1. Sunoryx Renewables and Power
Version: 1.0
Jul-15
by: Philippe Abouzeid
https://www.linkedin.com/in/pabouze1
philippe_abouzeid@hotmail.com
This excel program calculates the total surface area of a solar concentrator, and the volume of the energy storage tank,
needed to capture the solar energy radiation for different power generation conditions:
Scenario 1: 24-hours off-grid operation
Scenario 2: 24-hours cut-off operation
Scenario 3: 18-hours cut-off operation
Scenario 4: 12-hours cut-off operation
Scenario 5: 6-hours cut-off operation
The program also presents systems using different materials for the calorific fluid and energy storage tanks:
System 1 - Molten Salt as calorific fluid + Molten Salt Energy storage tanks
System 2 - Molten Salt as calorific fluid + Concrete Energy storage tank
System 3 - Molten Salt as calorific fluid + Dry Sand Energy storage tank
System 4 - Liquid Metal Gallium as calorific fluid + Dry Sand Energy storage tank

2. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Zone 1: Beirut 2819 3184.5 4424.8 4704.8 4812.4 6690.9 6470.5 7094.3 6841.7 4750.2 4318.5 3506.5
Zone 1: Bayssour 3531.7 3191.7 3543.4 4706.7 4810.8 7642.7 7391 7096.2 6847.4 4758.4 4329.5 3516.2
Zone 2: Mid Mountain 3513.7 3174.1 3535.2 4702 4814.6 6695.7 7400.2 7091.1 6834.1 4740.1 3586.6 2794.4
Zone 3: Inland Plateau 4207.8 3957.7 4415 4699.8 4816.1 7656.3 7404.3 7974.1 7681.8 4732.6 5008.8 3483.1
Zone 4: High Mountain 2805.4 3166.2 3532 3759.7 4816.1 7656.3 7404.3 7088 6828.4 3943.9 3577.7 2786.5
6:44 6:35 6:06 6:25 5:50 5:30 5:49 6:11 6:31 6:50 6:24 6:43
16:40 17:08 17:35 18:59 19:21 19:44 19:40 19:06 18:24 17:55 16:29 16:29
9:56 10:33 11:29 12:34 13:31 14:14 13:51 12:55 11:53 11:05 10:05 9:46
14:04 13:27 12:31 11:26 10:29 9:46 10:09 11:05 12:07 12:55 13:55 14:14
Zone 1 : Coastal Station : Beirut
Zone 1 : Coastal Station : Bayssour
Zone 2 : Western Mid Mountain Station : Qartaba
Zone 3: Inland Plateau Station : Zahle
Zone 4: High Mountain Station : Cedars
Maximum Sunrise time
Minimum Sunset time
Day length
Night length
Minimum daily direct
normal solar (Wh/m2/day)

3. Sizing the steam turbine power generator set
Current required = 30 Amps
Voltage = 220 Volts
Power Factor = 0.8
Power capacity = 6.6 KVA
Power capacity = 5.28 KW
Note: Fill the green case only

