4. Terms
• Self-Concept
– An individual’s perception of his or her
identity as distinct from that of others
• Self-Esteem
– The value one places on his/her identity
5. Name
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial
Development Task
Developmental Stage
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy
Develop a basic sense of
trust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Early Childhood
Doubt
Develop autonomy
Initiative vs. Guilt
Play Age
Develop initiative
Industry vs. Inferiority
School Age
Develop feelings of
competence
Identity vs. Identity
Diffusion
Adolescence
Integrate early self with
changing self
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young Adulthood
Establish intimacy
Generativity vs. SelfAbsorption
Adulthood
Establish and guide the
next generation
Integrity vs. Despair
Senescence
Reach end of life with
positive self-esteem
7. Self-Regulation
• The ability to control one’s impulses,
behavior, and/or emotions. . .
until
an appropriate time, place, or object is
available for expression
• Teens-prefrontal cortex just behind the
forehead
18. Operant Methods
• Operant: Producing an effect
• Reinforcement
– An object or event presented following a
behavior that serves to increase the
likelihood that the behavior will occur
• Extinction
– The gradual disappearance of a learned
behavior following the removal of the
reinforcement
19. Operant Methods
• Punishment
– Physical or psychologically painful stimuli or
the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli
when undesirable behavior occurs
• Feedback
– Evaluative information, both positive and
negative, about one’s behavior
20. Observational Methods
• Modeling
– A form of imitative learning that occurs by
observing another person (the model)
perform a behavior and experience its
consequence
22. Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian
• Parent-centered; Characterized by
unquestioning obedience to authority
• Permissive
• Child-centered; Characterized by lack of
directives or authority
• Authoritative
• Democratic; Authority is based on
competence or expertise
24. Apprenticeship
• A process in which a novice is guided by
an expert to participate in and master
tasks
• Structuring
• Collaborating
• Transferring