This is my presentation in Ideas of Social Sciences at the course of Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences. I hope you will learn something and it will help you in studying. Thank you!

1. IDEAS OF SOCIAL
SCIENCES
Ms. Risha Ann Bucio

2. Learning Objectives:
At the end of the session, the students will be able to:
● Identify the different ideas of social sciences
● Analyze the differences of each ideas of social sciences
● demonstrate the differences of ideas of social sciences

3. DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS
Structural Functionalism - is the perspective which describes the society
as a social system that has a social structure of its own.
- Structuralism
the term used that believes that is a “must” the human should be
part of a big structure. Humans should be interrelated with or
other individuals. The saying “no man is an island” greatly
describes what structuralism is.

4. - Pillars of human society
The social institutions are the pillars of human society and these
are the government, economy, education, religion and the
family.
- There are two types of functions:
- Manifest
- Latent

5. Marxism - is a perspective that the world is full of conflict. This
perspective is from Karl Marx’s classical works.
- Marxism is the complete opposite of structural functionalism
where it states that groups work together in harmony
through social equilibrium. but for this perspective, it states
that the society is composed of different groups with their
own interest to protect and each group is competing for
power and resources.
- It focuses on class relations and social conflicts promoting
social inequality in human society.

6. Background History of Karl Marx
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist,
historian, sociologist, political, theorist, journalist,
and socialist revolutionary.
- Born: May 5, 1818 at Trier Germany
- Died: March 14, 1883 at London, United
Kingdom
- Studied law and philosophy at university.
- He married Jenny Von Westphalen in
1843

7. - Children: Eleanor Marx, Laura Marx,
Jenny Marx Longuet, Edgar Marx,
Jenny Eveline Frances Marx, and
Henry Edward Guy Marx
- Parents: Heinrich Marx and Henriette
Pressburg

8. - Social Inequality
This happens when resources (ex: income, properties, capital)
in a given society are distributed unequally, which socially deine
or divide people into categories.
one of the concepts of Marxism is about historical dialectical
materialism. In order to remove property rights we need to know
the history of man’s means of subsistence.

9. Symbolic Interactionism - Formulated by Blumer (1969) is the process
of interaction in the formation of meaning for individuals. The inspiration
for this theory came from Dewey (1981), which believed that human
beings are best understood in a practical, interactive relation to their
environment.

10. Core Assumptions and Statements
The theory consists of three core principles: meaning, language and
thought
- Meaning - states that humans act toward people and things according to
the meanings that give to those people or things. Symbolic Interactionism
holds the principal of meaning to be the central aspect of human behavior.
- Language - gives humans a means by which to negotiate meaning
through symbols. Humans identify meaning in speech acts with others.
- Thought - modifies each individual’s interpretation of symbols. Thought is
a mental conversation that requires different points of view.

11. Conceptual Model - Not applicable. Verbal Statements are preferred.
Favorite Methods - Participant observation, qualitative interviewing,
interaction analysis and context existing source analysis.
Scope and Application - the theory is used in effective evaluating of
human interaction. Different meanings can easily lead to communication
problems. Problems can arise if the lines of communication are not open
and assumptions are made.

12. Psychoanalysis - is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic
techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud.
- The core idea at the center of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people
possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. By
bringing the content of the unconscious into conscious awareness, people
are then able to experience catharsis and gain insight into their current
state of mind.
- Through this process, people are then able to find relief from
psychological disturbances and distress.
- also involves a number of different terms and ideas related to the mind,
personality and treatment.

13. - Unconscious mind - includes all of the things that are outside of our
conscious awareness.
- Conscious mind - includes everything that is inside of our awareness.
The contents of the conscious mind are the things we are aware of or
can easily bring into awareness.
- Id - Freud believed that personality was composed of three key
elements. The first of these to emerge is known as the id. The id
contains all of the unconscious, basic and primal urges.

14. - Ego - the second aspects of personality to emerge is known as the ego. This is
the part of the personality that must deal with the demands of reality. It helps
control the urges of the id and makes them behave in ways that are both realistic
and acceptable. Rather than engaging in behaviors designed to satisfy our
desires and needs, the ego forces us to fulfill our needs in ways that are socially
acceptables and realistic. In addition to controlling the demands of the id, the ego
also helps strike a balance between our basic urges, our ideals, and reality.
- Superego - is the final aspect of personality to emerge and it contains our ideals
and values. The values and beliefs that our parents and society instill in us are
the guiding force of the superego and it strives to make us behave according to
these morals.

15. Institutionalism - include any form of constraint (formal and informal) that
human beings devise to shape their interaction to reduce uncertainty by
establishing a stable structure to human interaction.
Contemporary approaches to institutionalism
- Historical Institutionalism (1960s)
formal political institutions matter: but which ones and how? the
institutional structure of the polity is a crucial factor behind behaviour and
outcomes ‘structuralism’ (institutions) vs. ‘functionalism’ (needs) a state
consists of institutions which are able to influence group conflict

16. - Rational choice institutionalism (late 1970s)
draws on ‘new economics of organization’ and ‘theories of agency’
institutions are both object and consequence of choice development of
institutions lowers the cost of undertaking the same activity without them
superiors (principals) monitor and influence behaviour of their subordinates
(agents
- Sociological institutionalism ( late 19702)
originates from the subfield of organization theory institutions are:
= culturally - specific = Moral templates
Individuals internalize the norms associated with institutional role (identify
and preferences) individuals perceive their actions in a particular context.

17. Feminist theory - is a major branch of theory within sociology that shifts
its assumptions, analyticlens, and topical focus away from the male
viewpoint and experience and towards that of women. In doing so,
feminist theory shines a light on social problems, trends, and issues that
are otherwise overlooked or misidentified by the historically dominant
male perspective within social theory.
- Gender Differences - some feminist theory provide an anlytic
framework or understanding how wome’s location in, and
experience of, social situations differ from men’s.

18. - Gender Equality - feminist theories that focus on gender
inequality recognize that women’s location in, and experience of,
social institutions are not only different but also unequal to
men’s
Hermeneutical Phenomenology - is a qualitative research
methodology that arose out of and remains closely tied to
phenomenological philosophy, a strand of continental philosophy.

19. Human Environment systems - which combine both human and
natural components to show complex interactions, and feedback
between them, are called human - environment systems.

20. THANK YOU!

21. References:
Ampoloquio, C. (2019) DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL
SCIENCES
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https://www.slideshare.net/AllanBasuga/ideas-in-social-sciences