4. Calculation of the minimum overall solar-to-electric efficiency
1- Solar reflectance and optical efficiency:
The calculation of solar efficiency is based on typical optimal data for mirror reflection, glass envelope transmission losses, receiver spillage and receiver absorption losses.
Mirror reflection efficiency = 92 %
Glass envelope transmission efficiency = 96 %
Receiver spillage efficiency = 95 %
Receiver absorption losses efficiency = 95 %
Solar reflectance and optical efficiency = 79.7 %
2- Thermal efficiency
Receiver thermal efficiencies represent the radiated and convected receiver losses. Typical losses are approximately 86%. Piping and storage losses based on experience and
sound engineering insulation design and construction practices are approximately 95%. Liquid Salt-to-steam thermal losses utilized in the industry are assumed to be 95%.
Receiver thermal efficiency = 86 %
Piping and storage losses efficiency = 95 %
Liquid Salt-to-steam thermal losses = 95 %
77.6 %
3- Calculation of solar-to-thermal efficiency
The total to solar-to-thermal efficiency is calculated as the product of the above efficiencies
Solar-to-thermal efficiency = 61.9 %
4- Turbine and generator efficiency
The solar industry utilizes the efficiencies of 35% to 50% for a quasiturbine or single stage turbine and 98% for the electrical generator.
Turbine efficiency = 35 %
Electrical generator efficiency = 98 %
Overall Turbine-to-generator efficiency = 34.3 %
5- Auxiliary power loads and plant availability
Plant design studies and good engineering practice utilize approximately 1% auxiliary load for heat transfer fluid pumping, approximately 5%
for all remaining miscellaneous loads and plant availability at 97.1%.
Auxiliary load for heat transfer fluid pumping = 1 %
Miscellaneous loads = 5 %
Plant availability = 97.1 %
Overall auxiliary power loads and plant availability = 91.3 %
6- Overall solar-to-electric efficiency
The overall efficiency is the product of the above three efficiencies* = 19.4 %
* Incremental efficiency improvements in each of these areas will be required to improve overall efficiency.
Solar radiation needed to generate 5.3 Kw of electric power = 27.2 Kw

5. Off-Grid solar area calculation
Parameters taken from the statistical weather report of DOE 2.1E (Beirut and Lebanon coastal region)
Safety factor 10 % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
January February March April May June July August September October November December
2819 3184.5 4424.8 4704.8 4812.4 6690.9 6470.5 7094.3 6841.7 4750.2 4318.5 3506.5
9:56 10:33 11:29 12:34 13:31 14:14 13:51 12:55 11:53 11:05 10:05 9:46
14:04 13:27 12:31 11:26 10:29 9:46 10:09 11:05 12:07 12:55 13:55 14:14
Total surface area needed to capture 27.2 Kw of solar radiation (m2) = 10 9 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 8
383 366 341 312 286 266 277 302 330 352 379 388
39 35 30 25 21 19 20 23 28 32 38 40
14 11 7 5 4 3 3 3 4 7 9 11
Total energy needed to operate for daytime and store for nighttime operation = 66 62 57 52 48 46 47 51 55 59 65 67
25.7 21.4 14.2 12.2 11.1 7.6 8.0 7.8 8.8 13.7 16.5 21.0
654 654 654 654 654 654 654 654 654 654 654 654
66 62 57 52 48 46 47 51 55 59 65 67
25.7 21.4 14.2 12.2 11.1 7.6 8.0 7.8 8.8 13.7 16.5 21.0
490 490 490 490 490 490 490 490 490 490 490 490
49 46 43 39 36 34 35 38 41 44 49 50
19.3 16.1 10.6 9.1 8.3 5.7 6.0 5.9 6.6 10.2 12.4 15.8
327 327 327 327 327 327 327 327 327 327 327 327
33 31 28 26 24 23 24 25 28 29 32 33
12.8 10.7 7.1 6.1 5.5 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.4 6.8 8.3 10.5
163 163 163 163 163 163 163 163 163 163 163 163
16 15 14 13 12 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
6.4 5.4 3.5 3.0 2.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 3.4 4.1 5.3
Month
nighttime operation:
Energy storage capability (KWh) =
Daytime operation:
Energy storage capability for 18-hours operation daily (KWh) =
Solar radiation needed to generate energy for cut-off hours (Kw) =
Total surface area needed to capture the solar radiation (m2) =
18-hours
cut-off
6-hours
cut-off
Energy storage capability for 6-hours operation daily (KWh) =
Solar radiation needed to generate energy for cut-off hours (Kw) =
Total surface area needed to capture the solar radiation (m2) =
12-hours
cut-off
Energy storage capability for 12-hours operation daily (KWh) =
Solar radiation needed to generate energy for cut-off hours (Kw) =
Total surface area needed to capture the solar radiation (m2) =
24-hours
cut-off
Energy storage capability for 24-hours operation daily (KWh) =
Solar radiation needed to generate energy for cut-off hours (Kw) =
Total surface area needed to capture the solar radiation (m2) =
Solar radiation needed to generate energy for nighttime operation (Kw) =
Total surface area needed to capture the solar radiation (m2) =
Overall total area for a 24-hours operation (m2) =
Off-Grid24-hoursoperationwithTES
coveringnighttimeoperationonly
Average night length (h) =
Average Day length (h) =
Sizing based on minimum daily direct normal solar (Wh/m2/day) =

6. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0
Off-Grid 24-hours operation
18 cut-off hours
12 cut-off hours
6 cut-off hours
Expon. (Off-Grid 24-hours operation)
Expon. (18 cut-off hours)
Expon. (12 cut-off hours)
Expon. (6 cut-off hours)

7. System 1 - Using Molten Salt as calorific fluid + Molten Salt Energy storage tanks
1.1 - Energy storage for 24-hours off-grid operation
- Heat stored in molten salt 50% KNO3 - 40% NaNO2 - 7% NaNO3 heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 388 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1396108 KJ
Specific heat Cp = 1560 J/KgC
Density = 1680 Kg/m3
High Temperature = 565 C
Low Temperature = 288 C
Safety Factor = 10 %
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 2.1 m3
Mass of energy storage = 3553.9 Kg
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Length of pipe used for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 10 m
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 67.0 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.1549 Kg/s = 9.223E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Length of pipe used for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 10 m
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in energy storge + main pipe = 2.119 m3
Price of Molten Salt per Kg = 1.20 $/Kg
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid + energy storage tank = 4271.83 $
1.2 - Energy storage for 24-hours cut-off operation
- Heat stored in molten salt 50% KNO3 - 40% NaNO2 - 7% NaNO3 heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 654 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 2354093 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 3.6 m3
Mass of energy storage = 5992.6 Kg
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 67.0 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.1549 Kg/s = 9.223E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in energy storge + main pipe = 3.571 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid + energy storage tank = 7198.19 $
1.3 - Energy storage for 18-hours cut-off operation
- Heat stored in molten salt 50% KNO3 - 40% NaNO2 - 7% NaNO3 heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 490 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1765570 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 2.7 m3
Mass of energy storage = 4494.4 Kg
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 50.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.1162 Kg/s = 6.917E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in energy storge + main pipe = 2.679 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid + energy storage tank = 5400.42 $
1.4 - Energy storage for 12-hours cut-off operation
- Heat stored in molten salt 50% KNO3 - 40% NaNO2 - 7% NaNO3 heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 327 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1177046 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 1.8 m3
Mass of energy storage = 2996.3 Kg
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3

8. Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 33.5 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.0775 Kg/s = 4.611E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in energy storge + main pipe = 1.787 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid + energy storage tank = 3602.66 $
1.5 - Energy storage for 6-hours cut-off operation
- Heat stored in molten salt 50% KNO3 - 40% NaNO2 - 7% NaNO3 heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 163 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 588523 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 0.9 m3
Mass of energy storage = 1498.1 Kg
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from hot to cold storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 16.7 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.0387 Kg/s = 2.306E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from cold to hot storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in energy storge + main pipe = 0.895 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid + energy storage tank = 1804.89 $

9. System 2 - Using Molten Salt as calorific fluid + Concrete Energy storage tank
2.1 - Energy storage for 24-hours off-grid operation
Concrete heat storage tank
- Heat stored in concrete heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 388 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1396108 KJ
Specific heat Cp = 920 J/KgC
Density = 2305 Kg/m3
High Temperature = 565 C
Low Temperature = 288 C
Safety Factor = 10 %
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 2.6 m3
Mass of energy storage = 6026.2 Kg
Price of concrete per m3 = 200.0 $/m3
Total cost of concrete heat storage tank = 522.9 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Specific heat Cp = 1560 J/KgC
Density = 1680 Kg/m3
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Length of pipe used for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 10 m
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Price of Molten Salt per Kg = 1.20 $/Kg
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 67.0 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.1549 Kg/s = 9.223E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Length of pipe used for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 10 m
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Price of Molten Salt per Kg = 1.20 $/Kg
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $
2.2 - Energy storage for 24-hours cut-off operation
Concrete heat storage tank
- Heat stored in concrete heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 654 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 2354093 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 4.4 m3
Mass of energy storage = 10161.3 Kg
Total cost of concrete heat storage tank = 881.7 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 67.0 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.1549 Kg/s = 9.223E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $
2.3 - Energy storage for 18-hours cut-off operation
Concrete heat storage tank
- Heat stored in concrete heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 490 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1765570 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 3.3 m3

