2. Content Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
Advisor:
Director General for Urban and
Your Voice 2 Rural Development, Ministry of Settlement
and Regional Infrastructure
From the Editor 3
Director of Human Settlement and Housing,
National Development Planning Agency
Main Report
Republic of Indonesia
Director of Water and Sanitation,
CWSH 6 Ministry of Health
Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,
ProAir 7 Ministry of Settlement and Regional
Infrastructure
SANIMAS 8 Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate
Technology, Director General on Village and
WSLIC-2 10 Community Empowerment,
Ministry of Home Affairs
Perspective Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management,
Ministry of Home Affairs
Empowerment without compelling 11
Chief Editor:
Handwashing 13 Oswar Mungkasa
Reflection Board of Editor:
Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Budi Susilo,
MCK Jempiring not MCK Moerdiono 15 Poedjastanto
Lesson learned (best practises) Editor:
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda
Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto
Local 17
Design:
International 19 Rudi Kosasih
Miscellaneous Production:
Machrudin
Technology choice 21
Distribution:
Book Info 23 Anggie Rifki
Website Info 24 Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Phone: 62-21-31904113
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com
redaksi@ampl.or.id
Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome.
Please send to our address or e-mail.
Don't forget to be brief and accompanied
by identity.

3. Y OUR VOICE
Comment and Suggestion density of the area, and the economic of scale of investment.
Second, it is not quite appropriate to state a discrimination
Congratulations for the publication of Percik (meaning of clean water services between rural and urban areas. The
sprinkle, splash) an information media on water supply and demand of rural and urban population are naturally different
environmental sanitation. But for the sake of improvement I because their activities are also different. Drinking water
would like to convey to you the following suggestions: requirement is about the same for everyone (and is
1. As soon as possible Percik should be registered and expressed in litre/person/day not litre per second because
obtain an ISSN (International Standard Serial Number). litre per sec denotes the capacity of an investment plant).
This can be obtained at PDII-LIPI (Indonesian Institute of There must be a distinction between drinking water and
Science) clean water.
2. Table of contents should be attached with: 2. I would suggest that the follow-up in policy formula-
a. Purpose of publication tion for water supply and sanitation also involve the academ-
b. Target readers ic circle and the professional association related to water
c. How to obtain supply and environmental sanitation, e.g. IATPI (Ikatan Ahli
d. Source of funding Penyehatan Lingkungan).
With regard to good governance, especially in relation to 3. Pursuant to the ethic in writing for media publication,
transparency, participatory and accountability all the above it would be advisable to also note whether the statement rep-
are important. resents solely that of the author or the institution to which
3. It is advisable to add an interactive column to the author belongs.
enable the readers interact with the editor or among them- Dr. Rr. Peni Kusumastuti Lukito
selves. Director of Urban and Rural Affairs, Bappenas
Thank you.
Dr. Sudjana Royat Response
Director of Spatial Planning and Land Affairs, Bappenas 1. It should be made clear that what is being formulated
is the National Policy for Development of Water Supply and
Thank you very much for the suggestions. We will act Environmental Sanitation. While environmental sanitation
immediately on the ISSN matter. includes basic sanitation, solid waste, waste water and
The purpose of publication and target readers we have drainage system.
noted it in the column From the Editor as a means of inter- a. With regard the management we are of the same opini-
action at least among government agencies, universities, on that the format (institutionally-based, community-based,
private sector, donor countries/organizations, and the com- a combination of both) is not determined simply by the type
munity. In the initial stage we distributed it to the stake- of area but rather by other factors such as source of water
holders we considered interested in water supply and envi- and economic of scale of the investment.
ronmental sanitation. Of course we are pleased to send b. The statistical computation for per capita water
Percik in hard copy or e-mail to others who are interested. requirement (including drinking water which is 4% of the
Later on Percik could also be accessed through a website total water requirement) is important because this figure is
which will be ready in the near future. Percik is funded by used as basis for calculating the amount of investment for
the government and is managed by Water Supply and clean water supply. The government is, of course, trying to
Environmental Sanitation Working Group. avoid over estimation in the provision but at the same time
Beginning from edition II a new column is added and is also trying to keep the supply within the real demand level.
called Suara Anda (Your Voice) that we think is an interac- 2. The formulation of The National Policy for Deve-
tive column. Other than that, we are also welcome to con- lopment of Community-Based Water Supply and
tribution from outside to enrich Percik. (Editor) Environmental Sanitation was compiled with involvement of
all the stakeholders (at the national as well as regional lev-
Clarification on the contents els), NGO's, donor agencies, professional organizations, aca-
of interview demicians, and on-going projects in Indonesia. However,
any suggestion and input for improvement from anyone is
1. With regard to the contents in the Interview, there are always welcome.
several points that need straightening out because they Basah Hernowo
relate to technical matters understanding of the sector. Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas
First, the institutionally based or community based manage-
ment formats for clean water and sanitation in urban and in In conformance with the column, Interview, we consider
rural areas are not happening by chance as is expressed in that what is presented in the column represents the opinion
the interview. Technically the management formats in of the Director of Human Settlement & Housing, Bappenas.
urban and in rural areas depend on the characteristics differ- As for the measurement unit, it is entirely the Editor's cleri-
ences of water origin, the technology being used, population cal error. We apologyze for the inconvenience. (Editor)
2 Percik
October 2003

4. F ROM EDITOR
T
oday must be better than Unlike the earlier edition, this But the construction was not fully
yesterday. Taking this spirit time Percik brings forward a column attended and finally broke down.
as point of departure we are called Wawasan (Perspective) to This new MCK was built by the com-
presenting to you Percik edi- replace Opini (Opinion). The con- munity based on an awareness to live
tion number 2. Some improvement tents of this column does not relate a better life and hygienically.
has been made among others in only to opinion or judgement but For the purpose of experience
response to the input and suggestion also to new and interesting ideas. sharing, domestic as well as interna-
from the readers. First, additional Under this new name we expect tional, we are also bringing forward
number of pages are made to allow more contributors would send us Lessons Learned. In this column les-
more information. Second, addition- their interesting articles. In this edi- sons learned from domestic are
al columns such as Your Voice, tion Wawasan (insight) presents to extracted from evaluation of WSS
Lesson Learned, and Technology you the MPA (Methodology for projects in Indonesia. Whereas les-
Choice. Improvement will, of course Participatory Assessments), consist- sons from overseas are extracted
be made continuously. ing of methods for community from international reports.
Continuing the focus placed from empowerment and is applicability for We are trying our best to make
the initial edition in this second edi- WSS system development. this media gain a widespread distri-
tion we introduce several WSS proj- No less interesting is that bution. Internet becomes one of the
ects that have adopted the principles Wawasan also brings forward to you means we are using. For this pur-
contained in the national policy on a topic about Handwashing. To us it pose, starting from this edition we
community based water supply and may seem too trivial, but based on a are also sending Percik through e-
environmental sanitation. The pro- study it is proven that hand washing mail. This media will also be pre-
jects are Water Supply for Low is highly significant influential to di- sented in full in a newly launched
Income Communities-2 (WSLIC-2), sease contamination through contact Water Supply and Environmental
Rural and Water Supply in Nusa with hand. sanitation website www.ampl.or.id.
Tenggara Timur (ProAir), Sanitasi In the column Cermin Apart from all of the above effort
oleh Masyarakat (SANIMAS), and (Reflection) we present to you the everything will return to you. Input,
Community Water Service and initiative made by the community of comment, suggestion, and even con-
Health (CWSH). We hope this pre- Gang Jempiring, Bali in building an tribution article become a certainty
sentation could provide the readers MCK (public toilet). A few years ago for the life of this media. Finally, we
with a clearer picture on the imple- this community had had an MCK wish you all the best and thank you.
mentation of the national policy. built for them by the government.
Photos Gallery
Source: Ministry of Helath
3 Percik
October 2003

