PORTFOLIO BY RAJNISH.pdf

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A
“TREANING REPORT”
OF
Construction of minority welfare department for 506 capacity residential
school
POLYTECHNIC EUCATION AND TRAINING
INSTITUTE(PETI)
2019-2022
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Er. KARAN VADHERA RAJNISH KUMAR
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ROLL NO:191000700027
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL (5TH Sem) DIPLOMA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
9th
Mile Stone, Kaithal Road, Kurukshetra
136119

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report entitled "construction of minority welfare
department for 506 capacity residential school (co. ed)" is an authentic record of my own work
requirements of Industrial Training during the period from 23-08-2021to 23-09-21021 for the
award of diploma in Civil Engineering from TERII College Kurukshetra under the

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Acknowledgment
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Almighty God for enabling me to complete this
report on “A BASIC TRAINING REPORT ON CIVIL SITE ENGINEERING”
Successfully completion of any type of project requires helps from a number of persons. I have
also taken help from different people for the preparation of this report. Now, there is a little effort
to show my deep gratitude to that helpful person.
I convey my sincere gratitude to project engineer Er. MANISH KUMAR
Without his kind direction and proper guidance, this study would have been a little successful. In
every phase of the project, his supervision and guidance shaped this report to be completed
perfectly.

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PREFACE
With the ongoing revolution in Civil Engineering where innovations are taking place at the
blink of cue, it is impossible to keep pace with the emerging trends.
Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that
makes sure that the whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that makes
sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. A well planned properly
executed and evaluated industrial training helps a lot in development a professional attitude. It
provides a linkage between a student and industry to develop an awareness of industrial
approach to problem solving, based on a board understanding of process and mode of operation.
During the period, the student gets the real experience for working in the industry environment.
Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of their studies is put to
rest here. Apart from this the student gets an opportunity to learn the latest technology, which
immensely helps in them in building their career. I had the opportunity to have a real experience
on many ventures, which increased my sphere of knowledge to great extent. I got a chance to
learn many new technologies and also interfaced too many instruments. All credit goes
organization.

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ABSTRACT
The ongoing revolution in Civil Engineering where innovations are taking place at the blink of
eye, these trainers manage different aspects of the "INDUSTRIAL TRAINING" issue. During
this period the student gets the real experience for working in the industry environment. Most of
the Practical knowledge that has been gained during the training. Apart from this the student
gets an opportunity to learn the latest Technology, this report presents about AutoCAD. This
report describes the industrial training experience in the building construction. I have
describe major techniques used in Computer Hardware & Networking and work done on them.
Briefly, in this report the author has documented what he has done in 6 weeks of industrial
training at IBM Core. As a Helpdesk Engineer during the 4-week industrial training the author
has been exposed into different kind of work situations and environments that actually Provides
a great experience to the author for the further career development

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Table of content
1. UNIT CONVERSION………………………………………………………1 to 5
2. DRAWING………………………………………………………………….5 to 8
a) ARCHITECTURAL…………………………………………………...5
b) STRUCTURAL………………………………………………………...6
c) ELECTRICAL…………………………………………………………7
d) PLUMBING……………………………………………………………8
3. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE…………………………………………….8 to 26
a) FOUNDATION……………………………………………………….8
b) SUB-STRUCTURE………………………………………………….9 to 13
c) UPTO SLAB…………………………………………………………13 to 15
d) SLAB AND STAIRCASE…………………………………………...15 to 26
4. CHECKLIST…………………………………………………………………
a) EXCAVATION WORK………………………………………………9
b) FILLING AND COMPACTION……………………………………...16 to 18
c) ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT………………………………………9
d) SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION SITE………………………………... 17
e) FORMWORK…………………………………………………………….11,12,13
f) PCC WORK……………………………………………………………….18
g) BRICKWORK…………………………………………………………….12,13
h) RCC WORK……………………………………………………………….21,22
i) REINFORCEMENT……………………………………………………….22
j) PLASTER WORK………………………………………………………….23
k) FLOORING WORK………………………………………………………...21,22
l) PAINTING WORK………………………………………………………….23 to 25
m) DOOR FITTING WORK……………………………………………………25 to 27
n) METAL MS WORK…………………………………………………………18 to 23
5. FINISHING WORK
a) PLASTERNG AND PAINTING……………………………………………23 to 25
b) FLOORING WORK………………………………………………………...21 to 22
c) DOOR AND WINDOW…………………………………………………….25 to 30
6. SITE RELATED ACTIVITY……………………………………………………….26 to 30
a) Site technical terms………………………………………………………….30 to 45
b) Calculation of material in concrete………………………………………….28
c) Calculation of brick and mortar……………………………………………...29
d) Calculation of plaster work………………………………………………….29 to 30
e) Calculation of tile work………………………………………………………30
f) Calculation of paint and putty………………………………………………...30
7. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE…………………………………………………….31 to 32
8. DAILY PROGRESS REPORT……………………………………………………. 32 to 33
9. ONSITE BUILDING MATERIAL TEST…………………………………………33 t0 39
10. CALCULATION OF CEMENT SAND & AGGREGATES …………………….39 to 45

