1. M1. ENERGY SOURCES
IQ 2002B.301
Dr. Raúl Yusta García

2. Source: http://www.earth-policy.org
1-The Need for renewable energy:
rapidly increasing population

3. 2-The need for renewable energy:
Increasing global energy consumption
A-Energy consumption continues to rise, and an increase is
expected
C- Oil prices will rise again in a few years.
Price drop since 2014 is due to "Tar sands" or bituminous sands, and
fracking, with reserves only for 10 years of world´s consumption
Oil consumption continues to rise.
Source: International Energy Outlook 2016 (IEO2016)
B- Total world population will also rise

4. Energy from Tar sands/oil sands
An energy source that literally destroys the earth

5. TAR SAND´S DIRTY TRUTH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkwoRivP17A

6. THE TWO PROBLEMS
WITH ENERGY
THE FIRST ENERGY PROBLEM:
THOSE THAT HAVE
LOW CARBON
EMISSIONS LACK
ACCESS TO ENERGY
• People in very poor countries
have very low emissions.
• The reason that the emissions
of the poor are low is that they
lack access to modern energy
and technology. The energy
problem of the poorer half of
the world is energy poverty.

7. THE TWO PROBLEMS
WITH ENERGY
THE SECOND ENERGY PROBLEM:
THOSE THAT HAVE
ACCESS TO ENERGY
PRODUCE
GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS THAT ARE
TOO HIGH
• Example: The richest 1% in the
Europe emit on average 43 tonnes
of CO2 annually – 9-times as much
as the global average of 4.8
tonnes.8

8. GLOBAL CONTRIBUTION OF EACH
RENEWABLE SOURCE
1 BTU = 0.29 wh

9. GLOBAL CONTRIBUTION TO ELECTRICITY EACH RENEWABLE SOURCE

10. 1 BTU = 0.29 wh

11. Non Renewable energy Sources
1 Oil 2 Coal 3 Gas 4 Nuclear

12. PROS AND CONS OF
NON RENEWABLE
SOURCES
ADVANTAGES OF NONRENEWABLE ENERGY
These are some of the pros of nonrenewable
energy to consider.
1. Less Initial Capital to Install
• Since nonrenewable energy sources have been
in use for long, the energy infrastructure in most
countries leans nonrenewable sources of power.
• Therefore, since there are already existing
structures for the same, the adoption of
nonrenewable energy sources such as fossil fuels
become easier.
• On the other hand, connecting to the already
existing electricity grid or natural gas pipeline is
easier as you don’t require new equipment.so is
cheaper.

13. 2.Consistency
• With nonrenewable energy sources, they can produce a more constant power
supply, as long as the necessary fuel is available, in contrast to solar or wind
energy in cloudy or windless days.
3.Extraction and Storage
• When it comes to nonrenewable energy sources, they are moderately cheap to
extract. Also, they are easy to store, pipe, and ship anywhere in the globe.
4.Reliable and Dependable
• We can rely on these energy sources any day of the year.
• Generally speaking, nonrenewable energy resources have higher capacity factors,
which means they produce power close to their relative total capacity.

14. DISADVANTAGES OF
NONRENEWABLE ENERGY
5.Unfriendly to the Environment
• Fossil fuels are not clean and green. In fact, all
fossil fuels contain high levels of carbon, which is a
primary contributor to global warming.
• For example, oil leaks choke the plants where they
occur or kill sea animals if it happens in the sea.
• Also, when it comes to nuclear energy, it generates
radioactive material. The radioactive waste from
the plants are extremely toxic.
• Extraction of natural gas, causes environmental
hazards such as fracturing the rocks which might
cause mini-earthquakes. Natural gas extraction
may also cause the contamination of water
sources and underground reservoirs, which may
affect human and animal life.
• When coal burns, it releases many toxic gases and
pollutants into the atmosphere. Mining for coal
can also cause the ground to cave in and create
underground fires that burn for decades at a time.

15. 6.Nonrenewable
• Fossil fuels and nuclear ones, can not be replenished, if
we do not use them well, they might come to an end.
• If these sources are depleted, it will take millions of
years to form again, unlike renewable sources like the
sun, which is always there.
7.They reduce job creation
• The fossil fuel energy creates far less jobs than
renewable technologies, such as solar or wind.
8.Prone to Cause Accidents
• Although there are fewer accidents related to nuclear
power, when it comes to fossil fuels, accidents are likely
to occur. They can never be as safe as renewable
sources such as wind and solar would be. In the case of
petroleum, fires happen often, especially if tankers
crash, or if there are oil leaks.
• In addition, if a nuclear accident happens like the one
in Fukushima, it can cause devastating effects to both
humans and the environment.