5. MAIN REPORT
National Policy Implementation
on Community-Based Water Supply
and Environmental Sanitation
Development
T
he national policy for the develop-
ment of community-based water
supply and environmental sanita-
tion is intended to enhance the develop-
ment, provisioning, maintenance of sus-
tainable and reliable infrastructures and
facilities. It took 5 years for the whole
policy formulation process to complete
and it culminated at the point when 5
echelon I officials representing 5 cross-
sectoral agencies Bappenas, Ministry of
Home Affairs, Ministry of Finance,
Ministry of Health and Ministry of
Settlement & Regional Infrastructure
put their signature of agreement on the
document. It is planned this document
will be made official and effective nation-
wide through a ministerial decision by
the State Ministry of National
Development/Chairman of Bappenas.
There are 8 guiding principles that
make up the policy, those are water as an
economic and public good; informed
choice as the basis of demand-responsive
approach; environmental-friendly deve- sanitation projects. The result is, though others.
lopment; hygiene education; poverty the agreement was just officiated recent- Soegeng Santoso, project leader of
focus; women's role in decision-making; ly, but in reality the principles have been ProAir, said that the national policy is
accountability of the planning process; long before adopted by the on-going WSS quite appropriate. "What we are doing is
government's role as facilitator for empo- development projects, such as Water exactly the same with WASPOLA's sug-
werment; active community participa- Supply for Low Income Community-2 gestions, therefore we are just dissemi-
tion; optimal and target-oriented service; (WSLIC-2), Rural and Water Supply in nating the policy." According to Soe-
improved monitoring and evaluation pro- Nusa Tenggara Timur (ProAir), Sanitasi geng, the key to success of a WSS project
gram. oleh Masyarakat (SANIMAS), and several is in the hands of the community, not the
As a policy the details contained others. The latest project to adopt the government. Therefore the community
therein are not extracted only from in- principles is Community Water Services must be given a leading role in making
house deliberations and discussions. The and Health (CWSH) which is currently in decision. "It is not a time for full govern-
policy has gone through a long process of preparatory stage. ment intervention, now it is demand
field trials directly and indirectly. This It becomes interesting to note what driven, not supply driven," he added.
process was made possible because of and how a specific project is doing Similar statement was made by
synergy among policy formulation and including comments from the project Hartoyo, CWSH project leader.
policy implementation field teams management. In the implementation of According to him, the community plays
through the on-going water supply and the principles, one project, of course, met the role of agent of change. "When the
with a different experience from the community is capable of planning and
4 Percik
October 2003

6. M AIN REPORT
be done wisely and carefully. Experience
in the field indicates that community is
too self reliant that they would disagree
with a scientific argumentation provided
for by consultant. "But, never mind.
This is a process," he further says.
Apart from synchronization of nation-
al policy on water supply and environ-
mental sanitation and other projects in
the field, there are still other barriers to
be dealt with in the future. Project-mind-
edness seems still prevails within the pol-
icy makers. "Often we are faced with
conflicting situation: achieving a target or
maintaining the process,' Zainal conclud-
ed. As an example he cited that at the
initial stage WSLIC-2 project which is
funded by the World Bank and the
Australian government moved very slow-
ly, therefore fund absorption was also
very slow. It started to gain speed in the
second to third year implementation.
This situation cannot be separated from
Source: OM
the limited knowledge of the personnel to
implementing a development by them- absorb the methods to be applied in the
selves, this means the community is suc- project. So, in the beginning the priority
cessful," he says. The government should Each sector must have was placed in human resources develop-
only play the role of facilitator and moti- ment of the project related personnel.
vator. It is the community who do all the the same acceleration. Besides, WSLIC-2 requires that fund is to
planning and implementation of the pro- From experience, the be channeled directly to the community
ject. This process will guarantee the sus- is in disagreement with the existing regu-
tainability of the project result. community usually moves lation.
Why the community? According to
Hartoyo, they have many problems. Of faster than the others. This condition is made worse with the
newly issued Keppres 42 which requires
course, it is the community itself who The sectors must be able that project be audited each fiscal year.
knows what the problems are and knows "There is a possibility that with the
exactly the priority for solution. to catch up in order to issuance of the Keppres that project
"Government assistance would be needed
once in a while, but that is not the main
reach synergy. mindedness will recover", he further says.
He suggests that an empowerment pro-
issue. Government subsidy is only a ject must be funded based on multiyear
stimulant," he added. community capacity. They thought that
budget system.
Alfred Lambertus, Rural Water community is incapable and devoid of
Empowerment is multi-sectoral.
Supply and Sanitation Specialist, who initiative. "Whereas the community will-
Each sector must have the same accelera-
handles the SANIMAS project points out ingness to assume responsibility is very
tion. From experience, the community
that demand responsive approach is very big. Even the poor class. Provided this
usually moves faster than the others. The
important to a project if we want the relates to their demand, they are willing
sectors must be able to catch up in order
project to sustain. The policy that is for- to contribute," Alfred further explains.
to reach synergy.
mulated through WASPOLA, according However, according to WSLIC-2 pro-
The abovementioned projects are in
to him, is being put to trials in the field ject leader, Zainal I. Nampira, the com-
the process of proving whether the
and this process will last for a consider- munity must be made well prepared.
national policy is the right policy for WSS
able length of time. "From this imple- Beside physical construction, the commu-
development. There are some barriers
mentation it can be seen how a regional nity must be able to manage its financial
being identified, and it seems that the
is required to be responsive to the affairs in order to be accountable in
implementation will need more time.
demand of its community, he continues. accordance with accounting principles.
What and how are the projects look like,
According to him, there was a com- "This is a learning process," he stresses.
the following main report will discuss
mon mistake in the past when the deci- Relinquishment of responsibility to
each one of them in general.
sion makers used to underestimate the the community, according to Zainal, must
5 Percik
October 2003

