Analisa sistem teknik industri

1. Analisa Sistem
Machfud
Machfud

2. Pendekatan Sistem,
mencakup:
System Management
System Analysis
System
Engineering
Development
Technical
Progress
Operations
o. Pendekatan sistem mencakup tiga dimensi himpunan aktifitas è membentuk system
space
• Aspek analisis è menganalisis jejaring komponen sistem yang kompleks dan
mendiagnosa sistem nyata atau sistem hipotetik .
• Aspek rekayasa è digunakan untuk mengembangkan suatu sistem baru atau
memodifikasi sistem yang ada
• Aspek manajemen è mencakup fungsi dan prosedur yang diperlukan untuk
mengoperasikan sistem atau untuk menyelesaikan pembangunan/pengembangan suatu
sistem baru. Machfud

3. System Engineering Process (SEP)
System Analysis
System Engineering
Preliminary Design
Spesifikasi fungsional
dan diagram blok
Spesifikasi disain awal
dan spesifikasi uji
Detailed Design
To production
System Operation
Planning
Support
Requirement.
System
Management
Proses iteratif
Fungsi control managementMachfud

4. Analisa Sistem:
– Pemisahan sistem menjadi komponen-komponen
sistem untuk penelaahan lebih lanjut, untuk
mengkaji bagaimana komponen-komponen tsb
berinteaksi, bekerja, dan berpengaruh terhadap
kinerja sistem.
– Teknik terstruktur untuk menangani problem yang
besar dan kompleks untuk memperoleh alokasi
sumber daya yang efisien dalam mencapai tujuan
dan sasaran yang terdefinisi dengan baik.
Machfud

5. – Suatu inquiry (“pencarian ”) untuk membantu
pengambil keputusan:
• memilih tindakan dengan melakukan penyelidikan
secara sistematik,
• membandingkan alternatif kebijakan atau strategi
untuk mencapai tujuan secara kuantitatif antara
efektivitas biaya dan risiko (jika memungkinkan
Machfud

6. – Analisis sistem mencakup:
• Investigasi tujuan dari sistem
• Pemilihan kriteria kinerja
• Pengembangan alternatif solusi
• Menguji kelayakan solusi
• Mengevaluasi kelayakan solusi
• Pemilihan solusi yang diinginkan
• Pengembangan spesifikasi fungsional dari solusi yang
terpilih.
Machfud

7. • We do a systems analysis to subsequently
perform a systems synthesis.
• "Systems synthesis is the re-assembly of a
system's component pieces back into a whole
system-it is hoped an improved system.
• "Through systems analysis and synthesis, we
may add, delete, and modify system
components toward our goal of improving the
overall system.
Machfud

8. Kebutuhan Dasar
Analisa Kebutuhan
Lengkap
?
Formulasi Permasalahan
Persyaratan Kebutuhan
Cukup
?
Identifikasi Sistem:
•Diagram Lingkar
•Diagram I-O
Rekayasa Awal Model
Lengkap
?
Input-Output
Parameter Rancang
Bangun
Oke
?
Diagram Alir
Deskriptif
Selesai
Gbr. Tahapan Analisa Sistem
Machfud

9. Metodology Analisa Sistem
• Tidak ada prosedur baku atau teknik yang
dapat digunakan untuk semua problem
sistem, setiap problem membutuhkan
perlakuan khusus.
• Akan tetapi terdapat prinsip dan teknik umum
è 5 Basic activities sebagai kerangka kerja
metodologi analisa sistem:
Machfud

10. 1. Program Planning:
– Mengembangkan rencana dan usulan analisis
– merencanakan kegiatan analisa sistem:
• mengembangkan “problem portfolio” (mis: daftar masalah).
– Latar belakang study
2. Formulasi
– Mendefinisikan problem :
• Mempertimbangkan sasaran dan tujuan sistem
• Mencakup Input, Output, Peubah, Kendala, Parameter dan
ketrkaitan
– Pertanyaan:
• Apa fungsi dari sistem yang dikaji.
• Apa saja faktor yang relevan terhadap problem yang akan
dianalisis.
Machfud

11. 3. Pencarian (Search):
– Mencakup kegiatan mencari fakta/data,
relationship, dan penilaian faktor yang relevan.
– Mengembangkan alternatif:
• Mengganti/mengubah:
– teknologi
– kebijakan
– prosedur
– kendala.
4. Explanasi
– Salah satu tahapan pokok analisis:
mengembangkan MODEL untuk membantu
menjelaskan bagaimana perilaku sistem.
Machfud