10. Mass of energy storage = 7621.0 Kg
Total cost of concrete heat storage tank = 661.3 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 50.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.1162 Kg/s = 6.917E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $
2.4 - Energy storage for 12-hours cut-off operation
Concrete heat storage tank
- Heat stored in concrete heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 327 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1177046 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 2.2 m3
Mass of energy storage = 5080.6 Kg
Total cost of concrete heat storage tank = 440.8 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 33.5 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.0775 Kg/s = 4.611E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $
2.5 - Energy storage for 6-hours cut-off operation
Concrete heat storage tank
- Heat stored in concrete heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 163 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 588523 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 1.1 m3
Mass of energy storage = 2540.3 Kg
Total cost of concrete heat storage tank = 220.4 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 16.7 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.0387 Kg/s = 2.306E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from concrete storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $

11. System 3 - Using Molten Salt as calorific fluid + Dry Sand Energy storage tank
3.1 - Energy storage for 24-hours off-grid operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 388 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1396108 KJ
Specific heat Cp = 800 J/KgC
Density = 1300 Kg/m3
High Temperature = 565 C
Low Temperature = 288 C
Safety Factor = 10 %
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 5.3 m3
Mass of energy storage = 6930.1 Kg
Price of dry sand = 220.0 $/metric ton
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 1524.6 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Specific heat Cp = 1560 J/KgC
Density = 1680 Kg/m3
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Length of pipe used for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 10 m
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Price of Molten Salt per Kg = 1.20 $/Kg
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 67.0 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1549 Kg/s = 9.223E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Length of pipe used for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 10 m
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Price of Molten Salt per Kg = 1.20 $/Kg
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $
3.2 - Energy storage for 24-hours cut-off operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 654 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 2354093 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 9.0 m3
Mass of energy storage = 11685.5 Kg
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 2570.8 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 67.0 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1549 Kg/s = 9.223E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $
3.3 - Energy storage for 18-hours cut-off operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 490 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1765570 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 6.7 m3

12. Mass of energy storage = 8764.1 Kg
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 1928.1 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 50.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1162 Kg/s = 6.917E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $
3.4 - Energy storage for 12-hours cut-off operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 327 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1177046 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 4.5 m3
Mass of energy storage = 5842.7 Kg
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 1285.4 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 33.5 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.0775 Kg/s = 4.611E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $
3.5 - Energy storage for 6-hours cut-off operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 163 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 588523 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 2.2 m3
Mass of energy storage = 2921.4 Kg
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 642.7 $
Molten Salt as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.0631 Kg/s = 3.753E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 3.56 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 16.7 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.0387 Kg/s = 2.306E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Molten salt needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Molten Salt used as calorific fluid = 7.12 $