7. MAIN REPORT
Community Water Services and Health
(CWSH)
P
ursuant to Memorandum of through institutionalization of demand cially announced. Twelve provinces were
Understanding (MOU) between responsive and household based system invited for that occasion, consisting of W.
the Government of Indonesia and and program focused at low income com- Kalimantan, S. Kalimantan, C. Kalimantan,
Asian Development Bank (ADB) it is munities in partnership with civilian Papua, Lampung, Jambi, Banten,
agreed that ADB will provide support to community and private sector. Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Riau, S. Sulawesi, and
Indonesian efforts to reduce a number of SE. Sulawesi. A national seminar was held
problems and limitations related to water Output on 2 July 2003 inviting participants from
supply and environmental sanitation, The expected output of the project the 12 provinces. Each province was to be
both in urban and rural areas. In this are: represented by the members from Bappeda
connection the Country Program Mission a. A capable regional government to and Dinas Kesehatan. Representatives from
(CPM) ADB 2002 it was made certain facilitate planning and implementation Papua failed to attend.
that Community Water Services and (including managerial aspect) of a On 22 July 2003 a coordination
Health Project (CWSHP) is included in community-based project that is also meeting was held at Bappenas and was
the Country Strategy and Program (CSP) capable in providing family-based attended by WSS Technical Team and
2003-2005 for Indonesia. ADB approves health services especially in water the PPTA Team. It was concluded that
CWSH as a project loan effective from borne diseases. there would be provincial level seminars
year 2004. b. Strengthened community and families to be held at W. Kalimantan, C.
At this time the CWSH project is still in such a way that they are capable to Kalimantan and Jambi. The Technical
in preparatory stage. One of the main plan, advocate, manage the O&M of Team made a special effort to talk with
activities during this stage is Project WSS service and also improved health Province Papua for participation in
Preparation Technical Assistance and hygienic behaviour. CWSH project, considering Papua was
(PPTA). In general, the purpose of c. Development of sufficient, acceptable prioritized in the second place. This was
PPTA is to help Indonesian government and sustainable WSS system and other done until the second week of August
to identify and prepare a project propos- health service facilities especially in 2003. Finally the Technical Team had to
al which is expected to start implementa- water borne diseases. decide to give Papua's place to Bengkulu
tion in year 2004. The output from d. An efficient project implementation as the fourth province to participate in
PPTA will be used by ADB and and coordination system including this project.
Indonesian Government to process and project monitoring and evaluation. Provincial level seminars were already
formulate the required investment for conducted at Palangkaraya, Jambi, Ponti-
the related WSS development. Preparatory Activity: anak and Bengkulu. In this provincial semi-
The PPTA team started its activity on National Workshop on Community nars 3 kabupatens were selected as project
16 July 2003 and will be completed in Water Services and Health (CWSH) at sites in each participating province.
May 2004 (10 months). This team is Bekasi on 2 July 2003 In the Tripartite Meeting held in 2
preparing the kabupaten level SPAR (Sub September 2003 it was agreed to add more
Project Appraisal Report) from the Site Selection Criteria participating kabupatens to a total of 19
selected provinces. The Central Level Technical Team for from the presently selected provinces.
Water Supply and Sanitation represented
Purposes and Output by cross-sectoral agencies have deve- Concluding Remark
loped a criteria for selection candidate CWSH is the first project in 2003 which is
General provinces with marked achievement in designed in pursuant to the new procedure as
Improving quality of life and status of Human Development Index (HDI), set forth in Decision of Ministry of Finance
health of low income communities living Gender-Related Development Index No. 35/KMK.07/2003 on Planning, Imple-
in the rural areas and the fringes of big (GDI), Human Poverty Index (HPI), co- mentation/Organization, and Monitoring of
towns/cities through improvement in verage in WSS service, diarrhoea inci- an Extension of Government Loan to Regi-
water related hygiene behaviour of the dence, and status of the existing WSS onal Level Government. According to the
households through improved access to projects and consideration on the linkage KMK 35 the regional government is obliged to
water supply and sanitation system. with other ADB projects, such as FHN, share the obligation with the central govern-
DHS and RWSS. ment in the loan repayment, therefore the
Specific possibility for changing the participating pro-
A capable regional government to Preparatory Activity vince may happen in accordance with the wil-
improve water supply and health service On 23 June 2003 the project was offi- lingness to share the repayment obligation.
6 Percik
October 2003

8. M AIN REPORT
Program Air dan Sanitasi Perdesaan
Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (ProAir)
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Program in Nusa Tenggara Timur
N
usa Tenggara Timur (NTT) pro- Purpose Coordination Team (TKK) that produced
vince is located in a low rainfall a. General many applications from the community.
region, thus water scarcity becomes To provide contribution in minimiz- Phase 2, all the applications were select-
a common phenomenon. Beside the natural ing the risk to health of rural community ed and assessed according their feasibili-
condition, most of the population is insuffi- caused by water borne diseases through ty by the Project Implementation Unit
ciently knowledgeable about hygienic mat- improvement of drinking water supply (PIU). Phase 3 represents implementa-
ters and they are still living in less hygienic and environmental sanitation in the tion plan which involves the community
environment. This makes the people of province of NTT. group in executing the actual construc-
NTT vulnerable to water borne diseases. tion through participatory activity apply-
Aware of this condition in 1998 the b. Specific ing MPA-PHAST methodology with faci-
government of Indonesia and the Federal Rural community that is capable of litation from a motivator.
Rep. of Germany concluded an agree- running the management of a sustainable
ment for a development undertaking in water supply and environmental sanita- Constraints
the field of water supply and environ- tion system on their own and a regional There are several constraints crop-
mental sanitation in NTT province. government that is capable of adopting ping up while implementation is on-
As a follow-up to the agreement, a this methodology. going, the constraints may come in physi-
meeting between the German Bank for cal or non-physical nature:
Reconstruction (KfW) and the regional Location
and central level agencies related to the ProAir operates in the rural areas of Physical
sector was held in 2001. It was conclud- Kabupatens Sumba Timur, Sumba Barat Geographical condition
ed that the German Ministry for and Timor Tengah Selatan of the The settlements are scattered so that
Economic Cooperation (BMZ), KfW and province of NTT. it is difficult to choose the most suitable
Deutsche Gesselschaft fuer Technische technology for a specific condition
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) will coordinate a Program Implementation
technical assistance and financial assis- Unlike in the past the present Non-physical
tance for the program. The kabupatens approach is not based on standard nor- Lack of knowledge in the part of the
to participate in the program are Sumba mative defined by the government (sup- local implementation personnel about
Timur, Sumba Barat, and Timor Tengah ply driven), therefore the present pro- demand driven approach that makes
Selatan. On 12 December 2001 Grant gram is implemented based on the real community motivation process moves
Agreement "Rural Water Supply and demand of the community (demand driv- only very slowly.
Sanitation" was concluded. KfW is to en). There are several phases to be com- Fund channeling mechanism is not fully
make available 15,6 million DM for pleted in ProAir implementation, begin- understood, this causes delays in request for
investment (construction, procurement ning from socialization and dissemina- fund and its subsequent processing.
of materials and services) and for con- tion phase, followed by planning, after
sultant costs. As a counterpart, each of that technical design and contracting, Plan for the future
the kabupatens will set aside an invest- then construction phase and finally post In order to overcome the constraints,
ment fund in their budget (DIPDA) construction activity. it is planned for the future:
amounting to 10% of the total grant fund The implementation itself is conduct- a. A continuous HRD program inclu-
provided for by KfW and other non ed gradually beginning from Kabupaten ding re-socialization of ProAir program
investment funds in conformance with Sumba Timur. In this kabupaten imple- through advocacy to the regional govern-
the need of each of the kabupatens. This mentation has reached phase 3. Phase 1, ment and legislative (DPRD).
program is given a specific name. ProAir, the socialization and dissemination was b. Keep on trying to find the best
to distinguish it from other projects in conducted through a public campaign choice of technology for application in
other locations. activity by ProAir Kabupaten NTT.
7 Percik
October 2003

