2. History of Islam
 Muhammad (610–632)
 Caliphate and civil war (632–750)-After the death
of Muhammad, the "First Fitna”, ”Second Fitna”
occurred.
 Abbasid era (750–1258) which also known as
Islamic Golden Age
 Fall of Abbasids to end of caliphate (1258–1924)
 Modern times (1924–present)

3. The Prophet of Islam
 In the year 570, Muhammad and who would become
the Prophet of one of the world’s great religions, Islam,
was borned.
 In his forties, he retired to meditate in a cave on
Mount Hira, just outside Mecca, where the first of the
great events of Islam took place. One day, as he was
sitting in the cave, he heard a voice, later identified as
that of the Angel Gabriel, which ordered him to:
 “Recite: In the name of thy Lord who created,
Created man from a clot of blood.” (Quran 96:1-2)

4. Fall of Abbasids to end of
caliphate (1258–1924)
 The Muslim world was generally in political decline,
especially relative to the non-Islamic European
powers. Large areas of Islamic Central Asia were
seriously depopulated largely as a result of Mongol
destruction.
 By the 19th century the British Empire had formally
ended the last Mughal dynasty. The Ottoman era
ended after World War I and the Caliphate was
abolished in 1924.

5. • five basic acts in Sunni Islam,
considered obligatory by believers.
•These are summarized in the
famous Hadith of Gabriel.

6. The 5 Pillars of Islam :
 Shahadah : Islamic Reading
 Salat : Prayer
 Zakat : almsgiving
 Sawm : Fasting during ramadan
 Hajj : Pilgrimage to Mecca

7. Shahadah : Islamic Reading
 the declaration of faith
the professing that there is only
One God
 Muhammad is Allah's messenger.

8. Salat : The Prayer
 Salat consists of five daily prayers according to the
Sunna
 The names are according to the prayer times:
 Fajr (morning dawn),
 Zuhr (noon)
 Asr (afternoon),
 Maghrib (after-sunset)
 Isha‘ (late evening, night).

9. Salat : The Prayer
 All of these prayers are recited while facing
the Ka'bah in Mecca.
 Muslims must wash themselves before
prayer, this washing is
called wudū'("purification").
 The prayer is accompanied by a series of set
positions including; bowing with hands on
knees, standing, prostrating and sitting in a
special position.

11. Zakat : Alms
 The practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on
accumulated wealth.
 Considered to be a personal responsibility for
Muslims to ease economic hardship for others and
eliminate inequality.
 Zakat consists of spending 2.5% of one's wealth for the
benefit of the poor or needy, including slaves, debtors
and travellers.

12. Sawm : Fasting during Ramadan
 Three types of fasting :
Ritual fasting
Fasting as compensation for
repentance
ascetic fasting

13. Ritual Fasting
 Obligatory act during the month
of Ramadan
 Muslims must abstain from food and
drink from dawn to dusk during this
month and are to be especially mindful
of other sins.

14.  Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that
has reached puberty (unless he/she suffers
from a medical condition which prevents
him/her from doing so.)
 The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek
nearness to God, to express their gratitude
to and dependence on him, atone for their
past sins, and to remind them of the needy.

15. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
 Occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah to
the holy city of Mecca.
 Every able-bodied Muslim is obliged to make the
pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime .
 When the pilgrim is around 10 km from Mecca, he
must dress in Ihram clothing.
 Both men and women are required to make the
pilgrimage to Mecca.
 After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is
known as a hajj/hajja

16.  The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven
times around the Kaaba, touching the Black Stone,
traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount
Marwah, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina.

18. Sharia Law (Shariah)
 moral code and religious law of Islam.
 Sharia deals with many topics addressed by
secular law:
 crime, politics and economics, as well as
personal matters such as
- sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer,
and fasting.

19.  According to the Sharia law:
• Theft is punishable by amputation of the right hand.
• Criticizing or denying any part of the Quran is
punishable by death.
• A Muslim who becomes a non-Muslim is punishable by
death.
• A non-Muslim who leads a Muslim away from Islam is
punishable by death.
• A non-Muslim man who marries a Muslim woman is
punishable by death.
• A man can marry an infant girl and consummate the
marriage when she is 9 years old.

20. • A man can unilaterally divorce his wife, but a woman
needs her husband's consent to divorce.
• A man can beat his wife for insubordination.
• A woman's testimony in court, allowed only in
property cases, carries half the weight of a man's.
• A female heir is to inherit half as much a male heir.
• A woman cannot drive a car, as it leads
to fitnah (upheaval).
• A woman cannot speak alone to a man who is not her
husband or relative.
• Muslims should engage in taqiyya and lie to non-
Muslims to advance Islam.

21. Examples of Sharia Law

22. Laws (The Qur'an and Sunnah)
 inheritance
 marriage
 restitution for injuries and murder
 rules for fasting, charity, and prayer.
 However, these prescriptions and prohibitants may
be broad, so their application may be varies.

