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Sukaina Walji & Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams
Centre for Innovation in Learning & Teaching, University of Cape Town
http://www.slideshare.net/ROER4D/
Understanding the nature of OEP for OER adoption in Global South
contexts:
Emerging lessons from the ROER4D project
Presentation at OER17 London 5-6 April 2017
ROER4D Phases 1 & 2
2
ROER4D Phase 1: Adoption Studies ROER4D Phase 2: Adoption & Impact Studies
18 independent sub-projects - 100 researchers & research assistants - 16 time zones - Aug 2013- Dec 2017
Hosted by the University of Cape Town, South Africa and Wawasan Open University, Malaysia
Funded by the IDRC & DFID
ROER4D research rationale
Internationally, education institutions are under pressure
to provide students with access to affordable, quality
education in economically constrained environments
from primary, secondary and tertiary phases to what is
termed lifelong learning.
The need for equity of access to affordable, locally
relevant educational materials is felt acutely in Global
South countries facing growing student numbers,
decreasing government funding, increasing
Textbooks costs, and educational materials which
are not always suitable for the local context.
3
#FeesMustFall Protests at UCT Picture courtesy
Discott CC-BY-SA; Wikimedia Commons
Research question
4
Whether, how, for whom and under what circumstances can engagement with
open educational practices and resources provide equitable access to
relevant, high quality, affordable and sustainable education in the Global South?
For this presentation we are interested in:
What can we learn about the nature of OEP that is emerging from some of the
ROER4D projects?
OEP and OER - perspectives from literature
5
• Since at least 2007, researchers have included “practices” as a constituent aspect of the OER
movement (Andrade et al. 2010)
• “OEP is a broad descriptor that includes the creation, use and reuse of OER, open pedagogies, and
open sharing of teaching practices” (Cronin, 2017)
• Although much of the conceptualisation and research on OEP and OER has taken place in the
Global North (Andrade et al., 2010; Ehlers, 2011; Porter, 2013), a growing number of studies in the
Global South is surfacing the shift from OER to OEP (Czerniewicz, Glover, Deacon & Walji, 2016;
Perryman & Seal, 2016).
Varied approaches to defining OEP
Masterman (2016) argues that developing an OEP conceptual framework “involves disparate sources”
for OEP as there is a lack of a “holistic repertoire of practices currently observable in the field”.
OER OEP Open Pedagogy and other OEP descriptions
Mapping “ways of seeing” OER->OEP
Wiley & 5Rs
(2007 - )
OPAL (2011)
Ehlers (2011)
Beetham (2012)
Hegarty (2015)
Cronin (2017)
Wiley (2014)
Masterman
(2016)Karunanayaka
(2015)
Hodgkinson-
Williams (2014)
5 “R”s
framework
where
permissions
inherent in
OER when
activated
lead to
optimal
educational
outcomes
Shift to
promoting
practices to
enable
optimal use
of OER
OER as
a
catalyst
for
OEP
OEP
enables
optimising
of current
pedagogy
Broader &
critical
definitions of
OEP:
-networked
participation
-open
teaching
-critical digital
pedagogy
Strategic
selection of
OEP to meet
pedagogical
goals
OEP can
lead to OER
awareness
Open
Pedagogy
as a
subset of
OEP
“Ways of seeing” OER-OEP in ROER4D
7
Prior OEP enables OER
OER
OER
OER
OER
OER
Subsequent OEP for
OER optimisation
Cycle of OEP sustains OER
For OER to exist there
must be prior open
educational practices
For OER to be optimised and
sustainable, there must be subsequent
open educational practices
New OEP
8
Process OLnet 2010 Wiley (2014) White & Manton (2011) Okada (2012)
Conceptualise
(plan, propose, imagine)
deciding
Create
(develop, produce,
make)
design
Curate Retain - make, own, and control
copies of the content
Circulate (host on public
platform/s)
Redistribute - share copies of the
original content, your revisions, or
your remixes with others
delivering
LoCate
(find, choose)
select discovering, discerning
Customise
(edit, translate, localise)
(design) Revise - adapt, adjust, modify, or
alter the content itself
designing re-authoring, contextualising,
re-designing, summarising,
repurposing, translating,
personalising, re-sequencing
Combine
(mix, group, mash-up)
Remix -combine the original or
revised content with other open
content to create something new
decomposing, re-mixing
and/or assembling
Certify
(award, accredit)
Critique
(reflect, judge)
evaluate
10C Open Education Cycle (Hodgkinson-Williams, 2014)
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate
CertifyCirculate
Combine
Customise
Copy
Critique
Creation cycle
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
ideal
Re-Curate
Curate
Re-Circulate
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Creation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
Adaptation cycle
In the study at Wawasan
Open University of
course developers’
deliberate use of OER to
create a formal 5-credit
distance learning course,
an official curriculum
committee
conceptualised the
structure of the course
prior to the identification
of existing OER (Menon
et al., in press)
The conceptualisation
phase includes the
curriculum planning of
what exactly is needed for
whom as well as an
awareness of OER
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
Creation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
In Colombia 22 teachers from six
schools created 16 OER of which
10 were created individually and
six collaboratively; the latter being
a new practice for school
teachers who do not usually
create materials or do so
collaboratively
A study of 117 lecturers
in four universities in
India found that
lecturers were more
likely to create
materials rather than
customise or combine
existing OER.