9. M AIN FEATURE
SANIMAS
An Initiative in Community Based
Sanitation Management
By: A. Lambertus, WSP-EAP
What is SANIMAS? available, SANIMAS intends to introduce SANIMAS could only provide facilitation
SANIMAS is an initiative designed to another option, i.e. community-based for a maximum of 8 towns. The agreed
promote community-based sanitation wastewater disposal system. It is expect- requirements for participation are as the
(CBS) system as an alternative choice for ed this effort would become acceptable to following:
the poor community. the regional government for adoption Willing to set aside a counterpart
into its sanitation development strategy. budget;
Background Decide the responsible sector to coordi-
Improper sanitation condition in the nate the activity;
areas where most of the urban poor live
is economically detrimental and tends to
One principle is choice Select and employ two local facilitators.
degenerate quality of life, especially of of technology which
women and children. In the worst condi- Those towns interested are required
tion it may lead to relapsing of abdomi-
is to be made by to send application letter with attach-
nal infectious diseases that the number of the community. ment of the agreed requirements stated
typhoid incidence in Indonesia is the above. There were 12 applicant towns
highest in East Asia. This causes a finan-
SANIMAS would assume indicating willingness: Bangli, Gianyar
cial loss amounting to approximately the role of introducing and Denpasar of Bali, Pamekasan,
Rp47 trillion (4,4% of 1997 GDP) to the Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, Pasuruan, Probo-
economy or equals to Rp120.000 per the technology options linggo, Blitar, Kediri, Batu and Malang of
household per month. including the strength E. Java. Further selection indicated that
Improper sanitation condition of the Probolinggo, Malang, Batu, Gianyar did
urban poor is closely related to the exist- and weakness not meet the required score. An MOU
ing wastewater disposal system. In of each. with the remaining 8 towns was prepared,
broad line, sanitation facilities in urban but Bangli finally withdrew because DPRD
areas can be categorized as the following: did not give approval for the counterpart
budget.
Sewerage system built in several big Demand Responsive Approach In selection of community partici-
towns with a very limited coverage. (DRA) pants the Demand Responsive Approach
On site disposal system, generally con- At this time SANIMAS is being tried was also applied. During the process 10
sists of toilet with or without a septic in 7 towns, Blitar, Pasuruan, Kediri, communities compete among themselves
tank. This is the most common type. Mojokerto, Sidoarjo and Pamekasan in to win SANIMAS facilitation. Beside
Direct disposal into a river or open East Java and Denpasar in Bali. demand responsive approach there are
space. Selection of the sites took a long process. two other important principles applied
First, a dissemination process about by SANIMAS. One principle is choice of
Purpose SANIMAS to the communities in 21 technology which is to be made by the
With regard to the limited option for towns with population density above 700 community. SANIMAS would assume
wastewater disposal system currently persons per ha of East Java (15) and Bali the role of introducing the technology
(6). Followed with an information semi- options including the strength and weak-
nar to discuss SANIMAS idea in more ness of each. The other principle is, the
Percentage of Urban Wastewater
ercentage of Urban Wastewater Disposal Fac detail. Interested towns are invited to community assumes the responsibility
Disposal Fasilities in Indonesia
in Indonesia participate with a requirement that all for technical construction and the mana-
Type of Facility % the involved agencies must attend and gement of funds coming from own
Septic tank 63,07 they must pay their own travel expenses. sources, the government, SANIMAS, an
Apparently, all the towns sent their rep- NGO (BORDA) in some cases.
Fish pond/rice field 3,28
resentatives and they participated active-
River/lake 16,70
ly in the seminar. Toward the end of the SANIMAS Implementation phasing
Pit well 14,44 seminar it was announced that this exer- There are 3 components involved in
Sea coast/open area 1,28 cise was also intended to select the towns the implementation. First, CBS
Others 1,23 capable of implementing the program. Capacity Building. The purpose is to
Source: BPS, 2002
Source: BPS, 2002
8 Percik
October 2003

10. M AIN FEATURE
define project rules, sanitation technolo-
gy options development, and construc-
tion of implementation tools to be tested
and demonstrated. The output of the
first component consists of:
Compilation, analysis, and synthe-
sis of lessons learned from
Indonesia and abroad;
Rules and feasibility requirements
for participation in SANIMAS pro-
gram;
Variety of technology options for
CBS system;
Training module for facilitation
institution and local government.
Second, Promotion and Demon-
stration of CBS System. The purpose
is to improve the knowledge, skill and
awareness in CBS as an appropriate sani-
tation option to be applied in the section Source: OM
of a town where the poor live. One of the
outputs of this component is an estab-
lished CBS system that represents the
choice of the whole user community. There are two choices that are generally selected
The whole is underscored because if
there is only one family disagrees against from by the user community. Basically the community
this may lead to cancellation of the pro- would take a sanitation system that makes them
ject, in spite of all other processes have
been completed in agreement with all the feel secure and at the same time also prestigious.
community members. For this purpose the community expects to have
There are two choices that are gene-
rally selected from by the user communi- a system with home connection, but local condition
ty. Basically the community would take a may cause something different.
sanitation system that makes them feel
secure and at the same time also presti-
gious. For this purpose the community
expects to have a system with home con-
nection, but local condition may cause There are four funding sources for Pengkajian Kemasyarakatan &
something different. the construction: community contribu- Pembangunan (LPKP) covering activities
A location with the following charac- tion (cash and materials), local govern- in Pasuruan, Blitar, and Kediri and is
teristics: ment, SANIMAS, and in some cases the based in Malang, E. Java; Bina Ekonomi
Houses built on contours shortage is subsidized by BORDA. Sosial Terpadu (BEST) for areas covering
Intermittent flooding Physical construction is expected to be Pamekasan, Sidoarjo, and Mojokerto and
Limited land area, even for a toilet completed in November 2003. is based in Surabaya; and for Denpasar
construction The third component is, the responsibility is imposed upon Bali
Houses built crammed with each Implementation Management. Fokus which is based in Bali.
other, such as the rent houses. SANIMAS is financed through a grant At the community level, SANIMAS is
fund provided for by the Australian gov- facilitated by two field facilitators. One
The community has no choice but an ernment through AusAID. The daily comes from the implementing agency
MCK as sanitation system. From the 7 activity is run by an NGO, BORDA and the other is recruited from local
communities facilitated by SANIMAS (Bremen Overseas Research and NGO. SANIMAS activity will be com-
four of them are fortunate because they Development Association) based at pleted in April 2004, in which a national
could build a system with home connec- Kayen No. 176, Jl. Kaliurang KM 6,6 level seminar will be organized to wrap
tion; as for the other three they have to Sleman, Yogyakarta. BORDA is assisted up the lessons learned to be dissemi-
be satisfied with an MCK. by 3 local NGO's namely Lembaga nated for future purposes.
9 Percik
October 2003