12. 5. Evaluasi:
– Alternatif harus dibandingkan atas dasar BIAYA
dan EFFEKTIVITAS
– Mencakup juga penilaian Sensitivitas dan
Kelayakan setiap alternatif.
• Kelayakan secara Politi, Ekonomi, Sosial, Teknis,
Kelembagaan
– Menilai Kelayakan
6. Interpretasi
7. Implementasi
Machfud

13. Model (metode) Analisis:
Model Sistem Berbasis Struktur
dengan Menggunakan Graph Theory
Argumentasi:
• Keterbatasan model (metode) yg ada untuk
menganalisis sistem manufaktur secara total.
• Kinerja sistem manufaktur hanya diukur tanpa
suatu perspektif yang lebih luas dari pengaruh
sistem/sub-sistem.
• Ke-komprehensip-an suatu model/metode dapat
dirujuk dari seberapa banyak fenomena penting
di dalam suatu pabrik/ industri yang
dipertimbangkan dalam membangun model.
Machfud

14. Asumsi
Graph Theoritical model.
• Struktur sistem dapat dikorelasikan secara
kuantitatif dengan kinerja, spt produktivitas,
kualitas, reliabilitas dst.
• Sistem manufaktur secara total, sub-sistemnya
dan interaksi untuk Perusahaan/Industri
tergantung pada maksud dan tujuan, nilai dan
strategi bisnis.
• Kinerja Sistem Manufaktur bergantung pada
kinerja individu2 sub-sistem.
• Pemodelan/metodologi berdasarkan pendekatan
“bottom up”
Machfud

15. Identifikasi & Diagram Pohon
Sistem Manufaktur
Total manufacturing system
Five subsystems as identified above constitute the total manufacturing system. The
tasks for each subsystem and the sub-subsystem have been compiled in the tree
diagram at total manufacturing system level in Figure 1.
It may be observed that the management subsystem has been further decomposed
to reflect all the smaller activities at the lower levels. Similar decomposition to lower
levels may be carried for other subsystems also to comprehensively model the total
manufacturing system. In this paper, the objective is to demonstrate the methodology
and thus the analysis is limited to “level 1” decomposition only.
Manufactu
t
Strategy
formulation
Performance Appraisal
and Monitoring
Quality
Management
Human Resource
Management
Waste Elimination
Productivity
Lead time
Response time to
accommodate
change
Cost to
accommodate
change
Goals
SWOT
Forecasting
Fixing quality
goals
Mechanism of
Process control
Quality Culture
Conformance
level
Mechanism of
obtaining
feedback
Performance
of employees
Training
Incentive
Schemes
Production planning
and control
Capacity
planning
Aggregate
planning
Master schedule
Short term
schedule
Inventory
control
Manufacturing System
Inputs
Subsystem
Management
Subsystem
Manufacturing
Process subsystem
Support
Subsystem
Output
Subsystem
Sales and
distribution
Brand
Image
Waste
disposal
Information
Processing
Accounting
Maintenance
Engineering
Finance
Machines and
equipments
Humans
Material
handling system
Work
environment
Layout
Material
Capital
Business
Environment
Suppliers
Design
Engineering and
R&D
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 0
Machfud

16. Diagram Skematik
Sistem Produksi
and finally the manufacturing process satisfies the new output requirements, thus
completing the loop of information flow. For example, the management subsystem
controls the inputs subsystem through activities such as calling for major design
changes or the vendor selections. Also, it controls the support subsystem through policy
statements for general operation of maintenance and other sub-subsystems besides
Information, Schedules
Maintenance and other
support
Sales and other
Information
Control Decisions
Control Decisions
Production
schedules
Decision
Support
Information
Feed back Information
Feed back
Information
Shipping
details
Manufacturing Process S3 Output S5
Inputs S1
Process Support
Functions S4
Management and
control S2
Control Decisions
Raw Material
Requirement
Information
Process
Data
New designs
Machfud