The creation phase refers to the
development of original materials by an
individual or institution and includes
materials developed with the express
intent to share freely and openly from
the outset (“born open OER”) or re-
created from “closed” materials by the
original author
Although some studies provided
opportunities for co-creation with
students (Westermann, et al, in
press), not many students took this
up.
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create Curate
Creation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
The curation step refers to the
preservation or storage of the
materials and/or tuition that
includes sufficient descriptive
information (i.e. metadata) and
appropriate open licensing (e.g.
Creative Commons)
In some ROER4D studies OER are
formally tagged and openly licenced
(Kasinathan & Ranganathan, in press).
A more common practice was for
educators to retain copies of newly
created OER on their devices or in
password protected learning management
systems (Karunanayaka & Naidu, in press)
and therefore curation practices were
difficult to identify.
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create CirculateCurate
Creation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
The circulation step refers
to the hosting of these on a
publicly accessible platform
with appropriate open
licensing and metadata
OER was hosted on public platforms (e.g.
Karnataka Open Educational Resources (KOER)
in India (Kasinathan & Ranganathan, in press),
Darakht-e Danesh Library in Afghanistan (Oates
et al., in press), the Co-KREA website in
Colombia (Sanez et al, in press) and on the
Wikibooks platform for a teacher-generated open
textbook developed for students at a higher
education institution in Chile (Westermann, in
press)
Not all materials intended as OER were available
publicly. At the Open University of Sri Lanka local
LMS was used as a password protected platform for
sharing materials among student teachers
(Karunanayaka & Naidu, in press). In India teachers
preferred to share materials informally via a mailing
list (Kasinathan & Ranganathan, in press), Some
OER on MOOC platforms (Czerniewicz et al, in
press).
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate
CirculateCurate
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
The slightly
artificially coined
“loCate” step
refers to the ease
of finding and
discovering OE
materials and/or
tuition
At Wawasan Open University
two librarians and an
educational technologist formed
a “search group” to find OER to
assist course developers to
identify possible OER for reuse
in a formal 5-credit course
(Menon et al., in press). At the
Open University of Sri Lanka
student teachers found and
then documented and shared
links to OER with other
teachers via the institutional
LMS (Karunanayaka & Naidu,
in press).
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate
Circulate
Customise
Curate
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
The customise step refers to the localising or adapting of the
materials and/or tuition In a study in Malaysia, India and Sri
Lanka of course developers’
deliberate use of OER to create a 5-
credit course, it was found that
customising
(localising/contextualising) “large
chunks of OER” was easier and
less time consuming than
customising more granular
“reusable learning objects”.
Customising also required creating
new linking materials (Menon, et al.,
in press) or what we refer to as
“instructional glue”
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate Combine
Customise
Curate
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
The combine step refers to the decomposing, re-mixing and
re-assembling of materials and/or tuition in accordance with
the open licence that the original author or institution selected
Only one study
distinguished between
combining (remixing) and
customising (revising)
(Menon, et al. in press),
while most other studies
reported more general
adaptation practices.
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate
Re-circulate
Combine
Customise
Re-curate
Copy
Creation cycle
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
Whether the materials have been customised or combined with other materials, ideally
they need to be “Re-curated” and “Re-circulated” to fulfil the “Share-Alike” licence
and/or make the derivative work easy to find in order to re-use, re-customise and/or re-
combine
This is possibly the
weakest set of
practices as it is not
always clear where
they can upload
derivative work.