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1 UNIT CONVERSION
Unit conversion is a multi-step process that involves multiplication or division by a numerical
factor, selection of the correct number of significant digits, and rounding.
a. FEET FAMILY
1 Feet =12 inch
1 inch= 8 sooth
b. METER FAMILY
1m=100cm
1cm=10mm
METER TO FEET
1M=3.281Feet
# How the conversion value come from?
1m=3’3”3”’ (From measuring scale)
=3’3” (3/8)”
=3’ (3+0.375)”
=3’ (3.375/12)’
= (3+0.281)’
1m=3.281
#EXAMPLE Convert 4’6”9”’ into m.
Solution
=4’6”9”’
=4’6” (9/8)”
=4’ (6+1.125)”
=4’ (7.125/12)’
= (4+0.594)’
=4.594/3.281
=1.4m
#EXAMPLE Convert 5.3m into feet family
=5.3m
= (5.2x3.281)’
=17.3893’=17’0.3893’
=17’ (0.3893x12)”
=17’ 4” (0.6716x8)’”
=17’4”5.4”’

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2.TYPES OF DRAWING
a. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
 An architectural drawing is a technical drawing of a building (or building project).
 Architectural drawings are used by architects for a number of purposes: (i)To develop a
design idea into a coherent proposal. (ii)To communicate ideas and concepts, to enable
construction by a building contractor. (iii)To make a record of a building that already
exists.
 Architectural drawing software is most commonly referred to as CAD (computer-aided
design) software.
 Architects can use this software to produce the technical drawing of a building
containing specifications that are used by a contractor to construct the final
architectural building.
b. STRUCTURAL DRAWING

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 A structural drawing, a type of engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans and
details for how a building or other structure will be built.
 Structural drawings are generally prepared by registered professional engineers, and
based on information provided by architectural drawings.
 The structural drawings are primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a
structure.
 They outline the size and types of materials to be used, as well as the general
demands for connections.
 They do not address architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or
mechanical systems.
 Structural drawings are also included with a proposed building's contract documents,
which guide contractors in detailing, fabricating, and installing parts of the structure.
 The structural drawings set has different subsets: General Notes, Plans, Elevations,
Sections, and Details

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c. ELECTRICAL DRAWING
 Electrical drawing is a simplified conventional graphical representation of an electrical
circuit.
 An electrical diagram shows the components of the circuit as simplified standard
symbols; both types show the connections between the devices, including power and
signal connections.
 A block diagram or layout diagram, a circuit diagram shows the actual wire
connections being used.
 Circuit diagrams are used for the design (circuit design), construction (such as PCB
layout), and maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment.
d. PLUMBING DRAWING
 A plumbing drawing, a type of technical drawing, shows the system of piping
for fresh water going into the building and waste going out, both solid and liquid.
 It also includes fuel gas drawings. Mainly plumbing drawing consist of water supply
system drawings, drainage system drawings, irrigation system drawings, storm
water system drawings.
 The set of drawing of each system like water supply, drainage etc. is consist of Plans,
Riser diagram, Installation details, Legends, Notes. Every pipe should be marked with
pipe sizes. If the drawing is detailed, fixture units also should be marked along with the
pipe.

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1. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
1. FOR FOUNDATION
i. SITE CLEANING: Site cleaning is done before the starting of foundation work. It
consists of removal of grass, trees, debris material and other. It is done 1m extra in all
direction for effective working and placing of material. Its unit of measurement is Sqm.
ii. EXCAVATION: After site cleaning, layout and marking is done for excavation work as
mentioned in the drawing. Excavation is done by using machinery and manual labor as
per site condition. Its unit of measurement is Cum.
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iii. ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: After excavation anti-termite treatment is done
on the surface to prevent growing of unwanted vegetation(grass). The rate of 7.5

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liters per sq. mtr. of the surface area. The chemical used are Chlorpyrifos 20 EC,
Lindane 20 EC
iv. SAND FILLING: To prevent the direct contact of footing and soil, sand filling is
done on the excavated layer. It is done 4” to8”. Its unit of measurement is Cum.
v. PCC: After sand filling, a layer of PCC is provided for hard base. PCC is done 4” to
6”. Its unit of measurement is Cum.
vi. FOOTING: Footing is the very important part of structure because it transfers the
load of structure to the soil. It is provided according to the type (shallow or deep) that is
required as per site condition.
 Shallow foundation: Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Step footing, Strap
footing, Combined footing, Mat/Raft
 Deep foundation: Pile foundation, Pier, Well/Incassions.

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As per site condition, footing is selected]. Footing shuttering is done. Its unit of
measurement is Sqm. Footing concreting is done as mentioned in the drawing.
Concreting unit of measurement is Cum.
vii. PEDESTRAL COLUMN: It is casted from the footing base to NGL. It is
calculated in Cum. Its dimension is as provided in the drawing. At first shuttering is
done, and the concreting is done up to the NGL or sand filling height.

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viii. BACKFILLING: At last, backfilling is done at the site. It is done with the excavated
material or by sand, soil (except black cotton soil), boulder, etc. It is done using
machinery or by manual labor. Its unit of measurement is Cum.
2. FOR SUB-STRUCTURE
i. ONE LINE BRICK WORK: It is provided to prevent direct contact of ground
beam to soil. It protects water cement ratio of ground beam. It may be 100mm or
200mm brickwork. Its unit of measurement is Sqm for 100mm wall and cum for
200mm wall.

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ii. GROUND BEAM: Ground beam shuttering is done after one line brickwork. Its
unit of measurement is Sqm. After shuttering, ground beam is casted. Its unit of
measurement is Cum.
iii. BRICKWORK: Brickwork is over the ground beam. It is done up to the 50 mm
below the plinth level. Its length and width are as the length and width of ground beam.
Its unit of measurement is Cum.
iv. PLINTH BEAM: It is provided after the brickwork is completed at the plinth level.