16. Renewable energy Sources
1 Solar 2 Wind 3 Hydraulics 4 Biomass 5 Geothermal

17. Renewable energy sources
1 Solar 5 Geothermal
2 Wind 3 Hydraulics 4 Biomass

18. SOLAR ENERGY
It is the energy that comes to us
from the sun in the form of solar
radiation:
It takes advantage as:
1. Thermal solar energy
2. Photovoltaic Solar Energy

19. How much energy do we receive
from the sun?
1.12 kW/m2*
92 LED BULBS OF 12W
Enough to light 4 houses
On a sunny and cloudless
day:
*"Introduction to Solar Radiation". Newport Corporation. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013

20. Thermal solar energy
Consists in the use of solar energy to
generate HEAT. This can be used later to heat
water, or generate steam and hence
electricity.

21. Solar thermal applications
• From solar cookers and water heaters to large power plants

22. Solar Thermal energy applications
• 26,000 mirrors The light reflection constantly points to the top of
the 58 m tower that accumulates energy.
• Produce 5 MW = 0.005 GW
• Energy cost: 25.9 ₵ / kWh vs 1.8 ₵ / kWh (natural gas)
Sierra Sun
Tower,
California

23. Parabolic
solar
collector
Oil is heated up
a maximum of 400 ° C.
The heat generated is
used to evaporate water
and generate
Electricity.

24. Solar thermal applications: Domestic
solar heaters.
• Example: Commercial solar water
heater
Fuente: PROCASOL (2007)

25. Siphon effect

26. Photovoltaic Solar Energy
What is it?
• It consists of the direct
transformation of the energy
that radiates the Sun into
electrical energy without
mediation of chemical
reactions, thermodynamic
cycles, or mechanical processes
HISTORY OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT:
• Edmund Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect in 1839.
• In 1941, the first selenium solar cell was manufactured, achieving an efficiency
of 1%
Parque solar fotovoltaico en Mallorca, España

27. Prices GOING DOWN, towards the
BANKRUPTCY of fossil fuels
Prices US solar panels Watt Solar Price
Between 2006 and 2014: 78%
price reduction (3.25 -.72
UScents).Uau.
Which energy is more efficient?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0c4xk5dB014

28. Prices GOING DOWN, towards the
BANKRUPTCY of fossil fuels
Prices OF INSTALLED solar panels
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/the-price-of-solar-is-declining-to-
unprecedented-lows/

30. http://news.energysage.com/solar-panel-efficiency-cost-over-time/

32. NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN EVOLUTION
TRANSPARENT PANELS IN WINDOWS
University of Michigan, absorb only invisible frequencies of light.
Efficiencies similar to commercial solar panels, can complement
the generation of light in a house or vehicle. Easy to assemble,
like a Window more.
TESLA SOLAR ROOF
Panels with tn the form of tiles of various colors,
almost indistiguous
FLEXIBLE SOLAR PANELS
Already in the Market, very light, for roofs of
vehicles, houses and all kinds of surfaces without
the need for strong anchoring.

33. DOES YOUR CAR WORK BETTER WHEN OVERHEATED? …..
It´s like adding gears to a car
Each panel losses 0,5% efficiency
for each degree of T° higher
according to Standford
University study
Optimum at 25°C
Average working T° : 55 °C !!!!
https://solartown.com/cooling-solar-panels-to-increase-efficiency/
ANOTHER INNOVATION…
COOLING THE SOLAR PANELS

34. INSTALANDO PANELES EN GRAN
CANTIDAD…
1 mi2  2.6 GW … con ɳ = 42%,  1 GW
With only one square mile, the same energy is
generated as in a nuclear power plant!!
http://www.sener.gob.mx/res/1803/
Solar.pdf
The average solar radiation in
Mexico is 5 kWh / day / m2.
With 15% efficiency we would
only need 30 km x 30 km in the
Sonora desert to produce all
the energy that Mexico
consumes during a year!!
(2.46 x 10^11 kWh vs 2.58 x 10^11 kWh).

35. Advantages and disadvantages
1. It does not pollute
2. Inexhaustible source of
energy.
3. Ideal for areas where
the electrical grid does
not reach, or is difficult
and expensive.
4. Easy maintenance.
5. Costs go down as
technology evolves
1. Sun level is daily irregular
(eg ± 20% in Monterrey)
2. For large-scale solar farms,
large areas of land are
required.
3. Initial investment is high.
4. High transport cost The
places where there is
greater radiation and cheap
land are remote places.

36. Renewable energy
2 Wind
1 Solar 5 Geothermal
3 Hydraulics 4 Biomass

37. Wind energy: wind
• The winds are generated by the uneven heating of the
Earth's surface due to solar radiation.
• 1-2% of the energy coming from the sun becomes wind.
• In general, the hot air rises, to circulate in
the upper part of the atmosphere and fall
in the coldest areas
• The sum of the effects of the warming of
the earth and the centrifugal and Coriolis
forces give rise to winds with more or less
stable tendencies.

