1. The document discusses the criteria for nursing to be considered a profession, including a well-defined body of knowledge, autonomy, commitment to service, and a code of ethics. 2. It provides a brief history of how nursing has developed as a profession according to various thinkers and their criteria for professions. 3. Nursing is now recognized internationally as a noble profession based on established criteria such as specialized education and knowledge, research, and standards set by professional organizations.

1. Nursing as a Nobel
Profession
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2. • One of my favorite quotes:
Nursing is an art;
and if it is to be made an art,
it requires as exclusive a devotion,
as hard a preparation,
as any painter's or sculptor's work;
for what is the having to do with
dead canvas or cold marble,
compared with having to do with the
living body - the temple of God's spirit?
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It is one of the Fine Arts;
I had almost said
the finest of the Fine Arts
- Florence Nightingale
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3. • Profession is defined as "a vocation
requiring advanced training and usually
involving mental rather than manual work,
as teaching, engineering, especially
medicine, law“
-Webster1989.
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4. Profession
• Professions are those occupations possessing a
particular combination of characteristics
generally considered to be the expertise,
autonomy, commitment, and responsibility.
• A profession is an occupation based on
specialized intellectual study and training, the
purpose of which is to supply skilled services
with ethical components and others.
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5. Occupation
• Training may be on job and duration varies.
• The values, beliefs, and ethics are not
prominent features.
• The commitment and identification: varies.
• In occupation people often change Job.
• Accountability rest on employer.
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6. Profession
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Is basically intellectual
Is based on a body of knowledge that can be
learned.
Is practical rather than theoretical.
Can be taught through a process of professional
education.
Has a strong internal organization of members.
Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism
(desire to help others)
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7. Professions vs Occupations
Professions
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College or University
Prolonged education
Mental creativity
Decisions based on science or
theoretical constructs
Values, beliefs & ethics integral
part of preparation
Strong commitment
Autonomous
Unlikely to change professions
Commitment > $ reward
Individual accountability
Occupations
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On the job training
Length varies
Largely manual work
Guided decision making
Values, beliefs & ethics not
part of preparation
Commitment may vary
Supervised
Often change jobs
Motivated by $ reward
Employer is primarily
accountable
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8. • Genevieve and Roy Bixler, a husband and
wife team of non-Nurses who were
nevertheless advocates and supporters of
nursing, first wrote about the status of
nursing as a profession in 1945
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9. • They appraised nursing according to
their original seven criteria, noting the
progress made in nursing, as a
profession.
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10. • Abraham Flexner (1910), conducted study of
medical education and went on to study
other disciplines and latter, in a paper about
social work published a list of criteria that
he felt were characteristics of all true
professions. Flexner's believed in
professional work
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11. Criteria of profession:
Abraham Flexner (1916)
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Intellectual (opposite of physical).
Based on body of knowledge, that can be learned.
Practical rather than theoretical.
Can be taught through a process of professional
education.
• Has a string internal organization of members.
• Has practioner
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12. William shepherd (1948):
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Based on scientific principles.
Demands: adequate pre-professional and cultural training.
Demand: specialized and systematized knowledge.
Must give: evidence of needed
Scientific technique: tested experiences.
Time judgment / duty Performance.
Beneficial work.
Group consciousness: scientific knowledge.
Sufficient self impelling power.
Obligation to society: code of ethics.
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13. Kelly: - 1981
• Service provided is vital to humanity and welfare of
society.
• Special body of knowledge: continually.
• Intellectual activity: accountability.
• Educated in institutions.
• Relatively independent: autonomy.
• Motivated by job / service.
• Code of ethics: to guide decisions.
• Organization (association): to encourage and support
practice.
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14. Collegiality
Standard of ANA – Scope and Standards of Practice, 2004
According to Bruhn - 2001
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Be civil
Be ethical
Be honest
Be the best
Be consistent
Be a communicator
Be accountable
•Be collaborative
•Be forgiving
•Be current
•Be involved
•Be a model
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15. Nursing is gaining recognition as a profession based
on the criteria that a profession must have: -
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A well defined body of knowledge.
A strong service orientation.
Recognized authority by a professional group.
A code of ethics: ICN.
A professional organization that sets standards: NNC / NAN.
On going research.
Autonomy.
Hence, nursing is a Nobel profession, Recognized
internationally.
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16. 1.
2.
3.
A profession utilizes in its practice a well-defined and wellorganised body of specialized knowledge.
A profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses
and improves its techniques of education and service by the
nurses of the scientific method.
A profession entrusts the education of its practitioners to
institutions of higher education.
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17. 4.
5.
A profession applies its body of knowledge in practical
services which are vital to human and social welfare.
A profession functions autonomously in the formation of
professional policy and control of professional activity
thereby.
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18. 6.
7.
A profession attracts individuals of intellectual and personal
qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who
recognize their chosen occupation as a life work.
A profession strives to compensate its practitioners by
providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous
professional growth and economic security
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19. Public Concern with Nursing
• What is the image of nursing being created
today?
• Saint vs. Sinner image
• “Can I trust my life to this RN?
• Public want to believe that knowledgeable,
caring, committed and dedicated RNs will be
available for them.
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20. What the Public Believes About Nursing
• RNs ranked highest among all professions for
the highest professional standards of honesty
and ethics
• Public seek advice in 4 areas:
– self-care or immediate post op care
– health care products
– administration and SE of prescription drugs
– interpreting physician-provided information
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21. Nursing’s View
• Female dominated by persons socialized to be
anti-intellectuals
• Focus on skills rather than critical thinking
• Knowledge is power
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22. Communicating with
Physicians
• Factually document medical problems in
patient care terms
• Stay on the issue, not personality
• Appropriate communication
– do not allow inappropriate interruptions
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23. Creating a New Image
• Nurses value nursing and image it daily
• Nurses take themselves seriously and dress the
part
• Nurses recognize the value of caring, health
promotion, health teaching, and illness care
• Nurses believe in themselves and their
colleagues
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24. Barriers to Professionalism
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Variability in educational preparation
Gender issues
Historical influences
External conflicts
Internal conflicts
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25. Welcome Allow Us To Serve You Better
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