Educators in Sri
Lanka saved
materials on the LMS
or their own devices
and shared informally
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate Combine
Customise
Curate
Copy
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
The copy step allows for Open
Education materials and/or tuition to
be used in an unaltered manner
In the ROER4D studies
copying was the most
common practice,
especially for videos,
diagrams, and
photographs. While a
“dead-end”, it is still
valuable to users for
materials that are
technically complex or
time consuming to
make.
Re-circulateRe-curate
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate
CertifyCirculate
Combine
Customise
Curate
Copy
Creation cycle
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
ideal
The certify step refers to activities around
how to accredit Open Education and has
been used to prompt thinking about the
possible consequences for the use and/or
completion of original and/or re-worked
Open Education materials and/or tuition
Apart from one study at
Wawasan Open
University, which
intentionally adopted OER
for a formal credit-bearing
course (Menon et al., in
press), none of the other
studies surfaced this
practice
Re-circulateRe-curate
10C Open Education Cycle
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate
CertifyCirculate
Combine
Customise
Curate
Copy
Critique
Creation cycle
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014
ideal
An evaluative critique step, (also
slightly artificially named so that
this forms a relatively easy 10C
heuristic of a suggested Open
Education cycle) prompts
monitoring, research and reflection
on the entire Open Education
cycle
Re-circulateRe-curate
10C Open Education Cycle - seeing OEP
Conceptualise
Create
LoCate
CertifyCirculate
Combine
Customise
Curate
Copy
Critique
Creation cycle
Adaptation cycle
Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2017
ideal
Co-Create
Open Educational Practices
Collaborate Share
Peer review
References
22
Andrade, A., et al. (2010). Beyond OER: Shifting Focus to Open Educational Practices. OPAL Report 2011. Retrieved from:
https://oerknowledgecloud.org/sites/oerknowledgecloud.org/files/OPAL2011.pdf
Beetham, H., I. Falconer, L. McGill, L. & Littlejohn, A. (2012). Open practices: briefing paper. Retrieved from:
https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/51668352/OpenPracticesBriefing
Cronin, C. (2017) 'Openness and praxis: Exploring the use of open educational practices in higher education'. The International
Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, In Press.
Czerniewicz, L., Glover, M., Deacon, A. & Walji, S. (2016). MOOCs, openness and changing educator practices: an Activity Theory
case study. In Cranmer S., Dohn N.B., de Laat M., Ryberg T & Sime J.A. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on
Networked Learning 2016. Retrieved from: http://137.158.1.55.94/bitstream/handle/11427/19714/NLC%20paper.pdf?sequence=1
Ehlers, U. D. (2011). From open educational resources to open educational practices. E-learning papers, 23, 1–8. Retrieved from:
http://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/From-Open-Educational-Resources-to-Open-Educational-Practices
Hegarty, B. (2015). Attributes of Open Pedagogy: A Model for Using Open Educational Resources. Educational Technology, (July-
August 2015), 3-13. Retrieved from:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Ed_Tech_Hegarty_2015_article_attributes_of_open_pedagogy.pdf
Hodgkinson-Williams, C. A. (2014). Degrees of Ease: Adoption of OER, OpenTextbooks and MOOCs in the Global South. Keynote
address at the OER Asia Symposium 2014. Available online: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/1188
References
Karunanayaka, S.P., et al. (2015). Perspectives and practices of student teachers of OUSL in the use of OER in teaching and learning. Research
paper presented at the OUSL Annual Academic Sessions-2015, held 19-20 November, 2015, at OUSL, Nawala.
Masterman, E. (2016). Bringing Open Educational Practice to a Research-Intensive University: Prospects and Challenges. The
Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 14(1), 31-42. Retrieved from: www.ejel.org
OPAL (2011). Beyond OER: Shifting focus to open educational practices. OPAL Report 2011 Essen: Open Education Quality Initiative
https://www.scribd.com/document/49389350/OPALReport2011-Beyond-OER
Perryman, L.-A. & Seal T. (2016). Open educational practices and attitudes to openness across India: Reporting the findings of the
Open Education Research Hub Pan-India Survey. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 2016(1), 1-17. Retrieved from:
http://jime.open.ac.uk/articles/10.5334/jime.416/
Porter, D. (2013). Exploring the practices of educators using open educational resources (OER) in the British Columbia higher
education system (D.Ed). Simon Fraser University.