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v. DAMP PROOFING COARSE: A layer of DPC is done to prevent the structure
from dampness. It resists the moisture from the soil (capillary rise). Its unit of
measurement is Sqm.
A layer of bitumen (VG10) is poured in the DPC to fill all the voids. Its unit of
measurement id Sqm.
vi. PLINTH FILLING: Material is filled from NGL to plinth level. Material may be soil,
sand, boulder, etc.
vii. PLINTH FLOOR PCC: A layer of PCC is poured after the filling is done. It is made
surface smooth.
3. SUPER STRUCTUCTURE
i. ONE LINE BRICKWORK: It is done as mentioned in the drawing. It may be
100mm or 200mm brickwork. Its unit of measurement is Sqm for 100mm wall and cum
for 200mm wall.
ii. DAMP PROOFING COARSE: A layer of DPC is done to prevent the structure
from the dampness arise due to bathroom and floor moisture due to water usage. It is
the second layer of DPC in the structure. Its unit of measurement is Sqm.
iii. BRICKWORK: After DPC coarse, brickwork is started up to the sill level. Sill level
is the level at which window is placed. The opening for door is leaved open. It is done
up to the height 0.9m from the plinth level.
iv. SILL BAND: Sill band is provided at the sill level (Window level). Sill band consist
of 2 bars of 8mm diameter.

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v. BRICKWORK: After the sill band, brickwork is done up to the lintel level. In this
brick work the opening for door and window is correctly positioned and placed.
vi. LINTEL BEAM: lintel beam is provided at the lintel level. Lintel beam distributes
the load of structures equally over all area. It is necessary to join lintel beam with
column.
vii. COLUMN: Column shuttering is done as given in the drawing, from NGL to the
level of slab. After shuttering is done casting of column is done.
viii. BRICKWORK: After the lintel beam, the brickwork is done up to the level of slab.
The opening for the ventilation is correctly placed.

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ix. SLAB: Slab beam, slab, and stair case shuttering is done. After that concreting is
done.
4.CHECKLIST
a) EXCAVATION WORK
 Available of latest drawing.
 Detail soil investigation report.
 Temporary benchmark
 Proper location for storage of earth mass removed by excavation.
 Access routes available for transportation.
 Possibility of deploy large machines.
 Ramp for vehicular movement in the site of excavation.
 Proper layout and marking.
 Barricade and safety measures.
 First aid kit
 Dewatering pumps
 Consultation of owner about the work.
 Available of all machinery and required tools.

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b) FILLING AND COMPACTION
 Available of latest drawing.
 Detailed Soil investigation report.
 Barricade and safety measures
 Proper Dewatering techniques
 Available of required tools and machinery
 Use for suitable method for filling and compaction.
c) ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
 Area has been levelled, rammed and well compacted
 ATT is only done by specialist agency and skilled manpower
 Chemical used and method confirming IS6313 standard
 Required tools and safety measures
 Dosage of chemical is 7.5ltr/m2
 Poured along all perimeter equally
 Cover the area with sheet after ATT
d) SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

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 Status and orderliness in the area maintained
 Use of helmet and safety belts
 Opening and cutout are barricaded or covered
 Toilet area inspected daily for cleanliness
 Safety checked while working on ladder
 Floor tiles/ marbles, granite covered to avoid damage
 Cleaning takes place before and after on daily manner
 Clearing of debris material
 Trenches and excavation are properly barricaded
 Materials are properly stacked
 Any warning should be written in local readable language and in English
e) FORMWORK
 Available of latest drawing
 Adequate quality of shuttering material
 Permission for construction activities
 Regular cleaning of shuttering material
 Level of shuttering as given in drawing
 Proper fixed and sufficient support for shuttering (vertical)
 Available of required tools and equipment
 Accurate measurement for opening and cutout
 Use of brown tape between the gab of shuttering plate
 DE shuttering is done in orderly and safe manner
 Consultant inspection before concreting

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f) PCC WORK
 PRE-EXECUTION CHECKS
 Barricading and safety measures
 Storage and quality of material used
 Vibrator checked before PCC work
 Gauge box is used for measurement
 Tarpaulin sheets is used as protection from dust
 Cleaned and rammed excavation pit
 Proper ATT
 Use of gumboots by workers
 Grade of PCC
 POST EXECUTION CHECKS
 Use of gunny bags for curing
g) BRICKWORK
 Requirement and available of brick
 Available of tools and equipment required
 Quality and quantity of cement and sand

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 SURFACE PREPARATION
 Hatching (80-120 /Sqft) on the surface of column and beams
 Cement slurry over the hatched surface
 Dimension for opening for door, window and other
EXECUTION CHECKS
 Checks for horizontal and vertical alignment
 Soaking of bricks (fully penetrated)
 Mortar mixing is done on MS sheets
 Checks for joints in brick(10mm)
 Racking and pointing is done properly
 PCC band at sill and lintel level
 Hopping (2Bar) is provides at each 3 layers of brickwork
 Single day brickwork is not done more than 1-1.2m
 Curing is done for at least 7 days
 Chasing for plumbing and electrical work is not done more than 50mm
 Test of strength after 7 days of curing
h) RCC WORK
 Available of material with proper size and quantity
 Available of vibrator and gauge box
 Use of platform and scaffolding
 Check for vertical alignment
 Proper shuttering
 Check for dimensional accuracy
 Test report for cement and steel
 Diameter and spacing of reinforcement
 Sequence of sufficient labour deployed
 Tarpaulin sheets is used as protection from dust and rain.