17. Graph Theoretical Model
utk Sistem Manufaktur
Originality/value – This graph theory-based methodology is a novel mechanism to seamlessly
integrate manufacturing system giving way to system wide optimization. The paper is an attempt to
address the need for comprehensive and integrated analysis of the manufacturing system.
Keywords Manufacturing systems, Systems analysis, Modelling, Performance management,
Graph theory
Paper type Research paper
Nomenclature
G ¼ manufacturing system graph
V ¼ set of vertices
E ¼ set of edges
S1 ¼ input subsystem
S2 ¼ management subsystem
S3 ¼ manufacturing process subsystem
S4 ¼ support subsystem
S5 ¼ output subsystem
ring Technology
blishing Limited
0810898787
G = f(V,E)
V = {V1, V2, ….. Vn }
E = {E12, E23, ...... Emn }
of
ystem
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
e21
e13
e43
e35
e54
e41
e42
e24
e32
e34
e52
e23
Structural graph of Manufacturing System
Machfud

18. Representasi dalam bentuk Matrik
(Adjacency Matrix)
Adjacency matrix dari Graph G dengan 5 Nodes adalah matrik
bujur sangkar, A = [ aij ] sedemikian rupa sehingga:
𝑎!" = #
1, jika sub−sistem 𝑖 mempengaruhi subsistem j
0, jika sub−sistem I dan j 𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑑𝑎 ℎ𝑢𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛
Dimana : 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , dan 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
alysis. But, for computational analysis, the necessary information cannot be
a computer directly. For achieving this objective, the manufacturing system
n be represented in the form of various matrices and related models as
in the next section.
epresentation for the manufacturing system graph
many methods of representing the graph in the matrix form and two of them
idence and the adjacency matrices (Deo, 2000). The adjacency matrix being a
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
e21
e13
e43
e35
e54
e41
e42
e24
e32
e34
e52
e23
Machfud

19. Machfud

20. Teknik/Metode Analisis Sistem
• Metode Operation Research: sekumpulan
teknik matematik yang digunakan untuk
menganalisa sistem.
• Value Stream Mapping (VSM)
• Metode “Process Oriented Analysis” (POA) :
–
Machfud

21. Process Oriented Analysis (POA)
• A production system consists of :
– machines,
– employees and their environment, as well as:
• material, resources, and information that are processed and
exchanged.
• POA translates such a system into a network of
processes and flows, which are depicted in the static
Flow Diagrams.
• The State Chart adds the description of the behavior of
the system. These static and dynamic investigations
start with the As-Is Analysis, which represents the
current system.
Machfud

22. are understood by everybody. The extent to which a production can be described by
diagrams depends strongly on the understanding of the production itself.
Real World
Old production system
Old production system
As-Is Analysis
To-Be Model
Model of the Real World
processes
relationships
interfaces
time relations
conditions
realization
implementation
calculation
simulation
restructuring
reengineering
details
descriptions
parameters
New production system
New production system
Figure I1-6: Real world and model.
Machfud

23. • In the model, alternative solutions and different
values for parameters are investigated to gain
information for optimization strategies and future
scenarios for the To-Be Model, which sets the
target to be realized in the real world.
• The new model is applied thereafter in the real
world, and processes and interfaces are adapted
step-by-step.
• The data used for modeling, calculation, simulation,
and reengineering is gained by measurement in the
real system, by estimation, by reverse engineering,
or by calcu- lation using a generic production
system.
• The calculation results provide a rating of the
performance of the production system.
Machfud

24. and values, are identified. It is recommended to discuss the system based on th
diagrams with the people involved on different levels in order to get a complet
system description.
Goal definition
Project target
Setting of
system boundary
Modeling
As-Is Analysis
Data collection
Calculation
Simulation
Identification of
weak point
Optimization
Setting up To-Be Model
End of project
Final report
Figure I1-7: Setup of a model.
Calculation and simulation, based on the model and the data collection, give initia
Machfud

25. Manfaat / Kegunaan POA
– assists the concurrent engineering of products,
manufacturing processes, and production
equipment, and helps to improve efficiency for
modeling and development.
– It supports the lifecycle design of products by
including technical, financial, and environmental
evaluation parameters.
Machfud

26. • contains different graphical tools for the static
(time-independent) and
• the dynamic (time-dependent) analysis of
companies, plants, processes, and resources.
• Financially and environmentally relevant
flows are modeled in static diagrams and are
applied for the investigation and improvement
of industrial systems.
Machfud

27. Delimitation POA - SA
• Structured Analysis (SA) was originally designed in the United States
as a software development method for the handling of complex
data systems.
• The basics for the Flow Diagram and the State Chart of POA have
been derived from SA to take advantage of the strong features of
SA, such as consistency, scalability, and simplicity.
• SA and POA apply a similar static model to describe the system
from a structural viewpoint.
• The static models of POA are mainly focused on resource, cost, and
information, and therefore do not apply the element data store, as
used in the Data Flow Diagram of SA
Machfud

