2. Skin
Skin is largest organ of human body and is composed of
two layers, i.e.,
i) Epidermis
ii) Dermis
3. Skin
Epidermis:
• Stratified squamous
epithelium composed
primarily of
keratinocytes.
•No blood vessels.
•Relies on diffusion from
underlying tissues.
•Separated from the
dermis by a basement
membrane
4. Skin
Dermis:
•Composed of two “sub-layers”:
(a)superficial papillary
(b)deep reticular.
•The dermis contains collagen, capillaries, elastic fibers,
fibroblasts, nerve endings, etc.
5. Skin Grafting:
Definitions:
Graft:
It is transfer of tissue from one area to other without it’s blood supply
or nerve supply.
Autograft:
It is tissue transfer from one location to another on the same patient.
Isograft:
Tissue transfer between two genetically identical individuals, eg, twins.
Allograft (Homograft):
Tissue transfer between two genetically different members, eg, kidney
transplant.
Xenograft (Heterograft):
Tissue transfer from a donor of one species to a recipient of another
species.
6. Types Of Skin Graft
i) Partial Thickness Graft
ii) Full Thickness Graft
7. Partial Thickness Graft
Also called as split thickness graft/ Thiersch graft.
It is removal of full epidermis plus part of dermis from the donor area.
Advantages:
1. It is technically easier.
2. Graft take up is better.
3. Donor area heals on it’s own.
Disadvantages:
1. Infection
2. Contracture.
3. Loss of hair growth.
4. Seroma and haematoma formation will prevent graft take up.
5. Contraindicated in skin grafting over bone, tendon, cartilage and joint.
6. Can’t be done in group A beta haemolytic streptococcci infection.
8. Full Thickness Graft
Also called as Wolfe graft.
It includes both epidermis + full dermis.
Advantages:
1. Colour match is good.
2. No contracture.
3. Sensation and function of sebaceous gland, hair follicles
retained better.
Disadvantages:
1. Used only for small areas.
2. Wider donor area has to be covered with SSG .
10. Stages Of Graft Intake
1. Stage of Plasmic Imbibition:
During 1st 48 hours nourishment of the graft occurs from
plasma exudate from host bed capillaries.
2. Inosculation of blood:
After 48 hours graft and host vessels form anastomosis.
3. Fibroblast Maturation:
Capillary ingrowth completes the healing by fibroblast
maturation.
The grafts are securely adhered to bed by 10-14 days.
11. Technique
Knife used: Humby’s Knife
Blade: Eschmann blade, Down’s blade.
Donor Area:
SSG:
Commonly used site: Thigh.
Other sites: Arm, leg, forearm.
Dressing is opened after 10 days.
Full Thickness Graft:
Post-auricular area.
Supraclavicular area.
Groin crease area.
Recepient Area:
Area is scraped well and graft is placed after making window cuts in graft to prevent
development of seroma.
Graft is fixed and dressing is placed.
Dressing is opened on 5th post-operative day.
Merchurochrome is applied over the recepient margin to promote epithelialisation.
Humby’s Knife
13. Skin Flaps
It is transfer of donor tissue with its blood supply to
the recipient area.
Parts of flap:
i) Base
ii) Pedicle
iii) Tip
Anatomy and blood supply of skin flap
14. Indications
i) To cover wider and deeper defects.
ii) To cover bone, tendon and cartilage.
iii) If skin graft repeatedly fails.
15. Classification of Flaps
l. Due to blood supply:
i) Random pattern flap
ii) Axial pattern flap
2. Due to site of flap:
i) Local flap
ii)Distant flap
16. Flaps according to blood supply
i)Random Flaps:
These flaps consist of three sides of a rectangle,
bearing no specific relationship to where the blood
supply enters.
The length to breadth ratio is no more than 1.5:1.
ii) Axial Flaps:
These are much longer flaps, based on known blood
vessels.
17. Types of Flaps according to site
a) Local flaps:
It is raised next to tissue defect.
Types of local flaps:
i) Transposition Flap:
It is squarely designed which
moves laterally to close the
defect creating a larger are on
its original place, which is
covered with SSG. Transposition Flap
18. Types of Local Flaps
ii) Z Plasty:
It involves transposition of two
inter-digitating triangular flaps.
There is change in direction as
well as gain in length of the
common limb of Z.
Most important factors are angle
size and length of the limb.
Used in contracture release like
Dupuytren’s contracture and
pilonidal sinus.
19. Types of Local Flaps
iii)Rotation Flap:
Semicircular flaps of skin and
subcutaneous tissue that resolve
in arc around a pivot point to
shift tissue in a circle.
Eg: Gluteal region.
iv) Advancement Flap:
It moves directly forward and
rely on skin elasticity to stretch
and fill a defect.
May need triangle excision at
the base to make it work
(Burrow’s Triangle)
Eg: Flexor surfaces.
Rotation Flap
Advancement Flap
20. Types Of Local Flaps
v) V-Y advancement flap:
Advance skin on each side of a V- shaped
incision to close the wound a Y- shaped closure.
Eg: Cut finger tip.
vi) Y-V advancement flap:
Used to release multiple band scars over joints.
22. Types of Local Flaps
vii) Bilobed Flap:
It uses a flap to close a convex defect
and a second smaller flap to close the
donor site.
Eg: nasal defects.
viii) Rhomboid Flap:
It relies on the looseness of adjacent
skin to transfer a rhomboid shape flap
into a defect that has been converted
into similar rhomboid shape.
Eg: cheek, temple, back and flat
surface defects.
Bilobed Flap
Rhomboid Flap
23. Local Flaps
Advantages :
Best local cosmetic tissue match.
Often a simple procedure.
Local or regional anesthesia option.
Disadvantages :
Possible local tissue shortage.
Scarring may exacerbate the condition.
24. Types Of Flaps
(b) Distant Flaps:
To repair defects in which local tissue is inadequate,
distant flaps can be moved on long pedicles that
contain blood supply.
The pedicle may be buried beneath the skin to create
an island flap or left above the skin and formed into
tube.
25. Distant Flaps
Types of distant flaps:
i) Forehead flap:
It is based on anterior branch
of superficial temporal artery.
ii) Deltopectoral flap (Bakamijan
Flap):
It is based on three perforating
branches of internal mammary
artery.
Forehead flap
Deltopectoral Flap
26. Distant Flaps
iii) Groin flap:
It is based on superficial circumflex iliac artery.
iv) Latissimus Dorsi muscle flap:
It is based on thoracodorsal artery.
v) Pectoralis major flap:
It is based on pectoral branches of thoracoacromial
artery.
28. Distant Flaps
vi) Gastrocnemius muscle flap
vii) Transverse rectus abdominis
muscle flap (TRAM flap):
Superior pedicle is based on
superior epigastric vessels.
Inferior pedicle is based on
inferior epigastric vessels.
TRAM flap
29. Distant Flaps
Advantages:
1. Good blood supply and good take up.
2. Gives bulk, texture and colour to the area.
Diasadvantages:
1. Long term hospitalization.
2. Infection.
3. Kinking, rotation and flap necrosis.
4. Staged procedure.
30. Saltatory Flap
It is mobilizing the flaps in stages from distant donor
area towards recipient area.
Waltzing:
It is a technique wherein flap is moved from donor
area and attached adjacent to recipient defect area.
Later, in 2nd stage, it is moved towards the defect
formally.
It reduces the tension on flap and increases
success rate.