11. M AIN FEATURE
Water and Sanitation
for Low Income Communities
(WSLIC)-2
M
any villagers are dependent Sumatra, Bangka-Belitung, West Java involved in the project out of 2.000
upon a traditional source for and South Sulawesi. Criteria for selec- toward the end of WSLIC-2 in 2006.
their drinking water. Whereas tion is based on: frequency of diarrhoeal
the source is located far away and diffi- inciddence, poverty level, and water sup- Constraints
cult to reach, discharge is insufficient ply and sanitation service coverage. As a new and fully innovative project
especially during dry season, water qua- applying MPA approach, WSLIC-2 is faced
lity is below the required standard for Methodology with a number of difficulties and con-
consumption. This unfavourable condi- WSLIC-2 consists of 4 main compo- straints. In the initial stage, the constraint
tion poses a big difficulty particularly for nents, namely improvement of the appeared as a consequence of limited
women and children who have to spend capacity of community institution, human resources capacity in understanding
most of their time to take water for improvement of hygiene and sanitation the methodology. As a result, the project
washing, cooking and drinking. status through provision of services in that should have lifted off the ground in
Besides, many of the low income health and hygiene behaviour, provision 2001 was delayed. The project has had to
families who live in a more remote loca- of water supply and sanitation system, prepare the human resources first. NGO's
tion defecate in the river or open place. and project management. and consultants are recruited and give them
This bad habit frequently causes conta- This project applies an approach the necessary training. They then provide
mination of diarrhoeal or other diseases methodology that is sensitive to the training to facilitators.
to other community members who share demand of the community. All members Other constraint relates to financial
the same water source. of the community have an equal oppor- administration system in which the pro-
WSLIC-1 project was implemented in tunity to participate in the selection of ject requires channeling fund directly to
1993-99 to find a solution to some of activity related to health, water supply community account. This system is
these problems. Studies on the impact and sanitation, with a specific focus to entirely alien to the existing law and re-
of provision of water supply and other the demand of women and the poor gulation. That is why the project has to
sanitation facility to health condition group. make the necessary preparation in order
indicate a decrease in diarrhoeal cases The methodology being applied is the community could manage the fund
up to one third. However, WSLIC-1 was called PHAST (Participatory Health and in auditable manner. Each year an audit
faced with a major difficulty related to Sanitation Transformation), which is was conducted on 60% of the Communi-
fund disbursement system and its adminis- based on the earlier participatory ty Management Units.
tration. This project is now being followed- methodology called SARAR (Self-esteem, There is something else the project is
up with WSLIC-2 which will be implemen- Associative strength, Resourcefulness, need to consider for implementation in
ted through year 2006. WSLIC-2 total pro- Action planning, Responsibility). With the future, i.e something related to
ject cost is USD106 million coming from the demand responsive methodology the health. Whether health component must
IDA (World Bank), Indonesian govern- community is involved beginning from start from the bottom?
ment, Australian government through planning, implementation, and O&M. Experience indicates that Kabupaten
AusAID and the community. The community decides by itself the Management Unit has, from the very
technology choice for the system to be beginning, never worked within the line
Purpose constructed. This activity is funded by a of the process. It is not surprising,
This project is intended to improve combination of grant from the World therefore, the communication network
health status, productivity and quality of Bank and a subsidy from the local gov- does not work harmoniously.
life of low income communities through ernment that make up 80% of the total
improved hygiene behaviour, environ- cost. The remaining 20% represents the Plan for the future
mentally-based health service, provision community contribution, 4% of which in To overcome the communication
of a sustainable, safe, sufficient, easily cash and 16% in labour and materials. delay among kabupaten level imple-
accessible and effectively used water Up to August 2003 there were 870 menters some sort of a technical team
supply and sanitation system/facility. villages selected for participation, 779 of involving the stakeholders related to the
the applicants were being processed, 387 technical aspects of health, community
Location of which have signed a contract. Up to empowerment and others will be orga-
The project is implemented in 7 that time 221 villages have completed nized, so that everybody will be informed
provinces consisting of East Java, Nusa construction. It is expected that by the about what is going on and coordination
Tenggara Barat, West Sumatra, South end of the year 1.000 villages will be be made easier.
10 Percik
October 2003

12. P ERSPECTIVE
Empowerment Without
Compelling
I
n 1997-98, Water and Sanitation
Program of the World Bank and IRC
International Water and Sanitation
Center formulated a community empo-
werment method that is known as
Methodology for Participatory
Assessments (MPA). This methodology
is a combination of the earlier methods,
Minimum Evaluation Procedures (MEP
and SARAR (Self-esteem, Associative
strength, Resourcefulness, Action plan-
ning, Responsibility).
In 1998-99 the methods were put to
trial at 88 water management communi-
ties of 18 projects in 15 countries. The
study was conducted by a team from uni-
versities, local and national NGO's, rela-
ted government agencies, and project
managers. The lesson learned from the
study reveals that sustainable water sup-
ply system is one that provides satisfac-
tory service to the majority of users
including low income group. A service is
considered satisfactory if it is beneficial
and the system is effectively used
because the majority (at least 80%) of
the community has access to it. Source: OM
Sustainable service and effective use and involvement of the poor, and appli-
are interrelated with demand-sensitive Financially sustainable cation of the principles of democracy
program. This can be achieved if from This can be established if the com- and transparency
the very beginning the users are involved munity is involved in planning. Besides,
in the planning to express their ideas also in deciding the O&M costs and the Socially sustainable
and to vote. Besides, there will be equity amount of community (rich/poor, This condition can be reached if all
in the system management and share in man/woman) contribution. Contri- components in a community are given
benefit and burden. All requires com- bution is decided in proportion to level the same opportunity in the selection
munity participation in contribution, of service or the amount of clean water process of technology choice, type of sys-
supervision in project implementation, per household. tem to be constructed, level of service,
and sharing of responsibility in trans- type of training. All community mem-
parent manner. Environmentally sustainable bers have the same opportunity to voice
Finally it was summarized that there Sustained environmental condition out their ideas in decision making
are 5 aspects influencing the sustaina- can be reached if the planning by the process to decide the size and format of
bility of a project. Those aspects are: community also takes into consideration community contribution and dues, deci-
the environmental aspect as it relates to sion in management mechanism, and
Technically sustainable water source and wastewater disposal. selection of the management team.
Sustainability in technical aspect can With the application of the five
be obtained if the project is planned by Institutionally sustainable aspects for the purpose of improvement
the community and in consideration to Sustainable institution is a process in of demand responsive approach in plan-
the type of technology applied in accor- formation of management team that ning, MPA applies participatory methods
dance with the community condition takes into consideration gender equity consisting of:
11 Percik
October 2003

