Les Shephard, University of Texas at San Antonio Presentation

1. October 26, 1011
The Energy – Water Nexus
Impacting the Future of Texas
Some San Antonio Perspectives
Re-Energize The Americas Conference
El Paso, Texas
Les Shephard and Daniel Fisher
Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute
University of Texas at San Antonio
Dan Titerle
San Antonio Water Systems

2. Water Water Everywhere!
So….. What is the Problem?

3. “Fresh Water” is a Limited Resource
 Only 2.5% of Earth’s water is fresh
• Almost 70% of that is locked up in
glaciers, ground ice, permafrost,
and permanent snow cover
 Freshwater lakes and rivers account
Jug image from National Geographic
for less than 0.3% of total global
freshwater
 Groundwater accounts for more than
30% of global freshwater resources
If all the world’s water were
AND contained in a 1-gallon jug, the
Water Treatment is Energy Intensive! amount available for human use
would fit in a tablespoon
Source: National Geographic, April, 2010

4. Energy – Water Nexus
A Global Context
Future Freshwater
World Population
World Electricity DemandNeeds
9 7000
8
6000
Millions of Megaliters Withdrawn
7 35000
5000
Population
Billions of kilowatt-hours
30000 Expected shortfall
living under 6
25000 4000
severe water
stress 5 Municipal and
Billions
20000 3000 domestic
Global 4 Industry
15000
population 2000
3 10000 Agriculture
1000
2 5000
0 0
1 2010
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2030
2030
-1000
0
2005 2030 -2000
Courtesy IEEE Spectrum, July 2010

5. 0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
Hawaii
Alaska
Oregon
Washington
California
California
Nevada
Idaho
Arizona
Utah
Montana
Other
Wyoming
New Mexico
Irrigation
Colorado
North Dakota
Texas
South Dakota
Public Supply
Nebraska
Texas
Source: USGS 3098, 2009; USGS Surface Water Use in the U.S., 2000
Kansas
(million gallons per day)
Oklahoma
Thermoelectric Power
Minnesota
2005 Withdrawals by Category
Iowa
Missouri
Louisiana
Arkansas
Wisconsin
Mississippi
Illinois
Alabama
Tennessee
Indiana
Kentucky
Michigan
21%
Georgia
Ground
79%
Surface
Ohio
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Total Withdrawals
West Virginia
Florida
North Carolina
Virginia
Pennsylvania
the Most Water in the U.S.
Maryland
DC
California and Texas Withdraw
New York
Delaware
New Jersey
Saline
Connecticut
19%
Vermont
Fresh
Massachusetts
81%
Rode Island
New Hampshire
Maine
Surface Withdrawals
Puerto Rico
US Virgin Islands

6. The Nexus in Texas!
Texas Consumes ~ Energy – Water Portfolio Is KeyProduce
A Diversified 157 Billion Gallons of Water to
~ 400 Billion kWh Annually – More Than Any Other State!
For San Antonio’s Future
CPS Energy
Sources
Water
Electricity Demand
Demand
SAWS
AND …… Texas Electricity and Water Demand Sources
Projected to Increase!
Source: Report on the Capacity, Demand, and Reserves in the ERCOT Region, May 2010;
CPS Energy - SAWs Energy Water Nexus, April 2011; Texas Water Development Board

7. Strategic Move Toward
Recycled Water
Water Use by CPS Energy - 1962 to 2010
Creating a Sustainable Energy – Water Future!
Total groundwater used
Total surface water used
CPS Energy 2020 Vision Goal 2020 Cumulative
WaterReduction Impact
Acre
1500 MW of Renewable Energy
Feet 64,000 acre-feet
Generation (21 Billion Gallons)
100 MW Non-Wind Generation 18,000 acre-feet
(6 Billion Gallons)
AMI and Smart Grid Roll-out Potential to further drive energy efficiency
Years
Courtesy PS Energy - SAWs Energy Water Nexus, April 2011