23. Fiqh ("jurisprudence“)
 knowledge of the practical rules of the religion.
 prevent innovation or alteration in the original
religion, known as bid'ah.
 Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as usul al-
fiqh ("legal theory", or "principles of jurisprudence").
 According to Islamic legal theory, law has four
fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this
order:
>> the Qur'an, the Sunnah , the consensus of the
Muslim jurists (ijma), and analogical reasoning
(qiyas).

24. Adab ( Islamic etiquette)
 greeting others with "as-salamu `alaykum" ("peace be unto you")
 saying bismillah ("in the name of God") before meals,
 using only the right hand for eating and drinking.
 Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal
cleanliness and health.
 Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam.
 Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al-Janazah ("funeral
prayer") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a
grave.
 Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited
foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol.
 All meat must come from a herbivorous animal.
Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food.

25. Marriage in Islam
♥ Is a civil contract which consists of an
offer and acceptance between two
qualified parties in the presence of two
witnesses.
♥ The groom is required to pay a bridal
gift (mahr) to the bride, as stipulated in
the contract.
♥ A woman can have 1 husband, but a
man can have up to 4
wives; Muhammad can have more.

26. Political aspects of Islam
Traditional political concepts in Islam include:
 leadership by successors to the Prophet known
as Caliphs
 the importance of following Islamic law or Sharia
the duty of rulers to seek Shura or consultation from
their subjects
the importance of rebuking unjust rulers but not
encouraging rebellion against them.

30. Introduction :
• in Arabic, Allah means the One
True God.
• Western philosophers attempt
to reach God in their own way.
• The philosophers seek God
though pure reason .
• According to Islam, the correct
way of finding God is through
the preserved teachings of the
prophets.

31. Belief in God in Islam
consists of four matters:
(I) Belief in God’s
existence.
(II) God is the Supreme
Lord.
(III) God Alone is
entitled to worship.
(IV) God is known by His
Most Beautiful Names and
Attributes.

32. Belief in Angel
 Angels are thought of as good
forces of nature, hologram
images, or illusions.
 In Islamic doctrine, they are
real created beings.
 They all submit to God and
carry out His commands.
 Angels were created from light
before human beings were
created.
 The greatest of them is
Gabriel. The Prophet of Islam
actually saw him in his original
form.

33. Names of Angels :
 Muslims believe in specific
angels mentioned in the
Islamic sources.
Angelic Abilities :
 They can take on different
forms.
 E.g. Angels visited Abraham in
human form. Gabriel used to
visit Prophet Muhammad in
different forms. Gabriel is
God’s heavenly messenger to
mankind.

34. Tasks of Angels :
 Some angels are put in charge of executing God’s law
in the physical world.
 guardian angels responsible for protecting the believer
throughout his life
 for recording the deeds of man, good and bad
 angels responsible for breathing the soul into the
foetus.
 Some angels are roamers, traveling around the world
in search of gatherings where God is remembered.

35. Belief in the scriptures
Reasons for the revelation of
scriptures:
 reference to learn the religion
and obligations towards God
and fellow human beings.
 disputes and differences
between its followers in
matter of religious belief.
 The scriptures are meant to
keep the religion safe from
corruption and deterioration.
 It is God’s proof against
human beings.

36. The Quran is different from other scriptures in the
following respects:
(1) The Quran is miraculous and inimitable.
(2) After the Quran, no more scriptures will be revealed
by God. Prophet Muhammad-last prophet, the Quran-
last scripture.
(3) God has taken it upon Himself to protect the Quran
from alteration.
(4) The Quran is a trustworthy witness over them.
(5) The Quran abrogates them, meaning it cancels the
rulings of the previous scriptures and renders them
inapplicable.

37. Belief in prophets
 God conveys His message and
relates His will through human
prophets.
 believe that God chose morally
upright men to bear His message
and pass it to humanity.
 Muslims firmly believe the final
prophet was the Prophet of Islam,
Muhammad.

38. Reasons for sending prophets:
 Guiding humanity humanity from the worship of
created beings
 Clarifying to humanity the purpose of creation
 Showing humanity the right path that will lead them
to Paradise
 Establishing proof against humanity by sending
prophets
 Uncovering the unseen ‘world’
 Providing human beings practical examples
 Purifying the soul from materialism, sin, and
heedlessness
 Conveying to humanity the teachings of God

39. Belief in life after death
 after the death of the human
body in the form of spiritual and
physical resurrection.
 Paradise and Hell will be the
final dwelling places
 Paradise is the eternal garden of
physical pleasures and spiritual
delights.
 Hell is an infernal place of
punishment for unbelievers and
purification for sinful believers.

40. Belief in divine decree
 means that everything good or
bad, all moments of happiness or
sorrow, pleasure or pain, come
from God.
1. God’s foreknowledge is
infallible.
2. God has recorded everything
that will occur until the Day of
Judgment in the Preserved
Tablet.
3. Nothing occurs in the heavens or
on earth without the Will of
God.
4. God is the Creator of everything.

41. Denomination and culture

42. Denominations
 Sunni
 Sia
 Sufism
 Minor Denominations

43. Culture
 Architecture
 Art
 Calendar
 List of Islamic Scholars

44. Mosque of Uqba

45. Great mosque of Cordoba

46. Shrine of Hazrat Ali