28. SA POA
Purpose Software engineering System engineering
Static modeling
Data Flow Diagram
Entity Relationship
Diagram
Flow Diagram
Value Flow Diagram
Resource Flow Diagram
Elements
Flow
Process External entity
Store
Flow
Process External entity
Data and resource modeling Mainly data modeling
Resource and data
modeling
Hierarchical structure Yes Yes
Dynamic modeling State Transition Diagram State Chart
Connection between static
and dynamic models
Two independent models
Consistent relationship
between static and dynamic
model
Link between modeling and
coding
Different concepts for
imple- mentation of charts
into code
Step-by-step procedure
from State Chart to real-
time control or simulation
program code
Machfud

29. Delimitation POA to UML
• UML groups its diagram types according to the
viewpoints they provide on the system, e.g.
behavioral view or functional view.
• UML offers a variety of diagrams and perspectives
but the positioning of theses diagrams is not
clearly defined.
• POA diagrams are assigned to the static and
dynamic behavior of a system, while keeping and
maintaining a common database for all diagrams.
Machfud

30. UML Diagrams POA Diagrams
Requirements view Use Case Diagram
Flow Diagram
(context diagram)
Structural view
Class Diagram
Component and
Deployment
Diagram
Flow Diagram
Behavioral view
State Diagram
Activity Diagram
Sequence Diagram
State Chart
Machfud

31. Method Aspect UML POA
Purpose Software engineering System engineering
Sequence of use of
diagrams
Not defined. Clearly defined.
Connection be- tween
diagrams
Connections between
diagrams are not fully
defined.
Connections between
individual diagrams are
defined by strict rules.
Coding
Programming is done
based on several
diagram types. No
consis- tency between
diagrams and code.
Structural link is
provided through
programming based on
the State
Comparison of UML and POA Methodology
Machfud

32. Konsep POA
• Menyelidiki sistem produksi pada berbagai
tingkat kompleksitas yang berbeda.
• Sistem produksi yang dianalisa dapat berupa
manufacturing plant seperti lini produksi untuk
coklat, suatu mesin, seperti mesin pengkemas,
suatu proses tunggal seperti pengendalian
kualitas
• Untuk kebutuhan analisis dan perbaikan, suatu
sistem perlu dimodelkan, apakah bersifat time
independently (statically) atau time-dependently
(dynamically), serta transisinya.
Machfud

33. Machfud

34. • It depicts what happens within a system, which
activities are conducted, and specifies where and
how what input is transformed into what output.
• It can be described on several levels of detail in the
hierarchy.
Machfud

35. • It introduces the behavioral view of the function of a production system.
• It specifies the sequence of states and under which condition the states are
entered.
• To break down a complex system, a State Chart can be detailed hierarchically on
different levels.
Machfud

36. Static Analysis:
1. Spesifikasi Sistem
2. Analisis secara Ekonomi
3. Analisis secara Ekologis.
Spesifikasi Sistem:
• the Flow Diagram, which shows a production system or
a service enterprise, depicting it by flows and processes:
– Processes describe the activities of people and machinery
and the transformation of material, resources, and data
within the system.
– Flows connect processes, acting as interfaces between
them.
Machfud

37. • The purpose of the functional analysis with
the Flow Diagram is to get to know the system
to be investigated:
– to specify processes, organize the workflow, find
gaps in the information transfer, and streamline
the operation.
Machfud

38. Machfud

39. Economical Analysis:
• The economical analysis of a system starts by
drawing a Flow Diagram. By adding
quantities, numbers, and monetary values,
the Flow Diagram becomes a Value Flow
Diagram.
• Values expressed in Currency Units (CU) are
allocated within the processes and assigned to
flows in order to calculate the value of the
product.
Machfud

40. Economical Analysis:
• Financial values and costs are connected
graphically with the corresponding flows or
processes on the diagram. Along the path of
the production process chain, the value added
is calculated.
• The value calculation is carried out in order to
set the sales price for a product, to evaluate
an investment in new production machinery,
or to calculate the impact of a change in
production parameters.
Machfud