8. Dos Rios Water Recycling Center
Implementing the “Nexus”
Implementing the Energy – Water Nexus
• 140,000 tons/year bio-solids processed
• Produces 1.5 Mcfd process gas – largely
methane - SAWS receives a 12% royalty on
the sale of gas
• 10 million gallons water recycled daily ---
largely for thermoelectric power
production
240
230
225 • Installing 20 MW solar PV onsite
Gallons per Capita Per Day
220
210 San Antonio Water System
200 Gallons Per Capita Per Day (GPCD)
190 1979 - 2009 Digesters
180 Outfall
170
160
150
140 124
130 Solar PV
120
110
Courtesy of San Antonio Water System

9. Shale Gas
“A Bridge to the Next Global Energy Transition?”
U.S. Unconventional Gas Outlook Shale Gas Proved Reserves by Year
Production Capacity (BCF/DAY)
Trillion Cubic Feet
Source: EIA, March 2010

10. Eagle Ford Shale
A Glimpse of the Future
Sustainable Development Is Critical
Production Volumes 2009 - 2010
Drilling Permits 2008 - 2011
Energy Supply – Economic Prosperity – Responsible Environmental Stewardship
4000 2500000
3500
2000000
3000
Marked increase in oil/gas production – driven by “technology and economics”
2500 1500000
2000 2320262
Economic impact is HUGE - $21B estimated in economic revenues by 2020;
1500
3448 1000000
1629055
More than 30,000 new jobs projected! 500000
1000
1495
Water consumption nominally 4 to 6 million 0gallons per well – projections
500
33 94
304500
517593
0
suggest 45,000 acre-feet annually2011 peak production
2008 2009 2010 at Oil Production (Bbl) Condensate Production (Bbl)
(Jan-July)
Drilling Permits Issued
Environmental impacts include possible “freshwater contamination” from 2009 2010
hydraulic fracturing, casing failure and produced water and air quality concerns
San Antonio
Source: All Consulting based on data from a fracture operation in the Fayetteville Shale, 2008; ANGA, February 2011

11. Educating Tomorrow’s America --- Today!
The University of Texas at San Antonio

12. Energy and Water are
Inextricably Linked!
Water For Energy Energy For Water
Energy and Power Water
Production Require Water Production, Processing, Distribution,
and End-use
• Thermoelectric Cooling • Pumping
Require Energy
• Hydropower • Conveyance and Transport
• Energy Minerals Extraction and • Treatment
Mining
• Use Conditioning
• Fuel Production (Fossil
• Surface and Groundwater
Fuels, H2, Biofuels)
• Emission Control

13. Freshwater Withdrawal by Sector*
(~ 345 BGD in US)
Public Supply Industrial Livestock
14% 6% 2%
Irrigation
Thermoelectric Power 39%
39%
Source: USGS Circular 1268, March 2004 * *Does not include hydropower

14. Freshwater Consumption by Sector
(~ 100 BGD)
Freshwater Non-Ag Sector
Consumption Consumption
Livestock Domestic
3.3% 7.1%
Irrigation Non-Ag
80.6% 16.1% Industrial Commercial
3.3% 1.2%
Thermoelectric
Mining 3.3%
1.2%
Energy Accounts for ~ 27 Percent of Non-Agricultural Fresh Water
Consumption
Source: USGS, 1998

15. Growing Demand for Non-Traditional
Water Resources
20
Projected Water Use of Non-Traditional Water (BGD)
Waste Water Reuse
Power Requirements For Treating
Desalination
15 Today The Future
10
5
Conventional Brackish Brackish Sea Water
Treatment Nano- Reverse Reverse
filtration Osmosis Osmosis
1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
• Desal growing ~ 10% per year; Waste water reuse ~ 15% per year
• Non-traditional water use is energy-intensive
Sources: EPA 2004, Water Reuse 2007, Mickley 2003; Einfeld 2007

16. The U.S. Energy Future
The Energy – Water – Carbon “Trifecta”
1.0
Open
Loop Closed US Electricity Generation
Cooling Loop
Cooling By Source
COAL
(Kilograms per Kilowatt-Hour)
0.8 Petroleum Other
Renewables 2% 1%
9%
0.6
Carbon
Nuclear Coal
19% 45%
Natural
0.4 Gas
NATURAL GAS 24%
0.2
GEOTHERMAL
NUCLEAR SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAIC
THERMAL HYDROELECTRIC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
WIND
Water Consumed
Source: Lux Research, June 2009
Global Energy: Unshackling Carbon from Water (Liters per Kilowatt-Hour)