13. System 4 - Using Liquid Metal Gallium as calorific fluid + Dry Sand Energy storage tank
4.1 - Energy storage for 24-hours off-grid operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 388 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1396108 KJ
Specific heat Cp = 800 J/KgC
Density = 1300 Kg/m3
High Temperature = 1000 C
Low Temperature = 288 C
Safety Factor = 10 %
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 2.1 m3
Mass of energy storage = 2696.1 Kg
Price of dry sand per m3 = 220.0 $/metric ton
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 593.1 $
Liquid Metal Gallium as calorific fluid
Specific heat Cp = 370 J/KgC
Density = 5907 Kg/m3
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 0.1034 Kg/s = 1.751E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 15 mm
Length of pipe used for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 10 m
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through steam generator = 0.001767094 m3
Price of Liquid Metal Gallium per Kg = 300.00 $/Kg
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 3131.47 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 67.0 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.2542 Kg/s = 4.303E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Length of pipe used for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 10 m
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Liquid Metal Gallium needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Price of Liquid Metal Gallium per Kg = 300.00 $/Kg
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 6262.93 $
4.2 - Energy storage for 24-hours cut-off operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 654 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 2354093 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 3.5 m3
Mass of energy storage = 4546.2 Kg
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 1000.2 $
Liquid Metal Gallium as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1034 Kg/s = 1.751E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 3131.47 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 67.0 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.2542 Kg/s = 4.303E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Liquid Metal Gallium needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 6262.93 $
4.3 - Energy storage for 18-hours cut-off operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 490 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1765570 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 2.6 m3

14. Mass of energy storage = 3409.6 Kg
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 750.1 $
Liquid Metal Gallium as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1034 Kg/s = 1.751E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 3131.47 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 50.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1906 Kg/s = 3.227E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Liquid Metal Gallium needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 6262.93 $
4.4 - Energy storage for 12-hours cut-off operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 327 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 1177046 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 1.7 m3
Mass of energy storage = 2273.1 Kg
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 500.1 $
Liquid Metal Gallium as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1034 Kg/s = 1.751E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 3131.47 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 33.5 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1271 Kg/s = 2.151E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Liquid Metal Gallium needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 6262.93 $
4.5 - Energy storage for 6-hours cut-off operation
Dry sand energy storage tank
- Heat stored in dry sand heated from 550F (288C) to 1050F (565C)= 163 KWh
Sensible heat stored in KJ = 588523 KJ
Volume of energy storage tanks [volume = Sensible heat store / (Specific heat x Density x (T2 - T1))] = 0.9 m3
Mass of energy storage = 1136.5 Kg
Total cost of dry sand heat storage tank = 250.0 $
Liquid Metal Gallium as calorific fluid
Solar radiation needed for operation = 27.2 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.1034 Kg/s = 1.751E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 3131.47 $
Solar radiation needed for daytime operation and nighttime storage = 16.7 Kw
Flow rate of calorific fluid from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.0635 Kg/s = 1.076E-05 m3/s
Main copper pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Main steel pipe size for calorific fluid running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 15 mm
Volume of calorific fluid used in main pipe running from dry sand storage tank through receiver = 0.001767094 m3
Total volume of Liquid Metal Gallium needed in main pipes = 0.004 m3
Total cost of Liquid Metal Gallium used as calorific fluid = 6262.93 $

15. EDL Cut-off hours
According to EDL, the normal cut-off hours are distributed with respect to regions and day sequence
Beirut: Normally 3 hours during daytime on January
And around 2 hours during nighttime on January (from 4:30pm to 6pm)
Up to 6 hours daily during daytime on August
And 0 hours during nighttime on August
Total = up to 6 hours cut-off
Outside Beirut: Normally 6 hours during daytime on January**
And around 11 hours during nighttime on January**
Up to 9 hours daily during daytime on August***
And 7 hours during nighttime on August***
Total = up to 18 hours cut-off
**January:
First sequence:
6am to 10am - ON
10am to 2pm - OFF = 4 hours during daytime
2pm to 6pm - ON
6pm to 12am - OFF = 6 hours during nighttime
12am to 4am - ON
4am to 6am - OFF = 2 hours during nighttime
Cut-off time = 4 hours during daytime
Cut-off time = 8 hours during nighttime
Second sequence:
6am to 10am - OFF = 3 hours during daytime
= 1 hour during nighttime
10am to 2pm - ON
2pm to 8pm - OFF = 2 hours daytime