41. Machfud

42. Ecological Analysis:
• Ecological analysis using the Resource Flow
Diagram is based on the Flow Diagram, which
is completed by resource flows and their
values.
• The environmentally relevant values are
calculated for the resource flows including
mass, energy, and embodied energy
calculation.
Machfud

43. Ecological Analysis:
• Possibilities for recycling and reuse of waste
heat and waste material are assessed by in-
depth technical energy analysis.
• The energy consumption necessary for a
product during its production and its lifetime
is summed up as embodied energy.
• Calculation and optimization steps result in
recommendations for improving the
processing system.
Machfud

44. Machfud

45. Flow Diagram
Machfud

46. • Diagram graphically shows where resources and data
come from, where they are going, how output is
generated by transformation of input, and what
relationships exist between the activities.
• A Flow Diagram is a simple, yet powerful tool to
structure and order a complex system. Since it is
scalable any time into more general or more detailed
views, any point within the system may be chosen as
the starting point to draw diagrams for a model.
•
• It will finally become a picture of the real system and
represent a part of the real world, thus looking as
similar as possible.
Machfud

47. • The Flow Diagram helps understand complex
production systems by revealing, step-by-step,
their underlying structure and the relationships
and interactions between the elements.
• The main focus of the Flow Diagram is on
interface-oriented thinking.
• The flows represent interfaces, relations, and
connections. They guide the analysis, hierarchical
decomposition, and specification of a system.
Machfud

48. Hierarchical decomposition:
• The Flow Diagram model is able to structure
the system hierarchically in different levels of
detail. This helps to decompose a big, complex
system into small, manageable components
that are easier to understand.
• Each process in a diagram may be detailed
into child diagrams with subprocesses and
subflows.
Machfud

49. • This hierarchical procedure allows either a
top-down or a bottom-up execution of an
analysis.
• Using the top-down analysis approach, the
problem is outlined going only into as much
depth as is required at the time, but can be
further detailed at any time. With the bottom-
up analysis, different subsystems are
assembled to create a larger system.
Machfud

50. System boundary:
• The diagram on the uppermost level in the
model hierarchy clearly defines the system
boundary.
• It defines the elements that belong to the
investigated system and those that are part of
the external environment.
• The toplevel diagram also shows the
interactions or the interfaces of the analyzed
system with the external environment.
Machfud

51. Flow Diagram Elements
• consists of three elements, each represented
by a graphical symbol:
– process,
– flow, and
– external entity.
• The investigated system is described using
processes and flows.
• The external entities define the external
environment of this system.
Machfud

52. • Rules S1-1: Flow Diagram
• F1 A Flow Diagram has to contain a minimum
of:
– one process,
– one flow as an input to this process, and
– one flow as an output of this process.
• F2 Each element (process, flow, external
entity) carries an informative name.
Machfud

53. Process:
• Processes are transformations performed on the
content of flows. Each change of place, time, state,
or value is represented by a process.
• These processes can depict the function of a single
machine or of an entire company.
• A process represents a part of a system that carries
out an activity or a function.
• It transforms the process inputs into process
outputs. This transformation creates an output of
higher value that is more useful than the input
Machfud

54. • Tipe Proses:
– Proses Produksi
– Proses Penyimpanan
– Proses Transportasi
– Proses Administrasi
– Proses Pendukung
– Proses Pengendalian
4.2
Wash dishes
Dishwasher
Machfud

55. Flow:
• Flow menunjukkan interface antara 2 proses atau
antara proses sistem dan lingkungan eksternal.
• A flow represents the interface or the crossing of
an object that is passed between two processes
or between a process and the external world.
• The object is the content of the flow. It can also
be seen as the carrier. This object can be
material, as a product, material, or resources, or
immaterial, as information, human intervention,
energy, etc.
Machfud

56. • Kelompok Flow:
– Product flow
– Resource flow:
• Material
• Waste
• Water
• Energy
• Workforce ( (operator, service, supervisor)
• Space
– Information flow:
• Order
• Instruksi
• Contro
Machfud

57. Value Flow Diagram
• Value. is a generic word for the different
terms of cost accounting, such as costs,
expenditures, expenses, receipts, income,
profits, returns, earnings, performance,
output, etc.
• The value is given in a currency unit as
specified for the analysis.
Machfud

58. Value Flow Diagram
• The Value Flow Diagram (VFD) is based on the
Flow Diagram and depicts the manufacturing
of a product through processes and flows.
• Each flow on a diagram, including the product
flow, carries a monetary value.
• The value can be read out from the diagram at
any stage in production.
Machfud