13. P ERSPECTIVE
the most difficulties in adopting the
Activity Methodology methodology are the decision makers
Inventory of village characteristics Open discussion and project managers. Why? All this
time they have been used to top down
Social classification Welfare classification and instructional and is difficult for
Social mapping Discussion and drawing them to accept the aspiration from the
User evaluation Pocket votes community. They seldom go to the field
and speak with the community. Many of
Decision making evaluation Matrix voting them consider that community will never
Sample taking for transect walk and focused group discussion utilising the social map be able to get stronger by itself.
Evaluation of management, maintenance and financial Discussion with the From the implementation side, there
is no meaningful barrier. But MPA will
management of service management team (men and be easily implemented if the facilitator is
Evaluation on history of system construction women) willing to learn. The application of MPA
Evaluation of division of labour and benefit becomes difficult if the facilitator has
been formed and tend to teach rather
Review of service system performance Transect walk, supplemented than to learn. Empowerment through
Ranking score by user with rating scale and checklist MPA is possible for any group of the
Evaluation by non user for WSS facility community. Whether is the rich, the
poor, the educated and even the illitera-
Evaluation on user satisfaction Ladders, card sorting tes. This methodology comes in me-
Division of labour and benefit Card sorting thods that can be easily understood by
Plenum meeting on the result of activity with the Presentation of scores and the community. In other words MPA
can be adjusted to the local condition.
community open discussion As an example, in Laos when applying
Inventory of institutions that influence service Open discussion, scoring, this methodology it was difficult to clas-
pocket votes sify how many rich population and how
many are poor. Over there, such a dis-
tinction is unthinkable. But through a
The information generated from the
local community language this distinc-
process will be useful to identify the
tion is made possible. It was through
basic social characteristic and service For Indonesia, the metho- indication that the rich wear a lot of
facilities in accordance with the opinion
of all components in the village level
dology could be considered ornaments, holding a high position so
that they have a fixed income, in con-
plenum. The community could then re- as new. Therefore con- trast with those without education
concile their demand with the technolo- straints are coming up in because they are only farm labourers
gy choice, capacity and willingness to
pay, between the different groups and the field. Based on experi- without a fixed income. For the commu-
nity, what is important they understand
assess their own level of demand. MPA ence, the one who have and capable of expressing themselves.
is not only useful for the community but
also for all related components such as the most difficulties in With a symbol or drawing it will do, as
long as they can express their opinion
public service management, project adopting the methodology and make a choice without any pressure.
implementers, project managers, and
decision makers.
are the decision makers Seeing the real success in applying the
MPA, not just a theory, there are many
What about Indonesia? Since 1980 and project managers. requests for application from many other
there are many water supply and sanita-
projects. Other countries such as Laos,
tion facilities built in Indonesia. The
Cambodia and Vietnam have adopted
facilities were built and implemented by
this methodology. This methodology has
a number of projects and programs
lack of sustainability happens because of impacted to local government policy
funded by central government budget,
lack of sense of belongingness within the including institutions related to sectors
donor countries, donor agencies such as
community. This condition makes other than water supply and sanitation.
World Bank. The reality in the field
Indonesia one of the locations suitable With regard application in other sec-
indicates that the facilities did not last
for the application of MPA approach. tors there is no problem. The methodology
long. Frequently they become a monu-
For Indonesia, the methodology may be the same. What need adjustments
ment. Why must it happen? Based on
could be considered as new. Therefore are the indicators. (Summarized from
studies conducted by Water and
constraints are coming up in the field. interview with Ratna I. Josodipoero,
Sanitation Program (WSP) the failure or
Based on experience, the one who have Hygiene Education Specialist, WSP).
12 Percik
October 2003

14. P ERSPECTIVE
Handwashing
I
n October 2003 we received an invi-
tation to a seminar from WSP-EAP
World Bank with an agenda on
Handwashing. This raised a number of
questions. We all know that handwash-
ing is part of the tradition of civilized
community. The question is whether it
is worthwhile to discuss such a matter in
a meeting attended by representatives
from World Bank/Jakarta, USAID,
UNICEF, John Hopkins University,
Universitas Indonesia, Koalisi Untuk
Indonesia Sehat, Bappenas and Ministry
of Health? The more so is because one of
the agenda is the naming of Indonesia as
the fifth nation in the world to involve in
Global Initiative for Handwashing pro-
moted by the World Bank in year 2000.
This article does not intend to discuss
what was happening in the meeting, but
rather to provide a further under-
standing about Handwashing.
Flashback Source: ML
The history of handwashing goes
back to the 19th century when many
European and American women died to warm it up and water was still con- How Important is Handwashing?
shortly after childbirth. As many as sidered as the source of malaria and Let us look back to the data produced
twenty five per cent of mothers died typhoid contamination were the most from several studies. In 1996 by not
after delivery. The main cause was probable reasons for doctors opposing washing hands there was 40% contribu-
Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Early the habit of handwashing. It looks quite tion to infected food including salmonel-
in 1843 Dr Oliver Wendell suggested discordant from our point of view today la in the US. This figure refers to 80
handwashing as a means to overcome it. that doctors were the ones opposing to million people poisoned from food which
He was convinced that the cases were handwashing. increase the medical cost, decrease pro-
caused by the doctor's habit. Refusal to handwashing continued ductivity, and death of 10.000 people.
It was Dr Ignaz Semmelweiss who in and even in a seminar at the Academy of More than 2 million children died in
1850 observed that mortality rate of Medicine in Paris 1879 disease contami- the developing nations each year
women giving birth under the care of a nation through contact with hand was through diarrhoea. Each minute 5 peo-
physician is three times higher that those still doubted. It was Louis Pasteur who ple are infected by diarrhoea microbe or
handled by non-medical help. The in the seminar spoke loudly saying "As 300 cases for 1.000 population. Accord-
observation led to a conclusion that doc- doctors you are the ones killing those ing to Directorate General of Communi-
tors did not wash their hands before women by contaminating with deadly cable Disease Control & Environmental
helping a parturition. Whereas the doc- microbe from sick patient to women Health, Ministry of Health, diarrhoea is
tor might just from attending another about to give birth." number two cause for mortality rate of
patient or even conducted an autopsy. The above story gives us the histori- children under 5 in Indonesia. In the
Dr Semmelweiss suggested that a cal background how the steps towards meantime based on the latest observa-
doctor must wash his hands prior to awareness of handwashing as a means to tion by The Lancet Infectious Diseases
attending a patient. The result was, prevent contamination. It took a consid- Journal it is evidenced that 42-47% of
mortality rate dropped significantly. But erable length of time and effort before diarrhoeal incidence can be prevented
ironically, without looking into the fact handwashing become part of the cultural only by washing hands. Studies in Pa-
Dr Semmelweiss was ostracized by his tradition of civilized community and not kistan indicate that handwashing reduces
own colleagues. Maybe the habit of simply as a physician's routine. diarrhoeal incidence by 44%. A study by
handwashing was entirely new then. Handwashing is presently a subject Khan (1982) indicates that washing
The availability of clean water was still taught in schools and even handwashing hands is an effective means to prevent
relatively insufficient, it took a big effort facility is now a public requirement. diarrhoea. Other studies by Alam (1989)
13 Percik
October 2003