Wiley, D. (2009). Defining “open”, iterating toward openness [Blog]. http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/1123
Wiley, D. (2014). The Access Compromise and the 5th R. Retrieved from: http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3221
23
Citation and attribution
Walji, S. & Hodgkinson-Williams, C.A. (2017). Understanding the nature of OEP
for OER adoption in Global South contexts: Emerging lessons from the
ROER4D project. OER 17 Conference, London, 5-6 April 2017. Retrieved from:
http://www.slideshare.net/ROER4D/
24

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Understanding the nature of OEP for OER adoption in Global South contexts: Emerging lessons from the ROER4D project

  • 1. Sukaina Walji & Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams Centre for Innovation in Learning & Teaching, University of Cape Town http://www.slideshare.net/ROER4D/ Understanding the nature of OEP for OER adoption in Global South contexts: Emerging lessons from the ROER4D project Presentation at OER17 London 5-6 April 2017
  • 2. ROER4D Phases 1 & 2 2 ROER4D Phase 1: Adoption Studies ROER4D Phase 2: Adoption & Impact Studies 18 independent sub-projects - 100 researchers & research assistants - 16 time zones - Aug 2013- Dec 2017 Hosted by the University of Cape Town, South Africa and Wawasan Open University, Malaysia Funded by the IDRC & DFID
  • 3. ROER4D research rationale Internationally, education institutions are under pressure to provide students with access to affordable, quality education in economically constrained environments from primary, secondary and tertiary phases to what is termed lifelong learning. The need for equity of access to affordable, locally relevant educational materials is felt acutely in Global South countries facing growing student numbers, decreasing government funding, increasing Textbooks costs, and educational materials which are not always suitable for the local context. 3 #FeesMustFall Protests at UCT Picture courtesy Discott CC-BY-SA; Wikimedia Commons
  • 4. Research question 4 Whether, how, for whom and under what circumstances can engagement with open educational practices and resources provide equitable access to relevant, high quality, affordable and sustainable education in the Global South? For this presentation we are interested in: What can we learn about the nature of OEP that is emerging from some of the ROER4D projects?
  • 5. OEP and OER - perspectives from literature 5 • Since at least 2007, researchers have included “practices” as a constituent aspect of the OER movement (Andrade et al. 2010) • “OEP is a broad descriptor that includes the creation, use and reuse of OER, open pedagogies, and open sharing of teaching practices” (Cronin, 2017) • Although much of the conceptualisation and research on OEP and OER has taken place in the Global North (Andrade et al., 2010; Ehlers, 2011; Porter, 2013), a growing number of studies in the Global South is surfacing the shift from OER to OEP (Czerniewicz, Glover, Deacon & Walji, 2016; Perryman & Seal, 2016). Varied approaches to defining OEP Masterman (2016) argues that developing an OEP conceptual framework “involves disparate sources” for OEP as there is a lack of a “holistic repertoire of practices currently observable in the field”.
  • 6. OER OEP Open Pedagogy and other OEP descriptions Mapping “ways of seeing” OER->OEP Wiley & 5Rs (2007 - ) OPAL (2011) Ehlers (2011) Beetham (2012) Hegarty (2015) Cronin (2017) Wiley (2014) Masterman (2016)Karunanayaka (2015) Hodgkinson- Williams (2014) 5 “R”s framework where permissions inherent in OER when activated lead to optimal educational outcomes Shift to promoting practices to enable optimal use of OER OER as a catalyst for OEP OEP enables optimising of current pedagogy Broader & critical definitions of OEP: -networked participation -open teaching -critical digital pedagogy Strategic selection of OEP to meet pedagogical goals OEP can lead to OER awareness Open Pedagogy as a subset of OEP
  • 7. “Ways of seeing” OER-OEP in ROER4D 7 Prior OEP enables OER OER OER OER OER OER Subsequent OEP for OER optimisation Cycle of OEP sustains OER For OER to exist there must be prior open educational practices For OER to be optimised and sustainable, there must be subsequent open educational practices New OEP
  • 8. 8 Process OLnet 2010 Wiley (2014) White & Manton (2011) Okada (2012) Conceptualise (plan, propose, imagine) deciding Create (develop, produce, make) design Curate Retain - make, own, and control copies of the content Circulate (host on public platform/s) Redistribute - share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others delivering LoCate (find, choose) select discovering, discerning Customise (edit, translate, localise) (design) Revise - adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself designing re-authoring, contextualising, re-designing, summarising, repurposing, translating, personalising, re-sequencing Combine (mix, group, mash-up) Remix -combine the original or revised content with other open content to create something new decomposing, re-mixing and/or assembling Certify (award, accredit) Critique (reflect, judge) evaluate 10C Open Education Cycle (Hodgkinson-Williams, 2014)
  • 9. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create LoCate CertifyCirculate Combine Customise Copy Critique Creation cycle Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 ideal Re-Curate Curate Re-Circulate
  • 10. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Creation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 Adaptation cycle In the study at Wawasan Open University of course developers’ deliberate use of OER to create a formal 5-credit distance learning course, an official curriculum committee conceptualised the structure of the course prior to the identification of existing OER (Menon et al., in press) The conceptualisation phase includes the curriculum planning of what exactly is needed for whom as well as an awareness of OER
  • 11. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create Creation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 In Colombia 22 teachers from six schools created 16 OER of which 10 were created individually and six collaboratively; the latter being a new practice for school teachers who do not usually create materials or do so collaboratively A study of 117 lecturers in four universities in India found that lecturers were more likely to create materials rather than customise or combine existing OER. The creation phase refers to the development of original materials by an individual or institution and includes materials developed with the express intent to share freely and openly from the outset (“born open OER”) or re- created from “closed” materials by the original author Although some studies provided opportunities for co-creation with students (Westermann, et al, in press), not many students took this up.