38. How does a wind turbine work?
1. Blades section simulates the shape of plane wings
2. Twisted blades
3. Rotatory head and rotatory blades
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE

39. How does a wind turbine work?
4. Wind sensor on top
5. Electric transformator at the bottom ( transform low to medium tension)
6. The head includes a rotatory speed upgrader and a break device to prote
turbine from excessive winds

40. How the share of wind energy on national
energy mixes is distributed around the world?
Fuente : Global energy statistical yearbook.2016

41. Wind potential in Mexico,
Oaxaca
• Oaxaca has a wind potentia> 10,000 MW . A SIXTH OF THE TOTAL
POWER OF MEXICO.
• Average wind speed> 15 m/s
• Wind gusts flip an average of 30 empty trailers each year
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvuo3Kd1Ptc

42. 8
wind turbines
2.75 MW
power
85 m
height
103 m
propeller
diameter
Street lighting,
municipal offices
30,250
CO2 ton / year
avoided
Santa Catarina wind farm

43. Advantages and disadvantages
of wind energy
1. Energy at a competitive
price if it is in a windy
area.
2. Huge potential, the wind
can generate 20 times the
world energy consumed.
3. Short time of construction
4. It does not generate toxic
gases or contribute to the
greenhouse effect.
1. They generate a lot of
noise and vibrations
2. It requires stable high
winds to be efficient.
3. It can cause adverse
impacts to certain
ecosystems: birds
4. High initial investment
since the devices are
very large
Advantages Disadvantages

44. EVOLUTION OF PRICES OF WIND ENERGY
Fuente: http://www.renewable-energysources.com/
• Overall prices are decreasing
• The main cost is the wind turbine itself (aprox 75%
of total investment). Followed by Project works,
construction works and connection to the grid.
• The land is the smallest share of costs, usually
leased through long-term contracts.

45. Renewable energy
1 Solar 2 Wind 3 Hydraulics 4 Biomass 5 Geothermal

46. How does Hydraulic Power
work?
• The highest water descends through an interior tunnel and turns
large turbines.
Fuente: https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html

47. STORABLE, STABILIZES THE
ELECTRIC SYSTEM
• Water reuse at night to meet the peak demand during the day. It
consumes extra energy at night to raise again part of the water
that will be used during the day.
Fuente: https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html

48. Example: La Yesca, Nayarit
-750 megawatts to the installed capacity.
- Investment of more than 15 billion pesos

49. The largest hydroelectric power
plants in the world
Rank Nombre País Río
Capacidad
instalada
(MW)
Producción
de
electricidad
(TWh)
Año de
finalización
Área
inundada
(km²)
1
Three Gorges
Dam
China Yangtze 22,500 98.1 2003/2012 [ 632
2 Itaipu Dam
Brazil
Paraguay
Paraná 14,000 98.6
1984/1991,
2003
1,350
3 Xiluodu China Jinsha 13,860 2014
4 Guri Venezuela Caroní 10,235 53.41 1978, 1986 4,250
5 Tucuruí Brazil Tocantins 8,370 41.43 1984 3,014
6 Grand Coulee
United
States
Columbia 6,809 20
1942/1950,
1973,
1975/1980,
1984/1985
324
7 Xiangjiaba China Jinsha 6,448 2014
8 Longtan Dam China Hongshui 6,426 18.7 2007/2009
9
Sayano–
Shushenskaya
Russia Yenisei 6,400 26.8
1985/1989,
2010/2014
621
10 Krasnoyarsk Russia Yenisei 6,000 15 1972 2,000
40 Chicoasén México Grijalva 2430 1980,2005

50. Nº1 Dam of the 3 gorges, China

51. Advantages of hydraulic power
1. Generates energy with low level of
emissions.
2. Once the construction is paid off,
the energy has a minimum cost,
cheapest of all renewables.
3. Generates many jobs during its
construction.
4. Storable energy that can be
generated when it is necessary.( ≠
solar)

52. Disadvantages of hydraulic
power
1. Extremely expensive to build, must produce
many years before benefits pay the cost.
2. Very high local environmental impact. Floods
large areas, affects a large number of local
species. upstream and downstream . Fauna and
coastal population see their habitat altered.
3. High social impact, in some case population is
deported against their Will (in case of the three
gorges in China: 1.2 million)
4. Medium -long term Seismic risk in megadamms.
A lot of weight of the water can cause
earthquakes by itself. It only needs to break once
to be catastrophic.

