Studies

1. GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS
INTRODUCTION:
GROWTH
 Growth refers to the permanent increase in physical size of the
whole body or any of its parts
 It is measurable physical changes that occur throughout a person’s
life.
 It is multiplication of cells commencing from fertilization to
physical maturity.
 It can be measured in kg, pounds, meters, inches.

2. CONTINUITY….
DEVELOPMENT
 Development refers to the increase of functional capacity
specialized tissues.
 Development is a measure of functional or physiological
maturation of the nervous system.
 It signifies accomplishment of mental, emotional and social
abilities.
 It refers to the changes in intellectual, mental and emotional
skills that occur over time.

3. EXAMPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
2. PHYSICAL
3. BEHAVIORAL
4. EMOTIONAL

4. TYPES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH TYPES AND REGULATION OF IT HORMONES
Auxetic growth: increase of the cell size of an organism
due to cellular enlargement
Multiplication growth: characterized by the occurrence
of repeated cell division
Accretionary growth: it involves the formation of
specialized cells having specialized functions
Hormones: like growth hormone secreted by interior
pituitary lobe and thyroid gland play an important role

5. CONTINUE….
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
Physical development: involves growth and changes in the body
and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
Cognitive development: involves learning, attention, memory,
language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
 Psychosocial development: involves emotions, personality, and
social relationships.

6. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
• Heredity : it affect many physical appearances of a child
like; height, weight, body structure, color of the eye,
intelligent, hair texture etc
• Environment : the physical surroundings and the
geographical conditions of the place, affect child’s social
environment and relationships with family and peer.

7. CONTINU…
• Hormones : hormones belong to the endocrine
system and influence the various of or bodies. The
proper functioning of these hormones paly an
importance role in the normal physical growth and
development of a child. If these hormones don’t
function properly, children may suffer from growth
defects, obesity, behavioral problems , and some
other diseases.
• Exercise : exercise helps in regaining one’s
muscular strength and put bone mass

8. CONTINU…
Nutrition : nutrition maybe most important factor that
has the most profound impact on children’s healthy
growth and development. Balance diet, rich in vitamins,
minerals, proteins, carbohydrates and fats, provides
everything that a child body needs to grow properly.
Poor nutrition or malnutrition leads to deficiency
diseases that may affect the growth and development of
a child adversely.
Child’s Education: physical surroundings, geographical
conditions of a place the child lives, his social

9. PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• Development is a continuous development: the
process of growth and development continues from
conception till individual reaches maturity. Both
mental and traits and physical gradually continue till
they reach their maximum growth.
• Development follows a pattern: every species
whether animal or human follow a pattern or
sequence of development peculiar to it; a child
crawls before creeping, stands before walks and

10. CONTUN…….
• Developments proceeds from general to specific
responses: while developing to any aspect of
personality, the child exhibit a general response
and learn how to show specific and goal-
directed responses afterward.
• The rate of development is not uniform
throughout life: individuals differ in the rate of
growth and development. Both and girls have
different development rate. Each part in the boy

11. • Most of the traits are correlated in development:
generally, it is seen that the child whose mental
development is above average, is also superior in
some many aspects like health, sociability and
special aptitudes.
• Developmental is predictable: the different in
physiological potentialities can be predicted by
observation and psychological tests.

12. CONTUINATION…
• There is wide individual difference in development: every
organism is a distinct creation in itself. One of the most
importance principles of development is that it involves
individual differences. All children may learn to walk but
the time each child takes for his/her first step vary.
• Development is hierarchical: children must master lower-
level skills before they can progress to a higher-level. A
child can start with basic school math; addition and
subtraction before complex math

13. OTHER PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Cephalocaudal direction: the head region starts
growth at first. The child gains control of the head,
then the arms and then the legs.
 Proximodistal direction: from centre or midline to
the periphery (near to far). The spinal cord develops
before outer parts of the body. The child’s arm
develops before the hands. The hands and feet
develop before the fingers and toes.

14. STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
•Infancy: birth to 0-2 year
•Early childhood: 2-6 years
•Late childhood: 6-12 years
•Adolescence: 12-20 years
•Early adulthood: 20-40 years
•Middle adulthood: 40-65 years
•Late adulthood: 65 years and up

15. STAGES CONTINUE…

16. EXPLANATION OF THE CHART
• STAGE 1 — INFANCY: TRUST VS. MISTRUST
• In the first stage of human development, infants learn to
trust based on how well their caregivers meet their basic
needs and respond when they cry. If an infant cries out to
be fed, the parent can either meet this need by feeding
and comforting the infant or not meet this need by
ignoring the infant. When their needs are met, infants
learn that relying on others is safe; when their needs go
unmet, infants grow up to be less trusting.

17. • Stage 2 — toddlerhood: autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
• In addition to autonomy versus shame and doubt, another way to
think of the second stage is independence versus dependence. Like
in the first stage, toddlers go through this stage responding to their
caregivers. If caregivers encourage them to be independent and
explore the world on their own, toddlers will grow up with a sense of
self-efficacy. If the caregivers hover excessively or encourage
dependence, these toddlers grow up with less confidence in their
abilities.
• For example, if a toddler wants to walk without assistance in a safe
area, the caregiver should encourage this autonomy by allowing the
independent behavior. If the caregiver insists on holding the

18. • Stage 3 — preschool years: initiative vs. Guilt
During the preschool years, children learn to assert
themselves and speak up when they need something.
Some children may state that they’re sad because a friend
stole their toy. If this assertiveness is greeted with a
positive reaction, they learn that taking initiative is helpful
behavior. However, if they’re made to feel guilty or
ashamed for their assertiveness, they may grow up to be
timid and less likely to take the lead.

19. • Stage 4 — early school years: industry vs. Inferiority
• When children begin school, they start to compare
themselves with peers. If children feel they’re
accomplished in relation to peers, they develop strong
self-esteem. If, however, they notice that other children
have met milestones that they haven’t, they may struggle
with self-esteem. For example, a first grader may notice
a consistently worse performance on spelling tests when
compared with peers. If this becomes a pattern, it can
lead to feelings of inferiority.

20. • Stage 5 — adolescence: identity vs. Role confusion
• The adolescent stage is where the term “identity crisis”
originated, and for good reason. Adolescence is all
about developing a sense of self. Adolescents who can
clearly identify who they are grow up with stronger
goals and self-knowledge than teenagers who struggle
to break free of their parents’ or friends’ influences.
Adolescents who still deeply depend on their parents for
social interaction and guidance may experience more
role confusion than teenagers who pursue their own

21. • Stage 6 — young adulthood: intimacy vs. Isolation
• In young adulthood, which begins roughly at age 20,
people begin to solidify their lifelong bonds; many
people enter committed relationships or marriages,
while others form lifelong friendships. People who can
create and maintain these relationships reap the
emotional benefits, while those who struggle to
maintain relationships may suffer from isolation. A
young adult who develops strong friendships in college
may feel more intimacy than one who struggles to form

22. • Stage 7 — middle adulthood: generativity vs. Stagnation
• In middle adulthood, people tend to struggle with their
contributions to society. They may be busy raising
children or pursuing careers. Those who feel that they’re
contributing experience generativity, which is the sense
of leaving a legacy. On the other hand, those who don’t
feel that their work or lives matter may experience
feelings of stagnation. For example, a middle-aged
adult who’s raising a family and working in a career that
presumably helps people may feel more fulfilled than an

23. • Stage 8 — late adulthood: integrity vs. Despair
As adults reach the end of life, they look back on their
lives and reflect. Adults who feel fulfilled by their lives,
either through a successful family or a meaningful career,
reach ego integrity, in which they can face aging and
dying with peace. If older adults don’t feel that they’ve
lived a good life, they risk falling into despair.

24. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

25. THE END
GROUP 2 MEMBERS
1. HAVEN ANDEZION
2. BARNADETA BARNABA
3. RINAH ANYAR
4. MOSES MAJOK
5. NARDOS HAILE