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Semantic Web & Linked Data
          WS 11/12
Agenda


• Zusammenfassung vom letzten Mal
• Ontologien
• Owl
• Reasoning
Zusammenfassung
RDF & RDFS

• Rdf als Resourcenorientierte Sprache
• Triple statt Tabellen
• Subjekt(Ressource) Prädikat(Resource)
  Objekt (Resource oder Datenwert)

• Rdfs für Typhierachien
RDF & RDFS


• rdf:type             • rdfs:label
• rdfs:subClassOf      • rdfs:comment
• rdfs:subPropertyOf   • rdfs:domain
                       • rdfs:range
Ontologien
Ontologien


• ontos (Sein) logos (Lehre)
• stellt in der Metaphysik ein System
  zur Klassifikation aller Dinge her,
  über die Aussagen getroffen werden
  können
Ontologien in der Informatik



• An ontology is a
  formal, explicit specification of a
  shared conceptualization

• Tom Gruber
Ontologien in der Informatik


Eine Ontologie beinhaltet:
• Ein Vokabular von Begriffen
• Eine Spezifikation ihrer Bedeutung
• Angaben zu Beziehungen
Beispiele für Ontologien



• DomänenOntologien(MiWiki)
• MetaOntologien(DublinCore)
• Generische Ontologien(WordNet)
Beispiele für Ontologien



• Häufigste Form: Taxonomien
• z.B in der Biologie
   • Tiersystem
Beispiele für Ontologien

Nicht immer eindeutig (z.B. durch Kultur):

•   dem Kaiser gehörige
•   einbalsamierte
•   Milchschweine
•   Fabeltiere
•   streunende Hunde
•   die sich wie toll gebärden
•   mit feinstem Kamelhaarpinsel gezeichnete
Weitere bekannte Formen

• Thesauri:
 • Beziehungen zwischen Begriffen
 • z.B. Wordnet
• Vokabulare:
 • Foaf, DublinCore,...
OWL
Owl

• Web Ontology Language
• Erweiterung/Ergänzungen von
 Rdfs
• W3C Recommendation seid 2004
• OWL2 seit 2009
Owl Sprachmittel
• Disjunktivität von Klassen: Student und
  Professor

• Gleichheit von Klassen: Fach und Veranstaltung
• Inverse Eigenschaften: unterrichtet &
  wirdUnterrichtetVon

• Verschiedenheit von Instanzen: PersonA !=
  PersonB

• Klassenbeschreibungen: Student = Person die
  mittels der Eigenschaft studiert mit einer
  Instanz der Klasse Studiengang verbunden ist
Rolleneinschränkungen

• Allquantor
• Alle Objekte der Eigenschaft müssen von
  einem spezifischen Typ sein

• Beispiel: Alle Prüfer einer Prüfung müssen
  Professoren sein

• <owl:AllValuesFrom>
Rolleneinschränkungen

• Existenzquantor
• Mindestens ein Objekt der Eigenschaft muss
  existieren und von einem spezifischen Typ
  sein

• Beispiel: Eine Prüfung muss mindestens
  einen Prüfer haben

• <owl:SomeValueFrom>
Rolleneinschränkungen

• Kardinalitäten
• Die Anzahl der Verbindungen einer
  Eigenschaft wird beschränkt

• Beispiel: Eine Prüfung hat höchstens 2
  Prüfer

• <owl:maxCardinality>
Rolleneinschränkungen

• Werterestriktionen
• Eine spezifische Instanz wird an eine
  Eigenschaft gebunden

• Beispiel: Klasse Erstsemester -
  studiertInSemester: 1

• <owl:hasValue>
Weitere Eigenschaften


• Transivität: r(a,b) & r(b,c) => r(a,c)
• Symmetrie: r(a,b) => r(b,a)
• Funktionalität r(a,b) & r(a,c) => b=c
Owl „Dialekte“


• Owl EL
• Owl QL
• Owl RL
Owl EL

• Nicht erlaubt:
  • Kardinalitäten, Allquantor,
    Disjunktion, Komplement Inverse
• Vorteile:
  • Polynominelle Komplexität
  • Einfache Implementierung
Owl QL

• Nicht erlaubt:
  • Kardinalitäten, Allquantor,
    Disjunktion
• Vorteile:
  • Sub-Polynominelle Komplexität
  • Einfache Implementierung
Owl RL

• Nicht erlaubt:
  • negierte Fakten, Reflexivität
• Vorteile:
  • Polynominelle Komplexität
  • Verwandt mit Regelsprachen
Owl Lite


• Owl DL Bedingungen
• Zahlenrestriktionen nur 0 | 1
• nicht erlaubt: complementOf,
  hasValue, oneOf, unionOf
Pause?!
Reasoning
Reasoning


• Erschließen von implizitem Wissen
• 2 Möglichkeiten
 • Klassenzugehörigkeiten
 • Wertevergaben
Hands On
?
Fragen
Wie machen wir weiter?
Nächste Veranstaltung
Nächste Veranstaltung



• Dienstag 14.11. Uhrzeit?
Nächste Veranstaltung



• Dienstag 14.11. Uhrzeit?
• Themen: Tools und Abfragen
Kontakt
Kontakt


• Mail: stephan@railslove.com
Kontakt


• Mail: stephan@railslove.com
• Skype: stephanpavlovic
Kontakt


• Mail: stephan@railslove.com
• Skype: stephanpavlovic
• Twitter: @stephanpavlovic

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Ontologien und Owl

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