APPI (from PT Pupuk), 2022
Fertiliser production volumes, in tonnes per year,
2017-2021
Fertiliser consumption volumes, in tonnes per year,
2017-2021
-
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
t/yr
Urea Fosfat/SP-36 ZA/AS NPK
-
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
t/yr
Urea Domestic Fosfat/SP-36 Domestic
ZA/AS Domestic NPK

27. 27
Physical output and production volumes
Pulp and Paper
Chemical wood pulp
Recovered paper
Printing and writing
papers
Case materials
Cartonboard
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
kt/yr
Mechanical and semi-chemical wood pulp Chemical wood pulp Dissolving wood pulp
Pulp from fibres other than wood Recovered paper Newsprint
Printing and writing papers Case materials Cartonboard
Wrapping papers Mechanical and semi-chemical wood pulp
Pulp and paper production volumes (estimated), in kilotonnes per year, 2016-2020

28. 28
Physical output and production volumes
Iron and Steel
Source: SEAISI, 2022
Crude steel capacity, production and consumption
volumes, 2010-2020
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Mt/yr
Long+Flat Steel Capacity Long+Flat Steel Production
Long+Flat Steel Consumption
Steel investments projects in ASEAN
Overcapacity
Highest number of new plants
projects in ASEAN, with numerous
stainless steel investments

29. 29
Physical output and production volumes
Critical minerals
Sources: USGS, 2021; IRENA, 2022; IEA, 2022
Nickel, tin and copper production in Indonesia, 2015 – 2021
Product Main Players
Alumini
um
Bauxite PT Inalum & subsidiaries
Alumina PT Inalum & subsidiaries
Metal PT Inalum & subsidiaries
Copper
Concentrate
PT Amman Mineral Internasional,
PT Freeport
Metal
Mitsubishi Materials Corp, PT
Freeport
Nickel
Various (Ore,
Ferronickel,
Matte)
PT Inalum, Harita Group, Vale, PT
Tsingshan , PT Yiwan Mining
Tin
Ore PT Inalum
Metal PT Inalum, PT Refined Banka Tin
Critical minerals value chain
Source: Government of Canada, 2022
Key actors of the NF & critical minerals industry in Indonesia

30. 30
Scenario analysis
Industry sector energy use and CO2 emissions
➢ CO2 emissions reach a peak around 2030 in a net-zero scenario. The majority of CO2 emissions are energy-related
in the next decades.
➢ As renewable electricity develops in a net-zero scenario, the relative share of industry emissions increases.
CO2 emissions by sector in a net-zero emission pathway
Source: MEMR's Roadmap for NZE 2060 (modeling result)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Electricity Industry Transportation
Buildings Total Energy
Energy-related CO2 emissions breakdown
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Mt CO2-eq /
yr
Waste Industrial Processes and Product Use
Agriculture Energy
Food and Land Use Net emissions

31. Iron and
steel
Chemical
and
petrochemi
cal
Non-ferrous
metals
Non-
metallic
minerals
Food and
tobacco
Paper, pulp
and printing
Textile and
leather
-5
0
31
Strategic matrices of sectors
Strategic matrix – Economic and social criteria
Bubble size:
% of fossil fuels
in subsector
energy
consumption
Iron and steel
Chemical and
petrochemica
l
Non-ferrous
metals
Non-metallic
minerals
Food and
tobacco
Paper, pulp
and printing
Wood and
wood
products
Textile and
leather
2
20
30000 600000
Strategic matrix – Environment criteria
GDP
Contribution
(%
of
GDP)
Number of employees High
Low
Low
High
Bubble size
Trade balance
(USD)
Blue: Positive
Orange: Negative
High
Low
Low
High
Energy use
(Mtoe)
GHG
emissions
(Mt
CO
2
)
Caveat: all bubbles have the same size, because in the OECD/IEA
data, the share of fossil fuels is 100% for every industry sector

32. 32
Discussion for Focus Area selection
• Which subsectors combine a strategic importance for Indonesia’s economic and
social indicators and are large emitters of CO2?
• Which subsectors will need to transform their industrial processes to achieve the
country’s objective of net-zero emissions?
• Which technology or fuel switch could have the highest impact to reduce CO2
emissions?
• Which sectors, technology and low-carbon fuels face barriers to finance investments
in projects consistent with a net-zero pathway?

33. SESSION 1: GOVERNMENT
PERSPECTIVE ON INDUSTRY
33
6 December 2022

34. 34
Discussion points
• What are the current industry sector- and technology-specific decarbonisation
targets and plans? Have progress towards realising them been observed, and how
are they monitored?
• What are the key regulatory, legal, and financing instruments available for
decarbonising industry? What are the challenges and success stories in their
implementation?
• Are there any available financial regulations and targets for the financing institutions
related to industry decarbonisation? How are they being implemented?
• What are the key priority sectors from the perspective of Indonesia’s net-zero
transition target?

35. SESSION 2: INDUSTRY
SECTOR PERSPECTIVE AND
DEVELOPMENTS ON
INDUSTRY
DECARBONISATION
35
6 December 2022

36. 36
Discussion points
• Are there sector and company level plans, roadmaps, targets for decarbonisation
and what are their characteristics? What is the progress of different industry sub-
sectors and companies towards decarbonisation?
• What are the key opportunities and challenges seen by industry actors for
decarbonisation? What are the success stories and bottlenecks in investing in low-
carbon technologies in the industry sector?
• What are the main issues and the needs of the industry actors for decarbonisation?

37. SESSION 3: FINANCING
INSTITUTIONS PERSPECTIVE
AND DEVELOPMENT ON
INDUSTRY
DECARBONISATION
37
6 December 2022

38. 38
Discussion points
• What is the current financing situation of low-carbon investments in the
manufacturing industry?
• Which type of low-carbon projects majority of the financing goes to? What are the
financing conditions for different types of low-carbon investments? What is the share
of international and domestic sources of finance?
• Are there specific financing instruments, products offered by commercial banks for
low-carbon investments in industry?
• What are the main success stories, bottlenecks and risks in financing low-carbon
projects in the industry sector?

39. 39
Please visit our webpage:
www.oecd.org/cefim/
For more information, please contact:
Deger Saygin
Deger.SAYGIN@oecd.org
Joseph Cordonnier
Joseph.CORDONNIER@oecd.org