1. Moradabad institute of technology
Prachi Rai
Seminar Topic - Tracking Bees with High Tx-Rx
Isolation Radar
Seminar Guide-Ms. Ritika Tandon
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2. Table of Content
 Introduction
 Radar
 Harmonic Radar Technique
 Isolation Radar Technique
 Transponder
 Pseudorandom code
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3. Why Tracking bees ?
 Bees are the only insect in the world that make food
that people can eat.
 Bees gives honey and honey contain all of the
substances including enzymes , minerals and vitamin.
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4. Radar & its component
 Radar is an electromagnetic system for the
detection and location of objects.
 Radar is used to extend the capability of one’s
senses for observing the environment.
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5. Components of Radar
 Transmitter
 Transceiver
 Antenna
 Receiver
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6. Limitation of Radar Technique
 It allows direct observation of insects at range of up to
2 km.
 Its utility for observing low flying insects was limited.
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7. Harmonic Radar Technique
 In this technique we fit a transponder on the insects or
bees.
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8. Advantage of harmonic concept
 The power to operate the device comes from the radar
transmission .
 The transponder thus avoids the usual limiting of an
on board battery so it becomes feasible.
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9. Disadvantage
 Low accuracy
 Low sensitivity
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10. Isolation Radar Technique
 It is similar to harmonic radar.
 For high accuracy and high sensitivity an isolation
radar technique is used.
 In this technique a pseudorandom technique (PRN) is
used to improve the accuracy and sensitivity.
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11. Isolation Radar
 Isolation between transmitter and receiver are the
isolation required depends on transmitter power,
transmitter noise and sensitivity of the receiver.
 If the lack of isolation is there between transmitter
and receiver , receiver burn out and masking of
wanted signals by transmitter noise .
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12. 12
 Fig. Isolation Radar

13. Why High Tx-Rx power?
 High tx – rx power is used for microwave signals .
 Microwave frequencies are high.
 It is used radio frequency signal
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14. 14
Frequency range of R.F.signal
Band Frequency range Wavelength
Extremely low
frequency
< 3 KHz >100 Km
Very low frequency 3 – 30 Hz 10 – 100 Km
Low frequency 30 – 300 KHz 1 – 10 Km
Medium frequency 300 KHz – 3 MHz 100 m – 1 km
High frequency 3 – 30 MHz 10 - 100 m
Very high frequency 30 – 300 MHz 1 – 10 m
Ultra high frequency 300 MHz – 3 GHz 10 cm – 1 m
Super high frequency 3 – 30 GHz 1 – 10 cm
Extremely high
frequency
30 – 300 GHz 1 mm -1 cm

15. PRN code
 PRN code is a mathematical technique.
 PRN code is a radar technique to estimate the time
delays between the transmit and receive signal.the
distance between the target and transceiver can be
calculated as
 L=c*t/2
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16. Sensitivity
 Sensitivity in a receiver is normally defined as the
minimum input signal required to produce a specified
signal-to-noise S/N ratio at the output port of the
receiver and is defined as the mean noise power at the
input port of the receiver times the minimum required
signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiver
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17. Application
 Tracking movement of individual anoplophora
glabripennis .
 A 3d small object environment.
 Shape and behavior tracking of bee dance.
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18. Conclusion
 How bumblebees quickly find the shortest route to
feed from numerous flowers.
 How it could help farmers identify the best ways to
grow crops to ensure faster pollination.
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19. References
 J. L. Osbome et al.” A landscape-scale study of humble
bee foraging range and constancy using harmonic
radar ” J. Appl. Ecol. Vol. 36 no.4 pp. 519-533 1999 .
 Z.-M. Tsai et al. “ A high range resolution 9.4/18.8 GHz
harmonic radar for bees searching “ in IEEE MTT-S int
. Microw . Symp. Dig. Montreal QC Canada jun. 2012
pp. 1-3 .
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20. References
 Z. M. Tsai et al.” A high-range-accuracy and high-
senstivity harmonic radar using pulse pseudorandom
code for bee searching “ IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory
Techn. Vol. 61 no. 1 pp. 666 – 675 Jan. 2013.
 M.-L. Hsu et al. “ Portable 9.4/18.8 GHz harmonic
radar system using pulse pseudorandom code
principle “ in Proc. Eur. Microw. Conf. Paris France
Sep. 2015 pp.885 -888
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