  • 12. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create Curate Creation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 The curation step refers to the preservation or storage of the materials and/or tuition that includes sufficient descriptive information (i.e. metadata) and appropriate open licensing (e.g. Creative Commons) In some ROER4D studies OER are formally tagged and openly licenced (Kasinathan & Ranganathan, in press). A more common practice was for educators to retain copies of newly created OER on their devices or in password protected learning management systems (Karunanayaka & Naidu, in press) and therefore curation practices were difficult to identify.
  • 13. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create CirculateCurate Creation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 The circulation step refers to the hosting of these on a publicly accessible platform with appropriate open licensing and metadata OER was hosted on public platforms (e.g. Karnataka Open Educational Resources (KOER) in India (Kasinathan & Ranganathan, in press), Darakht-e Danesh Library in Afghanistan (Oates et al., in press), the Co-KREA website in Colombia (Sanez et al, in press) and on the Wikibooks platform for a teacher-generated open textbook developed for students at a higher education institution in Chile (Westermann, in press) Not all materials intended as OER were available publicly. At the Open University of Sri Lanka local LMS was used as a password protected platform for sharing materials among student teachers (Karunanayaka & Naidu, in press). In India teachers preferred to share materials informally via a mailing list (Kasinathan & Ranganathan, in press), Some OER on MOOC platforms (Czerniewicz et al, in press).
  • 14. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create LoCate CirculateCurate Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 The slightly artificially coined “loCate” step refers to the ease of finding and discovering OE materials and/or tuition At Wawasan Open University two librarians and an educational technologist formed a “search group” to find OER to assist course developers to identify possible OER for reuse in a formal 5-credit course (Menon et al., in press). At the Open University of Sri Lanka student teachers found and then documented and shared links to OER with other teachers via the institutional LMS (Karunanayaka & Naidu, in press).
  • 15. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create LoCate Circulate Customise Curate Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 The customise step refers to the localising or adapting of the materials and/or tuition In a study in Malaysia, India and Sri Lanka of course developers’ deliberate use of OER to create a 5- credit course, it was found that customising (localising/contextualising) “large chunks of OER” was easier and less time consuming than customising more granular “reusable learning objects”. Customising also required creating new linking materials (Menon, et al., in press) or what we refer to as “instructional glue”
  • 16. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create LoCate Combine Customise Curate Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 The combine step refers to the decomposing, re-mixing and re-assembling of materials and/or tuition in accordance with the open licence that the original author or institution selected Only one study distinguished between combining (remixing) and customising (revising) (Menon, et al. in press), while most other studies reported more general adaptation practices.
  • 17. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create LoCate Re-circulate Combine Customise Re-curate Copy Creation cycle Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 Whether the materials have been customised or combined with other materials, ideally they need to be “Re-curated” and “Re-circulated” to fulfil the “Share-Alike” licence and/or make the derivative work easy to find in order to re-use, re-customise and/or re- combine This is possibly the weakest set of practices as it is not always clear where they can upload derivative work. Educators in Sri Lanka saved materials on the LMS or their own devices and shared informally
  • 18. 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create LoCate Combine Customise Curate Copy Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 The copy step allows for Open Education materials and/or tuition to be used in an unaltered manner In the ROER4D studies copying was the most common practice, especially for videos, diagrams, and photographs. While a “dead-end”, it is still valuable to users for materials that are technically complex or time consuming to make.