59. Value Flow Diagram
• This means that the value flows in a company
are matched graphically with the production
flow.
• The value added can be followed step-by-step
along the chain of production processes, and
the origin of the costs is immediately
visualized.
• This makes the VFD a graphical value analysis
tool.
Machfud

60. VFD Elements
1. Proses:
• In addition to the general process definition of the Flow
Diagram, the value aspect has to be considered for the VFD.
• Setiap proses menyebabkan perubahan nilai – setiap
perubahan nilai membutuhkan proses.
• On the VFD, the value added of a process can be shown on
the diagram in the process box itself. It appears in the third
field at the bottom, which is reserved for additional
information.
• The value added of a process expresses the increase of
value that the product receives while being treated in this
process.
4.2
Wrap chocolate
Value added
CU: 26.75
Machfud

61. 2. External entity:
• External entities represent the external
environment.
• They are the suppliers and receivers - source and
destination - of the system and connected to it by
the flows going into and coming out of the
system.
• As they do not belong to the investigated system,
they are not needed for the value calculation and
therefore, do not have values in the symbols on
the diagram or in their specifications.
• The flows, as the interfaces to the external
entities, carry all the necessary value information
for the calculations.
Machfud

62. 3.Value Flow.
– In the VFD, the flow carries the value; it is
therefore called the value flow.
– The flow, consists of the object and the value that
is carried by the object.
– The object provides the name and value for the
flow. It is also called the flow content or value
carrier.
1
Manufactur
er Machine
2
Paint
Machine
Machine
CU. 952.00
Machfud

63. Machfud

64. Positive Value Flow:
the origin process sends the object and value indicated to the
destination process, following the direction of the arrow.
Negative value flow:
the origin process receives the value for the object that is sent to
the destination process.
Value Added:
Value added dari suatu proses pada VFD adalah perbedaan
antara nilai output produk dan nilai input produk
Machfud

65. Machfud

66. Machfud

67. Resource Flow Diagram (RFD)
• RFD berkonsentrasi dalam menghubungkan proses dan
memetakan aliran sumbedaya seperti energi, material,
limbah, dan tenaga kerja.
• RFD adalah “As-Is Model” è digunakan untuk
mengoptimumkan sistem, berfokus pada aliran
sumberdaya yang closed-loop, mengurangi konsumsi
sumberdaya, emisi dan limbah.
• Output dari analisis RFD merupakan basis utk
perbaikan secara teknis maupun logistik pada rantai
produksi.
• RFD bertujuan untuk analisis dan optimasi sistem
produksi dari sudut pandang energi dan lingkungan.
Machfud

68. Tujuan Utama RFD
• Menganalisis Sistem:
– Proses pemetaan yang menghubungkan berbagai
tingkat kerincian è perhitungan aliran masa dan
energi untuk assessment awal sistem produksu
• Evaluasi energi dari sistem
– Menghitung keseimbangan energi dari sistem
produksi è penentuan kinerja dan mengoptimasi
manajemen energi.
• Evaluasi Lingkungan
Machfud

69. Machfud

70. Machfud

71. RFD vs LCA (Life Cycle Assessment ~ evaluasi
lingkungan)
LCA: suatu metode yang menghitung dan mengevaluasi dampak
lingkungan dari produk/jasa sepanjang life cycle nya.
Machfud

72. Definisi Nilai-nilai Resource :
Machfud

73. Elemen RFD
• RFD didasarkan pada Flow Diagram
• RFD melengkapi Flow Diagram dengan aliran
sumberdaya dan nilai sumberdaya.
• Elemen RFD : Proses, Aliran resource, dan
ecternal entity
Machfud

74. • Proses:
– Proses melaksanakan transformasi aliran resource
atas dasar hukum energi dan conservasi massa.
• Resource Flow:
ü menunjukkan secara grafis (produk, material, energi atau
manpower) suatu objek melewati satu proses ke proses
berikutnya.
Machfud

75. • External Entity
– Sistem bertukar resource, produk, dan informasi dengan
“outside world” (external entity) ~ dhi: pemasok dan
pelanggan.
– External entity tidak digunakan dalam perhitungan pada
sistem yang dikaji.
– Aliran yang keluar dan datang dari external entities
membawa semua informasi yang diperlukan untuk
perhitungan
Machfud

76. Machfud