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 EXECUTION CHECKS
 Proper clothes, shoes, helmet and equipment
 Properly compacted with vibrator or manually
 Grade of concrete
 Use of admixture
 Test report on concrete
 Curing
 De-shuttering carefully
i) REINFORCEMENT
 Test report of steel
 Required tools and in working condition
 Reinforcement is placed on wooden runners
 Reinforcement is free from oil, mud, grease
 To check overlapping of steel
 Anchoring has been checked
 Dowel bars for future construction
 Application of Cover blocks
 Consultant inspection before concreting
 Steel scraps collected in a safe place to avoid accident

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j) PLASTER WORK
 Types of plaster
 6mm plaster (ceiling)
 12mm plaster (Inner wall)
 15mm plaster (Outer wall)
 PRE-PLASTERING CHECKS
 Sufficient place for plastering
 Barricading and safety measures
 Indents on surface 80-120 per Sqft
 Button marks placed at appropriate interval
 GI mesh on all RCC and masonry member
 Electrical and plumbing work completed
 Proper scaffolding
 Surface free from oil, dust and grease
 Client special requirement
 Vertical lines at corner
 Rough finish for tiles application
 POST PLASTERING CHECKS
 10 days of curing

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k) FLOORING WORK
 Preparation of surface
 Smooth surface, free from dust and other contaminated
 Soaking of ceramic tiles up to 30 min
 Thickness of mortar bed
 Specific requirement by client
 Check the quantity and size of tiles
 Provide Slope wherever necessary
 Gently tapped of tiles on mortar bed
 Joints should be cleaned
 No hollow sound on tile when tapped
 Grouting is done after 24 hours
 Use of barricade and safety measure

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PAINTING WORK
 Name, date and number of latest drawings
 Shade, types of paint approved by architect is fully certified
 Wall and ceiling surface is completely dry
 Scrubbed off the surface from loose particle and dirt
 Proper arrangement of scaffolding and safety measures
 Available of required tools
 Specific requirement of the client
 Application of primer
 After 24 hrs. putty done
 2nd
layer of putty is done if necessary
 Undulation have been checked
 After putty sanding is done by sanding paper
 Use of roller instead of brush
 Final coat is done after 4-6 hours
 Barricade and sign boards
l) DOOR FITTING WORK
 Area is prepared for execution of work
 Completion of Floor and tiles fitting work
 Available of door frames and matching sizes
 Opening left as mention in the drawing
 Frame set is in plumb (M)METAL MS WORK

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2 FINISHING WORK
a) FLOORING WORK
 Vitrified tiles (non-Porous)
 Ceramic tiles (Porous)
 Chequered tiles (Grip/rough surface)
 Kota stone
 Granite stone (Most expensive)
 Marble stone
 Dholpur stone
 Paver blocks
b) DOOR AND WINDOW
 Door frame fitting work
 Door panel work
 Wooden or paneled door
 Flush doors
 Polyvinyl chloride doors
 Glass doors
 Fiber reinforced doors
 Aluminum doors
#FITTING ITEMS
 L drop
 Door stopper
 Door latch
 Holder
 Tower bolt
 Door closure
 Aluminum window
 MS window grill
4. SITE RELATED ACTIVITY
1. TECHNICAL TERM
A. Cover blocks
 It works as a spacer.
 It maintains distance between shuttering and reinforcement
 Prevent corrosion

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B. Size and unit weight of bar
Formula for unit weight (1m) =D2
/162
EXAMPLE
8mm=(8x8)/162=0.395kg/m
10mm=(10x10)/162=0.617kg/m
C. Why steel is used with concrete?
 Because it gives warning before failure.
 Cracks will develop before fail
 Coefficient of thermal expansion characteristics similar to concrete
 Good gripping and bonding with concrete
 Good resistance against corrosion
D. Chair bar
 Maintain distance between top and bottom mase
 Minimum dia 12mm
 It is provided at per m2
E. Joggle in RCC column
 Displacement of rebar
 Reduce strength
 Change dimension
F. GRADE OF CONCRETE
GRADE OF CONCRETE CEMENT SAND AGGREGATE RATIO
M5 1 5 10 1:4:8
M7.5 1 4 8 1:4:8
M10 1 3 6 1:3:6
M15 1 2 4 1:2:4
M20 1 1.5 3 1:1.5:3
M25 1 1 2 1:1:2
G. STRUCTURAL NOTES
 All dimension are in mm otherwise mentioned.
 Reinforcement is taken FE415
 Clear cover is as
i. Footing 50mm
ii. Column 40mm
iii. Beam and slab 25mm
 Development length =49D7
 Concrete =M25
H. FLY ASH BRICKE
 These bricks are made from cement, slag, and fly ash
 It has compressive strength 75to 100 kg/cm2
 Its water absorption is about 6-12%