15. P ERSPECTIVE
and Clemens (1987) suggest that wash- effective means to prevent contamination.
ing hands by mothers is an important Other studies indicate that Apart from the various diseases that
factor in reducing diarrhoeal incidence handwashing reduces can be prevented simply by washing
of their children. This all makes provi- hands, what concerns most from the
incidence of infectious
sion of clean water and sanitation water supply and sanitation is water
improvement more effective if combined diseases by 50%. Other borne diseases such as diarrhoea.
with handwashing program. source says that it reduces
Other studies indicate that hand- up to 65%. Besides, When handwashing should be
washing reduces incidence of infectious done?
diseases by 50%. Other source says that washing hands regularly There is not specific rule how often
it reduces up to 65%. Besides, washing reduces the contamination we should wash our hands but at least:
hands regularly reduces the contamina- with antibiotic resistant Before eating and cooking
tion with antibiotic resistant bacteria. After using toilet
All the facts mentioned above indi- bacteria.
After house cleaning
cate the importance of washing hands as After visiting a sick person
a means to prevent various diseases. After cleaning nose, coughing or
Therefore, wash your hands. Handwashing Could Prevent sneezing
Contamination After an outdoor activity such as
Is it true handwashing is a cultural Virus and bacteria can spread in playing, gardening, sport, etc.
tradition? many different ways such as spoiled
A study conducted by Applied water and food, phlegm from cough or The time required for handwashing is
Research Group University of sneeze, dirty hand, infectious surface less than 2 minutes.
Westminster Inggris reveals that only (soil, table and others), excretion from a
32% (from 292 toilet users) wash their patient. If by chance we get in touch How to wash hands
hands after using toilet. While result of with virus or bacteria from one of the There are three simple steps in hand-
observations in 5 cities in the US by the above sources, millions of microbes will washing, (a) washing your hands from a
American Society of Microbiology Clean be in our hand. Most of them are harm- faucet, spout of with a water dipper, pre-
Hands Campaign indicates that although less, but some of the microbes can cause ferably using warm water; (b) use a soap
95% of the sample wash their hands flu, and diarrhoea. By simply touching (not necessarily an anti-bacterial type)
after using toilet but only 67% wash their nose, eye or mouth we are soon infected. for 10-15 seconds. Be sure that all the
hands in the right manner. Washing hands is the first step against hidden parts of your hands are wetted
How about in Indonesia? In June the spread of the diseases, from flu, me- with soap; and (c) after drenching use a
2003 an institution in Indonesia con- ningitis, hepatitis A, and diarrhoea. A step towel or tissue to dry hour hands.
ducted an observation at 33 users in one as simple as washing hands turns out an
of the man toilets of Jakarta Hilton
Convention Centre (JHCC). It turned
out only 8 men washed their hands after
using toilet. Though this cannot be taken as
representing Indonesian condition but it
reveals that even in a toilet in Jakarta hand-
washing is not a common habit.
Are they that igrorant about the
importance of handwashing? According
to a study in England, it was found that
they are aware of the importance of Use a soap
washing hands but there are several rea- (not necessarily
sons why they do not do it such as the an anti-bacterial
toilet looks very nice and clean and they type) for
don't want to touch anything other than 10-15 seconds.
their own, or their hands still look clean
-clean does not mean free from microbe.
The above study indicates that
though handwashing is understood as
important, in practice it is seldom prac-
tised. Even in a highly developed nation Source:OM
like England.
14 Percik
October 2003

16. R EFLECTION
MCK Jempiring
is not an MCK Moerdiono
A
s a tourist destination Bali is well
known for its natural beauty and
its cultural heritage. However,
behind the natural beauty, the Denpasar
city as the provincial capital suffers from
a bad luck as do the big cities on Java.
The fast economic growth and side effect
of development activities have turned
the face of Denpasar pockmarked with
clumsy and overpopulated quarters.
Some of the locations are easily obser-
vable at Banjar Sari and Banjar Batur of
Kelurahan Ubung in Kecamatan
Denpasar Barat. According to Dinas
Lingkungan Hidup and Public Works,
Gang Jempiring which is located at
Banjar Sari is top in the list of clumsy
areas within the city of Denpasar.
Banjar Sari itself is located just behind
Ubung, a land transport terminal and
main transit in Bali. This is the main
reason why Ubung especially Gang
Source: Bali Fokus
Jempiring has developed into such a Before construction
thickly populated with various ethnic
groups living in this place.
I Made Yasa, chief of Banjar Sari them "MCK Moerdiono". Unfortunately during the Community Based Sanitation
community and also an employee of the the MCKs have met with unlucky fate. (CBS) program socialization meeting
Kelurahan Ubung says that most of the "They could function only for 4 years", conducted by Bali Fokus in association
population came from Lombok, E. Java said I Wayan Gandra, owner of one of with BORDA in July 2002. From the
and various parts of Bali. Land lords in the MCKs. Gandra admitted that his process of identification, problem formu-
Jempiring rent out their lands for living MCK was not maintained properly. lation up to recommended solution con-
quarters but unfortunately there are not Since the septic tank was full and cannot ducted by Bali Fokus, BORDA together
many of them able to provide an accept- be emptied, Gandra had difficulty and with the community during the time
able sanitation facility for their tenants. does not know what to do, so that he span between August till December 2002
According to Yasa, Gang Jempiring is flushes the waste directly into the it became known that the status of MCK
inhabited by approximately 300 families drainage canal. Besides, according a Moerdiono causes deep apprehension,
who in average work as street vendors, landlord of more than 20 rental houses, such as bathroom and closet full of dirt
construction labourers, and other infor- water supply service from PAM for MCK and stench from the closet. Worse still,
mal sectors. A combination of lack of seldom if not to say never flows. almost all the MCKs have their septic
knowledge and absence of acceptable The level of community knowledge tank broken so wastewater flows directly
sanitation system have made Banjar Sari and awareness is considered as another into a drainage ditch nearby.
a city slum with sanitation problem reason for the breakdown of the MCKs. Other issue that was brought forward
especially with regard human waste. Made Yasa who is also an owner of one relates to level of community awareness
Actually the government had once of the MCK Moerdiono mentions his to participate in maintaining and clean-
tried to make improvement to the sanita- experience that he found lady's tissues ing a public facility. The level is very low
tion condition of this place. Yasa admitted were buried in clogging the closet pipe. and the main reason lies in lack of sense
that once Gang Jempiring had received a "We had to cut the waste water pipe in of belongingness.
subsidy from the former administration. order to release the stopper", explained Bali Fokus an NGO specializing in
In 1980 to be exact. At that time the go- Yasa. environmental and community develop-
vernment constructed 4 public toilet The abovementioned sanitation rela- ment in collaboration with BORDA a
(MCKs). Banjar Sari community called ted problems and issues were revealed non-profit institution based in Bremen,
15 Percik
October 2003