  • 19. Re-circulateRe-curate 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create LoCate CertifyCirculate Combine Customise Curate Copy Creation cycle Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 ideal The certify step refers to activities around how to accredit Open Education and has been used to prompt thinking about the possible consequences for the use and/or completion of original and/or re-worked Open Education materials and/or tuition Apart from one study at Wawasan Open University, which intentionally adopted OER for a formal credit-bearing course (Menon et al., in press), none of the other studies surfaced this practice
  • 20. Re-circulateRe-curate 10C Open Education Cycle Conceptualise Create LoCate CertifyCirculate Combine Customise Curate Copy Critique Creation cycle Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2014 ideal An evaluative critique step, (also slightly artificially named so that this forms a relatively easy 10C heuristic of a suggested Open Education cycle) prompts monitoring, research and reflection on the entire Open Education cycle
  • 21. Re-circulateRe-curate 10C Open Education Cycle - seeing OEP Conceptualise Create LoCate CertifyCirculate Combine Customise Curate Copy Critique Creation cycle Adaptation cycle Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 2017 ideal Co-Create Open Educational Practices Collaborate Share Peer review
  • 22. References 22 Andrade, A., et al. (2010). Beyond OER: Shifting Focus to Open Educational Practices. OPAL Report 2011. Retrieved from: https://oerknowledgecloud.org/sites/oerknowledgecloud.org/files/OPAL2011.pdf Beetham, H., I. Falconer, L. McGill, L. & Littlejohn, A. (2012). Open practices: briefing paper. Retrieved from: https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/51668352/OpenPracticesBriefing Cronin, C. (2017) 'Openness and praxis: Exploring the use of open educational practices in higher education'. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, In Press. Czerniewicz, L., Glover, M., Deacon, A. & Walji, S. (2016). MOOCs, openness and changing educator practices: an Activity Theory case study. In Cranmer S., Dohn N.B., de Laat M., Ryberg T & Sime J.A. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Networked Learning 2016. Retrieved from: http://137.158.1.55.94/bitstream/handle/11427/19714/NLC%20paper.pdf?sequence=1 Ehlers, U. D. (2011). From open educational resources to open educational practices. E-learning papers, 23, 1–8. Retrieved from: http://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/article/From-Open-Educational-Resources-to-Open-Educational-Practices Hegarty, B. (2015). Attributes of Open Pedagogy: A Model for Using Open Educational Resources. Educational Technology, (July- August 2015), 3-13. Retrieved from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Ed_Tech_Hegarty_2015_article_attributes_of_open_pedagogy.pdf Hodgkinson-Williams, C. A. (2014). Degrees of Ease: Adoption of OER, OpenTextbooks and MOOCs in the Global South. Keynote address at the OER Asia Symposium 2014. Available online: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/1188
  • 23. References Karunanayaka, S.P., et al. (2015). Perspectives and practices of student teachers of OUSL in the use of OER in teaching and learning. Research paper presented at the OUSL Annual Academic Sessions-2015, held 19-20 November, 2015, at OUSL, Nawala. Masterman, E. (2016). Bringing Open Educational Practice to a Research-Intensive University: Prospects and Challenges. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 14(1), 31-42. Retrieved from: www.ejel.org OPAL (2011). Beyond OER: Shifting focus to open educational practices. OPAL Report 2011 Essen: Open Education Quality Initiative https://www.scribd.com/document/49389350/OPALReport2011-Beyond-OER Perryman, L.-A. & Seal T. (2016). Open educational practices and attitudes to openness across India: Reporting the findings of the Open Education Research Hub Pan-India Survey. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 2016(1), 1-17. Retrieved from: http://jime.open.ac.uk/articles/10.5334/jime.416/ Porter, D. (2013). Exploring the practices of educators using open educational resources (OER) in the British Columbia higher education system (D.Ed). Simon Fraser University. Wiley, D. (2009). Defining “open”, iterating toward openness [Blog]. http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/1123 Wiley, D. (2014). The Access Compromise and the 5th R. Retrieved from: http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3221 23
  • 24. Citation and attribution Walji, S. & Hodgkinson-Williams, C.A. (2017). Understanding the nature of OEP for OER adoption in Global South contexts: Emerging lessons from the ROER4D project. OER 17 Conference, London, 5-6 April 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/ROER4D/ 24