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 It has less wastage on site
 It has uniform shape
 Low cost, low weight 2.6kg
I. RED BRICKS
 It is manufactured from clay soil
 Its compressive strength =30 to 35 kg/cm2
 Its water absorption is about 20 to 25%
 High wastage of bricks on site
 High cost, high weight (3.5kg)
J. OVERLAP LENGTH
It is provided for maintain the continuity of bars in order to safety transfer the stress from one bar
to another bar.
As per IS code 456-2000 overlapping length should not be less than 75mm. Generally, we take 24d
to 50d, where di is the diameter of bar.
IMPORTANT POINTS
 Lapping should be provided at the center of column because bending moment at
mid-point is zero so try to lap at mid-point.
 Lapping of bars should be provided alternately. Lap should not be given at same
point because buckling may occur.
 After 32 mm diameter. Bar is should be welded.
Development length is provided to transfer the load from one building component to
other. It is also known as anchorage length.
2. CALCULATION OF MATERIAL IN CONCRETE
NOTE: Cement density=1440kg/m3
Sand density=1450-1500 kg/m3
Aggregate density=1450-1500 kg/m3
Dry density=1.54 to 1.57
54% increase wet volume= Dry volume
# Calculation
Assuming grade M20=1:1.5:3
Cement=volume of concrete x (part of material/total sum) x dry volume
=1x (1/5.5) x1.54
=0.28m3
x1440=403.2kg
=403.2/50=8 bags
Sand=volume of concrete x (part of material/total sum) x dry volume
=1x (1.5/5.5) x1.54
=0.42x1450=609 kg
=0.42x35.32=14.83CFT
Aggregate=volume of concrete x (part of material/total sum) x dry volume
=1x (3/5.5) x1.54
=0.84x1500=1260kg
=0.84x35.32=29.66CFT
3. CALCULATION OF BRICK AND MORTAR
Modular brick size=190x90x90mm
Mortar thickness=10mm

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Mortar ratio 1:6
1 brick with mortar=0.20x0.10x0.10=0.002m3
No of bricks in 1m3
=total volume/1 brick volume=1/0.002=500nos
1 brick volume without mortar=0.19x0.09x0.09=0.001539m3
Volume covered by 500 bricks=500x0.00153=0.7695m3
Volume of mortar in 1m3
=1-0.7695=0.02305m3
33% increase wet volume=dry volume
=0.2305x1.33=0.306m3
Calculation
Cement=part of material/ sum of ratio x dry volume
=1/7x0.306=0.043m3
=0.28x1440=62kg= 1.24 bags
4. CALCULATION OF PLASTER WORK
Wall A (2) =11.5x10ft=230sqft
Wall B (2) =11x10 ft=220sqft
Door (1) =5.5x2.5ft=13.75sqft
Window (2) =3x3ft=12sqft
Ventilation (1) =1x0.8ft=0.8sqft
Door sill=5.625sqft
Total area of wall for plaster in feet=482.18sqft
Total area of wall for plaster in meter=44.8m2
Assuming thickness of plaster for inner wall=12mm
Volume of plaster=44.8x0.012=0.5376m3
Now, assuming ratio 1:4
Calculation of quantity
Cement=0.5376x (1/5) x1.3=0.14x1440=201.6kg=4 bags
Sand=0.5376x (4/5) x1.3= 0.56x1450=812kg or 0.56x35.32=19.78cft
5. CALCULATION OF TILE
No of tiles required=total area/ area of 1 tile
Skirting tiles is upward tile to floor to prevent dampness.
No of Skirting tile in 1 tile=1 tile area/area skirting tile area
=(2x2ft/4x24”)
=576/96=6 no in 1 tile
Example
# Room size 12x10
Skirting height=4”
Tile size=2x2ft
No of tiles required(floor)=12x10/2x2
=120/4=30tiles
No of skirting tiles in 1 tile=(2x2/96)” =576/96” =6 no
Skirting length=10+10+12+12=44ft

26
No of skirting tile req=44/2=22 no
=22/6=3.6 or 4 tiles
Total tile req in room=30+4=34 tiles
6. CALCULATION OF PAINT AND PUTTY
Area of wall and ceiling=500sqft
We know,
New surface cover 200sqft per gallon
Old surface cover 350sqft per gallon
1 gallon =4.54 ltr
Now,
Qty of paint for new surface=500/200=2.5 gallon
=11.35 ltr
FOR PUTTY
1 mason cover 20-30sqft per kg
Qty of putty=total area/1kg covering area
=500/25=20kg
7. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
Bar bending is the process of cutting and bending of reinforcement bar into required shape. It
describes
 Location and marking of bar
 Shape of bar
 Diameter of bar
 Number of items
 Cutting length of bar
 Unit weight
 Total weight
Advantage
i. It avoids wastage of steel reinforcement and thus saves project cost.
ii. It provides better estimation of reinforcement steel requirement for each and every
structure member.
iii. It is very much useful during auditing of reinforcement and provide checks or pilferage.
iv. It enables easy and fast preparation of bills of construction work for clients and
contractor.
Reading practice of drawing
Ø=Plain round bar
□=Plane square bar
#=Deformed bar
@=center to center spacing
In 8#2LG.ST@130c/c
8#=show the diameter of bar
2LG.ST=show 2-legged stirrup
@130c/c=shows spacing of bars

27
Bend deduction and value
Bend increases the length of bar. So, we need lesser length than we see in drawing. So, cutting
length is lesser than the required length.
45º=Deduction of 1D
Example
For C-shaped bar,
Cutting length=a+L+b-Bend deduction
=a+L+b-(2x2D) for 90