16. = 4 hours during nighttime
12am to 6am - OFF = 6 hours nighttime
Cut-off time = 6 hours during daytime
Cut-off time = 11 hours during nighttime
***August:
First sequence:
6am to 10am - ON
10am to 2pm - OFF = 4 hours during daytime
2pm to 6pm - ON
6pm to 12am - OFF = 1 hour during daytime
= 5 hours during nighttime
4am to 6am - OFF = 2 hours during nighttime
Second sequence:
6am to 10am - OFF = 4 hours during daytime
10am to 2pm - ON
2pm to 8pm - OFF = 5 hours during daytime
= 1 hour during nighttime
12am to 6am - OFF = 6 hours nighttime
Cut-off time = 9 hours during daytime
Cut-off time = 7 hours during nighttime

17. Flow (m3
/s) Flow (GPM)
Selected
Velocity (ft/s)
Selected
Velocity (m/s)
Diameter (mm)
Selected
Copper Pipe
Selected Steel
Pipe
3.75315E-05 0.595 1.487 0.453 10.27 15 15
9.22276E-05 1.462 2.615 0.797 12.14 15 15
6.91707E-05 1.096 2.524 0.769 10.70 15 15
4.61138E-05 0.731 1.827 0.557 10.27 15 15
2.30569E-05 0.365 0.914 0.279 10.27 15 15
1.75090E-05 0.278 0.694 0.211 10.27 15 15
4.30255E-05 0.682 1.705 0.520 10.27 15 15
3.22691E-05 0.512 1.279 0.390 10.27 15 15
2.15128E-05 0.341 0.853 0.260 10.27 15 15
1.07564E-05 0.171 0.426 0.130 10.27 15 15
Standard
copper pipe
size
Standard steel
pipe size
15 15
22 20
28 25
32 32
35 40
42 40
54 50
67 65
76 80
108 100
125 125
150 150
200 200
250 250
300 300
350 350

18. Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s) Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s) Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s) Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s) Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s)
0.594949706 1.487374266 1.461992452 2.615498113 1.096494339 2.524123585 0.730996226 1.827490565 0.365498113 0.913745283
1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5
2 2.75 2 2.75 2 2.75 2 2.75 2 2.75
3 3.1 3 3.1 3 3.1 3 3.1 3 3.1
4 3.4 4 3.4 4 3.4 4 3.4 4 3.4
5 3.5 5 3.5 5 3.5 5 3.5 5 3.5
6 3.7 6 3.7 6 3.7 6 3.7 6 3.7
8 3.9 8 3.9 8 3.9 8 3.9 8 3.9
10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4
15 4.5 15 4.5 15 4.5 15 4.5 15 4.5
20 4.75 20 4.75 20 4.75 20 4.75 20 4.75
25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5
30 5.1 30 5.1 30 5.1 30 5.1 30 5.1
40 5.5 40 5.5 40 5.5 40 5.5 40 5.5
50 5.8 50 5.8 50 5.8 50 5.8 50 5.8
60 6 60 6 60 6 60 6 60 6
Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s) Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s) Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s) Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s) Flow (GPM) Velocity (ft/s)
0.277552546 0.693881364 0.682040385 1.705100963 0.511530289 1.278825722 0.341020193 0.852550482 0.170510096 0.426275241
1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5
2 2.75 2 2.75 2 2.75 2 2.75 2 2.75
3 3.1 3 3.1 3 3.1 3 3.1 3 3.1
4 3.4 4 3.4 4 3.4 4 3.4 4 3.4
5 3.5 5 3.5 5 3.5 5 3.5 5 3.5
6 3.7 6 3.7 6 3.7 6 3.7 6 3.7
8 3.9 8 3.9 8 3.9 8 3.9 8 3.9
10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4
15 4.5 15 4.5 15 4.5 15 4.5 15 4.5
20 4.75 20 4.75 20 4.75 20 4.75 20 4.75
25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5
30 5.1 30 5.1 30 5.1 30 5.1 30 5.1
40 5.5 40 5.5 40 5.5 40 5.5 40 5.5
50 5.8 50 5.8 50 5.8 50 5.8 50 5.8
60 6 60 6 60 6 60 6 60 6