17. R EFLECTION
and Bali Fokus which contains 3 main
points. First, that the community of
Jempiring, Banjar Sari needs a sanitation
facility. Second, the community mem-
bers of Jempring are willing to con-
tribute for its O&M costs, and third, the
community will support the construction
of the new MCK and is willing to main-
tain and keep the MCK clean.
Then based on the mapping of sanita-
tion problem as prepared by the commu-
nity, there were 3 candidates for the loca-
tion of the new MCK. After a month of a
more detailed technical survey it was
agreed that the land belonging to I Ketut
Nasib is selected as the location. The
other two locations were dropped
because they are too near the old MCK's
and one of the owner refuses to have an
MCK built on his land.
MCK Jempiring construction through
community based demand is only one
merit of the MCK. Because there is,
additionally, another merit. MCK
Jempiring which was inaugurated by the
Mayor of Denpasar on Wednesday, 6
August 2003 is equipped with an appro-
priate technology for wastewater treat-
ment system which produces methane
Source: Bali Fokus gas and water in accordance with the
safety standard as set by the government.
Germany, initiated a demonstration pro- was not a top down à la MCK Moerdiono
The biogas produced by a digester under-
ject. This project was offered to Gang approach that made the MCK Jempiring
neath the MCK can supply gas for cook-
Jempiring community as a solution to constructed in Banjar Sari. Almost all of
ing of 3 families.
their sanitation problem. This heavily the decisions related to solution to sani-
To maintain cleanliness, the MCK
innovative and appropriate technology tation problem were consulted and coor-
employs 2 workers, each working on an
based project is believed to be able to dinated with the community. "We fre-
8-hour shift, from 5 AM to 1 PM and
create a sustainable and technically reli- quently held a meeting with the commu-
from 1 PM to 9 PM. After 9 PM the MCK
able sanitation system in Gang nity of Gang Jempiring", said Made Yudi
is closed. What about the wastewater? It
Jempiring. This project is innovative Astrana, one of Program Officers of Bali
is BORDA Indonesia with 20 years of
because it was born out of a real demand Fokus. "There were at least 10 meetings
experience in the field of wastewater pro-
and participation of the community. The with the community before they came up
cessing that provides the technical assis-
non-technical/participatory approach with a solution to build an MCK at
tance to MCK Jempiring construction.
began from July-August 2002 and con- Jempiring", added the ITS graduate.
Through a technology called DEWATS
tinued till the completion of a function- Again according to Yudi, initially there
(Decentralized Waste Water Treatment
ing MCK structure on Wednesday, 6 were 3 alternatives:
System) the human waste is processed.
August 2003. In this participatory Construction of an MCK at the location of "We guarantee the wastewater process-
approach the community was asked to Balai Banjar Sari ing system will be functioning perfectly",
identify the problem and propose the Construction of a new public MCK at says Yuyun Ilham, Director of Bali
best and workable solution by the com- Gang Jempiring Fokus. According to Jempiring commu-
munity itself. The community then for- Construction of communal piping system nity: "MCK Jempiring is more than just
mulated a number of alternatives that
an MCK".
finally in January 2003 the community
agreed to build a new MCK at Gang Renovation of the existing MCK's.
(Summarized from MCK Jempiring,
Jempiring. After several more meetings on 31
a glimpse of,
Thus this project did not come out of January 2003 an MOU was signed
Bali Fokus, Denpasar)
emptiness as it used to be in the past. It between the community of Banjar Sari
16 Percik
October 2003

18. L ESSONS LEARNED
Local Lesson Learned
D
uring the months of September
and October 2003 the WSS
Working Group had an oppor-
tunity to make a field visit to WSLIC-2
project sites, at Kabupaten Bima (NTB)
and Kabupaten Ponorogo (E. Java),
The following is the report:
Water has been flowing but the
amount of subscription hasn't been
determined yet by Totokan
Community.
On 7 October last, a water supply and
sanitation facility that was developed
under the WSLIC-2 project was handed
over to Totokan Village Headman of
Kab. Ponorogo. The event was attended
by the Bupati and his staff, DPRD, PKK
officers, Director of Water and
Sanitation (Ministry of Health), Director
of Human Settlement and Housing
(Bappenas), Central level Coordination
Team, CPMU, DPMU of Kab. Ponorogo.
This specific event was jointly organized
by 7 villages being the sites of WSLIC-2
project that have completed construction Source:BP
as an expression of thankfulness for a
clean water system for the community. tem has not been finalized though the one at the primary school.
The transfer of asset to each of the vil- community has enjoyed the clean water But as the new village headman
lage is intended to build a sense of service. It is expected that the manage- began assuming office there arise
belongingness so that the community ment unit together with the community seedlings of discord within the commu-
would manage the facility O&M in sus- could work out a management system nity. This causes the Community
tainable manner. including the subscription dues. What is Implementation Unit divided in two,
Up to this time the village obtained certain is, as a result of water availability may even lead a negative effect to the
water from the deep wells filled in by the production of brick baking industry sustainability of the facility. Worse still
infiltration from the irrigation system. is increasing. Before this, water for mix- is the fact that the construction was exe-
Water is flowed regularly one every ing brick mold was difficult to obtain. cuted through pressing the budget at the
month. expense of its technical quality.
There are two water supply systems. Friction is apt to happen This situation indicates that commu-
The first is pumping up water from a 130 The community of Tanah Putih vil- nity participation at village plays a very
metre-deep well into a big reservoir and lage, Kecamatan Sape, Kab. Bima (NTB) important role lowering construction
then water is distributed using 2 pumps obtain their water from a river. The budget especially in a difficult location.
which are located far from each other. source is located not far from their But in a certain condition, an overly
The second is deep pit wells. There are 9 homes but it is difficult to reach because economized budget may adversely affect
such wells dug manually 50-60 m below of the steep slope. Only a small fraction the quality of construction.
ground. The construction works for both of the population have had access to There is a general notion up to this
systems were done by the community. piped water system, but the discharge is time that a village community is always
To supply oxygen for men working too little. About 5,4 km from the village, homogenous and cannot easily be divid-
underground while digging the wells, air there are two water sources but accessi- ed. This fact has proven that village
was pumped into the pit through a plas- bility is very difficult. One of the sources community is also susceptible to frag-
tic hose from the ground surface. The is being used by the neighbour village mentation.
soil of Totokan is made of rock so that with permission and without any com-
from a 50 m well, 3-4 truckloads of rock pensation. WSLIC-2 installed a piping In September 2003, WSS Working
could be mined. connection from the source and public Group together with the World Bank
Unfortunately, the subscription sys- taps at 5 distribution points including made a field visit to several SANIMAS
17 Percik
October 2003