Environmental Impact mining Jiu Romania

Environmental impacts of mining and energy production in the Jiu river basin ISSWaP project, Jiu - Romania Remco van Ek – remco.vanek@deltares.nl Constantin Carlan – conacriro@yahoo.com

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1. Characteristics of the Jiu river basin Location Craiova Targu Jiu Filiasi Drobeta-Turnu Severin Petrosani 2009 good poor Chemical status groundwaterbodies

1. Characteristics of the Jiu river basin ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],General overview Petrosani Valea Jiului Rovinari Husnicioara Power plants

1. Characteristics of the Jiu river basin Temperature [ ºC] Precipitation [mm/jr] Discharge [mm/jr] < 31 158-220 95-158 63-95 32-63 220-315 315-830 830-950 950-1260 Climate and hydrology -2 0 2 4 6 8 9 10 11 1000-1200 800-1000 700-800 600-700 400-600

1. Characteristics of the Jiu river basin Hydrogeology Soils Underground and land use Carpathians: limestone and granite Valley: Sandy soils (coarse, fine) and confining layers (lignite, coal, clays) 300-500 m thick. Nutrient poor, acid sandy soils (podzols) Phreatic level ~ 5-8 m below surface level Close to river wet conditions Mountains: pine Hills: broadleaved forests Lower parts mostly extensive agriculture Land use Podzolic soils Alluvial clays Alluvial preluvo soils Chernozems Urban Industrial Agriculture Cultivated Forest

2. Environmental impact of human activity Conceptual model

2. Environmental impact of human activity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2. Environmental impact of human activity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Agriculture Point sources Locally very high concentrations of NO3 or NH4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Diffuse sources Remnants of fertiliser factory

2. Environmental impact of human activity Agriculture Underground active biological cleaning zone (permeable) , to protect downstream wells and ecosystems Former fertilizer company SNP-Doljchim Groundwater pollution plume Craiova Fly ash deposit Fly ash deposit Fly ash deposit 2500 ppm N-compounds (NH 4 of NO 3 )? Remnants of fertiliser factory

2. Environmental impact of human activity BEN (Balkan Endemic Nephropathy) Erghevitza ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Jiu ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2. Environmental impact of human activity Climate change: droughts Impacts are estimated for 2071-2100 relative to 1961-1990 ( IPCC SRES scenario A2 ). Jiu river basin dT > +4 o C; dP < 7%

2. Environmental impact of human activity Climate change: droughts

3. Impact of mining and energy production ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

3. Impact of mining and energy production Rosia

3. Impact of mining and energy production Rosia Pump capacity = 12.000 m 3 per hour Sediment load 25-70 mg per litre

3. Impact of mining and energy production Rosia Sterile dump fixed with vegetation cover Dust problems Transformation from wet to dry slurry systems Ecological rehabilitation

3. Impact of mining and energy production Lignite production/combustion (2008) Combustion and emission Harmfull gas emission from power plants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],NO 2 [tons/yr] SO 2 [tons/yr] ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],23,2 million ton per year ( ± ~4)

3. Impact of mining and energy production Ash and slag deposits

3. Impact of mining and energy production Ash and slag deposits Fly ash > 147 Mm 3 , ~1200 ha

3. Impact of mining and energy production Area and Volumes Sterile dumps Slag & ash deposits Ecological rehabilitation of steril dumps Finished 700 – 1100 ha Planned 3224 ha 3123 6647 Total 202 394 Huniscioara 689 1284 Motru 785 1764 EMC Rosia 1097 2530 Rovinari 350 675 Turceni-Jilt Volume [million m3] Surface area [ha] Mining area > 147 1202 Total NA 120 CET II - Craiova NA 360 CET I – Isalnita 106 445 Rovinari 41 252 Turceni NA 25 ROMAG-Termo Volume [million m3] Surface area [ha] Power plant

3. Impact of mining and energy production Fly ash composition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chemical composition [% of dry volume] Fly ash (dust) and bottom ash or coal ash (bottom furnish) Alkaline (pH 7-8), oxides (SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , ..) and toxic compounds C = from lignite F = from coal Heavy metals (ppm) As (-) Pb (18-41) Cd (0.7-1.5) Sn ( <10) Co (16-80) Cu (24-65) Cr (170) Zn (24-210) Ni (140) Hg (-) Mn (48-422) Va (150-200) 4,0 2,5 4,0 1,3 2,2 3 0,5 MgO 1,5 1,9 1,5 - 0,3 0,5 - SO3 - 1,4 - ,9 Na2O - 1,0 - 0,8 K2O 21,7 23,4 21,7 26,4 29,6 21,8 25,2 Al2O3 8,0 8,8 8,0 10,7 6,9 9.6 15,3 Fe2O3 5,6 8,7 5,6 5,0 7,5 7,6 3,0 CaO 53,5 SC CE CRAIOVA II 48,6 SE CE ISALNITA 53,5 52,7 RAAN ROMAG TERMO 49,6 SC CE ROVINARI SA 51,6 56,1 SC CET TURCENI SA SiO2 Power plants

3. Impact of mining and energy production Radioactivity Concentration [Bq/kg] Source: CEPROCIM S.A. I = radioactivity index C = concentration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Radio-active compounds are concentrated in the ash deposits No monitoring data on the spreading to the environment! Health risks not known… … may not be negligible - 140.9 258.7 316.2 - Ra 226 - 53.3 77.9 89.4 - Th 232 - 613.5 491.4 472.6 - K 40 - - SC CE CRAIOVA II 0.94 - SE CE ISALNITA 1,42 - RAAN ROMAG TERMO 1.66 - SC CE ROVINARI SA - - SC CET TURCENI SA I U 238 Power plants

3. Impact of mining and energy production

3. Impact of mining and energy production Source: USAID, 2005

4. Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Environmental Impact mining Jiu Romania

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