28
8. DAILY PROGRESS REPORT
A construction daily report or daily log is a document that includes all of the details and events of
a single day working on a construction project. Site managers or contractors fill out and file these
reports to keep an up-to-date record of the relevant project information. The reports typically
include things like a list of crew members, material and equipment usage, incidents, job progress,
and more
The purpose of construction daily reports and logs is to provide a detailed description of an
ongoing construction project. The daily report includes anything that the stakeholders, investors,
project owners, and contractors need to know about that project

29
9. ONSITE BUILDING MATERIAL TEST
The testing of construction materials can be:
a. Physical.
b. Chemical.
c. Verifying quantity.
d. Checking for damage.
Materials from suppliers will generally have been rigorously tested to the suppliers’ own
standards, will generally comply with the minimum recommendations of the appropriate
British Standards, and may have third party accreditation to demonstrate their quality.
Therefore, when they arrive on site, the usual tests that are required are those that check the
quantity received against the amount stated on the delivery note, ensuring quality is as ordered,
and a visual inspection so that any damage can be flagged up straight away.

30
I. Testing timber
Timber can be tested on site for its moisture content. The moisture content is usually expressed
as a percentage and calculated as the difference between the weight of the ‘wet’ timber and the
weight of the same sample after drying. For example, the moisture content of a piece of timber
weighing 500 g, and containing 250 g of water can be calculated as follows:
(Weight of wet timber - weight of dry timber) / Oven-dry weight x 100
(500 - 250) / 250 x 100 = 100%.
UK national product standards typically recommend that at the time of installation the moisture
content should be:
18% in covered, generally unheated spaces.
15% in covered, generally heated spaces.
12% in internal conditions: in continuously heated buildings.
20% or more for external timber.
There are two common methods for measuring the moisture content:
 Oven dry testing
This involves drying timber to a relatively constant weight in a ventilated oven at 102-
105°C. It is possible to establish a very accurate original moisture content percentage
(%MC) by drying a piece of timber in an oven for several hours, and testing it at regular
intervals until its weight stops changing.
While this method is accurate, it is a slow process which can, if rushed, burn the timber or
render it unusable because of deformations. It is also necessary to have the right kind of
ventilated oven, which means it is impractical in many instances.

31
 Using a moisture meter
Moisture meters for timber come in a variety of types but can be divided into two general
categories by the method of measurement:
Pin-type meters: These use two or more electrodes to measure the moisture content using
electrical resistance. The more resistance to the electrical current the drier the timber, since
water is a conductor and timber is a natural insulator.
Pinless moisture meters: These pass an electromagnetic wave through a sample using a
specialised scanning plate. It creates a reading of the average moisture content in the scanning
area.
II. Testing bricks
There are several different ways to test bricks, including:
 Compressive strength test
A sample brick is placed on a compression testing machine and pressure is applied until it
fails. The ‘ultimate pressure’ level is recorded. Generally, five bricks are tested one at a
time, with the average ultimate pressure level being taken as the compressive strength of
the bricks.
 Water absorption test
Bricks are weighed in their normal dry condition and then immersed in fresh water for 24
hours. They are then weighed again. The difference between the weights indicates the
amount of water that has been absorbed by the brick. The less water is absorbed the greater
the quality. The amount should not exceed 20% of the dry weight.
 Efflorescence test
Efflorescence is a crystalline, salty deposit that can occur on the surfaces of bricks. It is
generally a white or off-white colour with a powdery appearance. To test for alkalis that may
cause efflorescence, a brick is immersed in fresh water for 24 hours and then left to dry.
If the whitish layer is not visible on the surface, then it demonstrates an absence of alkalis in
the brick. The ranges that should be followed are:

32
About 10% of brick surface: Acceptable range.
About 50% of brick surface: Moderate range.
Over 50% of brick surface: Severely affected by alkalis.
 Hardness test
The brick surface is scratched. If no impression is left then it is of good quality.
Size, shape and colour test
Twenty bricks chosen at random are stacked lengthwise, width-wise and height-wise, and
inspected for uniformity of shape, size and colour.
 Soundness test
Two bricks are held in each hand and struck together. They should not break and a clear
metallic ringing sound should be made if they are good quality.
 Structure test
A sample brick is broken and carefully inspected. If it is good quality there should be no flows,
cracks or holes on the broken face.
I. Testing sand
 Bulking test
Sand can be tested when batching concrete by volume. A damp sand sample is placed in a
straight-sided container, filling to around two-thirds. A rule is inserted to measure the depth of
the damp sand (e.g. 150 mm). The damp sand sample is then removed from the container and
set aside. Clean water is poured to half fill the container. The sand is then placed in the water in
two halves and tamped down with a rod to remove any air. The rule is inserted to measure the
depth of the saturated sand (e.g. 124 mm).
The percentage of bulking can then be calculated as follows:
Bulking = difference in height between damp and saturated sand / depth of saturated sand
Bulking = (150 - 124) / 124 x 100 = 21%
Therefore, the volume of sand should be increased by 21% over that quoted in the
specification.
 Silt test
This test is used to measure the cleanliness of a sand sample by establishing the percentage of
silt present. This is important as too much silt will weaken the concrete.
A salt water solution of 5 ml salt to 500 ml water is poured to 50 ml in a measuring cylinder.
The sand sample is then added up to the 50 ml mark. More salt water solution is poured up to
150 ml before shaking the cylinder well.