53. TIDAL ENERGY
• The waves tend to rise
and fall approximately 1 m
every 12 hours. 0.1 W/m2
Power density
• The marine tides are produced by the
gravitational influence of celestial bodies
on the ocean masses. Level differences can
reach several meters high.
• The currents that occur during the advance and
retreat of the water, can be used to move the
turbines of electricity generators.

54. How do the tides work?
• It turns out that the moon exerts 2.2 more gravity on the earth
than the sun. Which togheter are the main factors affecting the
tides.
• CAUTION! It is complex and many factors influence ... That
astronomer Francois Arago said "The study of the tides is the
tomb of human curiosity" meaning your brain will be fried before
you fully understand the issue of the tides
1- Sun and moon in line with
the earth: high and low tide
with great height variation
2- Sun and moon in perpendicular:
high and low tide with less variation
in height
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/files/2010/02/whytides.gif

55. Sites in the world with important
tidal ranges
López-González et al. (2010) Cuantificación de energía de una planta mareomotriz.
http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ict/vol1102/ICT001100209.pdf

56. Central Mareomotriz de Rance River,
France
• Inauguration: 1966
• Maximum
capacity: 240 MW
• Tide height: 8 m
• Cost of electricity:
1.8 ₵ / kWh (vs 2.5
₵ / kWh of nuclear
energy in France
The power depends on the square of the height of the tide.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgwspUPLafQ

57. Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station - South
Korea
Inaugurated 2011
Capacity: 254 MW
Cost: USD $ 300 M
MeyGen Tidal Energy Project,
Scotland - 86MW (2013)- 400MW(2020)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-
OVU2RGNDo

58. WAVE ENERGY
http://www.energias.bienescomunes.org/2012/10/12/que-es-la-energia-undimotriz/
Different types in experimental stage :
1. Floating
2. Oscillating
3. Fixed

60. PELAMIS OSCILLANTING SYSTEM
THE BEST OPTION FOR WAVE ENERGY
• It is a floating serpent of 142 meters, 3.5 m of diameter and 700
tonnes
• The Pelamis has a unitary power of 750 KW , enough to power
750 house of average European consumption
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=133&v=7mbG35FPb2E

61. Renewable energy
1 Solar 2 Wind 3 Hydraulics 4 Biomass 5 Geothermal

62. Biomass
• Organic matter originated in a biological process, spontaneous or
provoked, usable as a source of energy (wood, cellulose, charcoal,
etc.)

63. Effects on the change of land use. Totally
unsustainable
http://biofuel.org.uk/land-use.html
A dirty case: ... UNITED STATES .... It would take 1.5 times
its surface area (3.797 million mi²) to satisfy its energy
demand by planting soybeans, and at least 15% of this
planting biofuel corn.

64. From garbage to energy, very
good!
• Bioenergía de Nuevo León, S. A. de C. V. is the first energy
project in Mexico and Latin America using as fuel the biogas
that is formed in the sanitary landfill of the Municipality of
Salinas Victoria, Nuevo León.
• The BENLESA plant (12.72 MW) started operations in 2003. ~
400,000 MWh of electricity have been generated to date.
• The energy generated is used for street lighting in the city of
Monterrey and its metropolitan area, and especially for the
metro in the city of Monterrey.
Composición de basura en
México

65. Renewable energy
1 Solar 2 Wind 3 Hydraulics 4 Biomass 5 Geothermal

66. Geothermal energy
The interior of the Earth generates 44 TW = 44,000 GW

67. How does geothermal energy
work?
Types of geotermal energy :
1. Dry steam. Oldest design. Direct
steam into electricity
2. Flash. They pull deep, high-pressure
hot water into cooler, low-pressure
water. The steam that results from this
process is used to drive the turbine
3. Binary. The best option. Hot water
is passed by a secondary fluid with a
much lower boiling point than water.
This causes the secondary fluid to
turn to vapor, which then drives a
turbine
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/geothermal-energy/

68. Geothermal fields in
Mexico
Since 1973 ...
Campos del país
Capacidad
instalada
Cerro Prieto,
Baja California
570 Mwe
Los Azufres,
Michoacán
248 MWe
Los Humeros,
Puebla
94 MWe
Las Tres
Vírgenes, Baja
California Sur
10 MWe
Domo San
Pedro. Nayarit
10 MWe

69. Geothermic Energy
Advantages and disadvantages
1. Reliable source 365
days a year without
bad days
2. Stable output, always
same amount of
energy produced
3. Low cost. Electricity
price only 20%
compared to electricity
from fossil fuels
1. Initial investment is high if
the project is large.
2. Non binary plants emit
sulfurous gases from
underground
3. Only specific sites are
profitable.
4. Eventually, locations may
cool down and run out of
potential. .