33
The mixture should be left to stand for 3 hours before measuring the height of the silt which
will have settled on top of the layer of sand. The height of the silt layer should not be more
than 6 ml, or 6% of the sand sample height.
Testing concrete
Slump test
This can be used to ensure that subsequent concrete mixes are of the same consistency.
A steel slump cone should be filled to a quarter depth and tamped 25 times with a tamping rod.
The filling and tamping should be repeated three more times until the cone is full and the top
levelled off. The cone is then removed and the resulting slump measured. If the mix is
consistent, the slump should remain the same for all the samples that are tested. The usual
slump specification is 50-75 mm.

34
Test cubes
These can be made and crushed in a laboratory to check that the cured concrete has obtained
the required design strength. A standard 150 x 150 x 15 mm steel test cube mould is used,
thinly coated inside with mould oil. A concrete sample is taken from the discharge outlet of
mixer or from the point of placing on site. The mould is filled in three equal layers (50 mm
each), each layer being well tamped with at least 35 strokes.
The sample cube is covered with a damp sack or other covering and left for 24 hours at a
temperature of 4.4-21°C. The sample is then removed from the mould and stored in water at a
temperature 10-21°C until required for testing.
The cubes are generally tested at 7 and 28 days, using a calibrated compression machine. The
cubes are tested on the face perpendicular to the casting face. A constant progressing force is
exerted until the cubes fail. The reading at the failure is the maximum compressive strength of
the concrete.
 Rebound hammer test
A Schmidt hammer (also known as a Swiss or rebound hammer) is used to measure the elastic
properties or strength of concrete. The varying surface densities will affect the impact and
propagation of stress waves which can be recorded on a numerical scale known as rebound
numbers. These rebound numbers can be graphically plotted to correspond with compressive
strength.
 Penetration test
Also known as the Windsor probe test, this is a measure of the penetration of a steel alloy rod,
fired by a predetermined amount of energy, into a concrete sample. The depth of penetration is
inversely proportional to the concrete’s compressive strength.

35
 Pull out test
A number of circular bars of steel with enlarged ends are cast into a concrete sample. At the
appropriate time, the bar and a piece of concrete are pulled out using a tension jack. Although
the concrete fails in tension and shear, the pull-out force can be correlated to the compressive
strength of the concrete.
 Vibration test
This uses an ultrasonic pulse to measure vibrations through a concrete sample. The readings
can then be used to correlate compressive strength.

36
CALCULATION OF CEMENT SAND AGGREGATE OF
CEMENT SAND AGGREGATE USE IN COLUME: -
 Size of column from ground level to ceiling level is 9" × 12" × 10′
& The grade of concrete use in column is m 20 grade.
 Quantities of cement: -
Formula for calculating cement in concrete is = concrete volume ×
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑢𝑚
𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
sum of ratio = 1: 1.5: 3 = 1 + 1.5 + 3 = 5.5
concrete volume= l× 𝑏 × ℎ = 0.75′
× 1′
× 10′
= 7.5 𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡( 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)
Dry volume= 7.5 cu. ft × 1.54 = 11.55𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
 Cement= (1 ÷ 5.5) × 11.5 = 2.1𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
 = 2.1 ÷ 1.23 = 1.70 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠(50 𝑘𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 1.23𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡)
 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.70 × 50 = 85 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
 Sand = (1.5 ÷ 5.55) × 11.5 = 3.15𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡.
 Aggregate = (3 ÷ 5.5) × 11.55 = 6.29𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
» There are four columns in my house: -
 The quantities of cement, sand & aggregates use in one column is: 85
kg,3.15𝑐𝑢𝑏. 𝑓𝑡 & 6.29𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
 So, quantities of cement, sand & aggregate for 4 column = 85𝑘𝑔 × 4
= 540 kg
‘’ ‘’ sand ‘’ = 3.15 × 4
= 12.6𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
‘’ ‘’ aggregate ‘’ = 6.29 × 4
= 25.16𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
» Calculation of quantities of cement, sand & aggregates use in
beam: -
in a room, there are two types of beams, named PB1& PB2
LENGTH =2.7 M, WIDTH=0.25 M & DEPTH= 0.35 M.
VOLUME = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 2.7𝑚 × 0.25𝑚 × 0.35m
= 0.236 𝑐𝑢𝑚
No. of PB1 =2
Total volume of PB1= 2× 0.236 = 0.472 𝑐𝑢𝑚
PB2: - LENGTH =3.1M, WIDTH=0.25M, DEPTH=0.35M
VOLUME = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 3,1𝑚 × 0.25𝑚 × 0.35𝑚 = 0.271 𝑐𝑢𝑚 (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝐵2 = 2)
TOTAL VOLUM OF PB2 =2 × 0.271 = 0.54 𝐶𝑈𝑀

37
» Total volume of beam=total volume of pb1+total volume of pb2
 0.472+0.542= 1.014 cum
 So, total quantities of concrete in four beams
=1.014 cum
Dry volume of concrete = 1.014× 1.54(𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 1.54)
=1.562cum
& grade of concrete use in beam is = m25= 1:1:2
sum of all part=1+1+2=4
Quantity of cement: -
In cum.= dry volume of concrete × (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
)
1.562 × (
1
4
) = 0.391𝑐𝑢𝑚
Density of cement =1440kg/cum
in kg =0.391× 1440 = 563.04 𝑘𝑔
weight of one bag cement= 50 kg
» No. of bag of cement=563.04/50=12 bags
 QUANTITY OF SAND =
1.562× (
1
4
) = 0.391𝐶𝑈𝑀
= 1 cum =35.31 cu. ft
so, in cu. ft.= 0.391× 35.31 = 13.806 𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
QUANTITIES OF AGGREGATES: -
= Dry volume of concrete× (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
)
= 1.562× (
2
4
) = 0.781
= 0.781× 35.31 = 27.577 𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡

38
» RESULT: - (for casting for beam)
Quantity survey for brick work: -
 For 200mm wall: -
 Length= 2m, width=0.2m, height =4m
 volume of brick work =2m × 0.2𝑚 × 4m=1.6 cum
 Use standard size of brick = 190× 90 × 90𝑚𝑚
 Use mortar thickness = 10mm
 volume of one brick with mortar = 200× 100 × 100
 in m = 0.2m × 0.1𝑚 × 0.1𝑚 = 0.002𝑚
DESCRIPTION OF
ITEM
QUANTITY UNIT
CEMENT 12 Bags
SAND 13.806
Cu. ft
AGGREGATE 27.577 Cu. ft

39
no of brick = (volume of brick work in one wall/volume of one brick with mortar)
= 1.620/0.002=810 Nos.
» Volume of mortar: -
volume of mortar = volume of brickwork –(No.of bricks ×
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟)
= 1.6-(810× 0.19 × 0.09 × 0.09) = 0.373 𝑐𝑢𝑚. 𝑓𝑡
Dry co-efficient of mortar -1.33
So dry volume of mortar= 0.496 cum
use mortar of 1:4(cement: sand)
Quantity of cement: -
dry volume of mortar × ( 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
) × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ÷
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
0.496× (
1
5
) × 1440 ÷ 50= 3 Bags
Quantity of sand: -
Dry volume of mortar × (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
) 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑
=0.496× (
4
5
) × 35.31 = 14.011 𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
Description of item Quantity UNIT
Bricks 810 Nos
Cement 3 Bags
Sand 14.011 Cuft

40
For 100 mm wall: -
 area of brickwork = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
 4 × 3 = 12 𝑆𝑞𝑚
Area of one brick with mortar= 0.2× 0.1 = 0.02 𝑠𝑞𝑚
Area of one brick with mortar= 0.2× 0.1 𝑠𝑞𝑚
No. of bricks = area of brick work/area of one brick with mortar
= 12/0.02 = 600 no’s
volume of mortar = volume of brick work – (number of bricks
× 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟 ) = (12× 0.1 )– (600×
0.19 × 0.09 × 0.09)
= 0.2766 cum
Dry volume of mortar=0.2766× 1.33 = 0. 367878 𝑐𝑢𝑚
Mortar = 1:4
Quantity of Cement: -
0.3678 × (
1
5
) = 0.1356
0.07356 × 1440 = 264.816 kg
264.816÷ 50 = 5.296 bags
QUANTITY OF SAN: - 0.3678× (
4
5
) × 35.31 = 10.3896
» RESULT: -
DESCRIPTION OF
ITEM
QUANTITY UNIT
BRICKS 465 Nos.
CEMENT 7
bags
UNIT 32.542 Cuft

41
Length of wall = 3.1m, Hight of wall=3m & thickness of plaster =0.015m
volume of mortar used in plaster = 3.1× 3 × 0.015 = 0.139𝑐𝑢𝑚
Dry coefficient for mortar= 1.33
Dry volume of mortar =0.139× 1.33 = 0.185 𝑐𝑢𝑚
use mortar = 1:4(cement: sand)
QUANTITY OF CEMENT: -
= 0.185× (
1
5
) × (1440/50) = 2 bags
QUANTITY OF SAND: -
0.185× (
4
5
) × 35.31 = 5.226 𝐶𝑈. 𝐹𝑇
 old surface cover 350 sq. Ft area per gallon. There for quantity of paint used for old surface
= 472.78/25 = 1.35 gallon =1.35× 4.35 = 6.13 liters

42
Quantity surveying paint work :-
room size 10.2 ft.× 8.9𝑓𝑡 = 38.2 𝑓𝑡
total wall length = 10.2 + 8.9 + 10.2 + 8.9=38.2 ft.
Wall hight =10 ft.
Total area of wall painting = total wall length × ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 3.2 × 10 = 382 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡
CELLING PAINT WORK :-
Ceiling area = 10.2 × 8.9 = 90.78 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡.
So, total area for painting work =celling panting× 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
=90.78+382=472.87squ.ft
1)new surface cover 200 sq.ft . Area per gallon.
Therefor, quantity of paint for new surface =472.78/200= 2.36
gallon,

43
1 gallon =4.54 liters
2.36× 4.54 = 10.71 liters
Type equation here.
Details about lap length: -
 LAP LENGTH- over lapping length or lap length is provided for maintain
continuity of bar in order to safely transfer the stress from one bar to another bar
 Note – as per is cod 456:2000 over lapping length should be not less than 75mm generally
we take 24d-50d where “D” is Día of bar
 Development depth-development length is provided to transfer the load from one
building compartment to the. Other development length is known as anchorage length
 It is denoted by “ld”
ld = ∅
𝜎
4𝑗𝑏𝑑
, ∅ = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝜎 =
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑗𝑏𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Note = as per is code 456: 2000 development length can be calculated as given above generally we
take 300mm to 50d where “d” is dia of bar

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