Stress
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A presentation on Hans Selye research and fascinating work on coining the term of stress - preferred to download since there are a handful of side notes ;)
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Stress
- 1. Stress “Everyone knows what stress is, but nobody really knows.” -Hans Selye
- 2. What is Stress? • “The non-specific response of the body to any demand for change” – Coined by Dr. Hans Selye
- 3. The Study • Lab animals subjected to acute ( short duration ) but different noxious and emotional stimuli ; – blaring(loud) light, – deafening noise, – temperature extremes, – Perpetual frustration (never ending )
- 4. Results • All exhibited the same results; – Stomach ulcerations – shrinkage of lymphoid tissue – & enlargement of adrenal glands
- 5. Conclusion • “Persistent stress could cause these animals to develop various diseases similar to those seen in humans.” • i.e. heart attacks, strokes , kidney disease , and rheumatoid arthritis .
- 7. • Stressors – stress producing factors • Stress Response – the physiological & emotional alterations (changes)
- 8. Types • Eustress – Moderate or normal physiological stress interpreted as beneficial & pleasant – Exercise – +ive emotional stress
- 9. Types • Distress – unpleasant andor unbeneficial – Negative effects – – – – – rejection -discrimination failure -persecution (hostility) loss -ridicule (mockery) apprehension (anxiety & fear) pain -helplessness
- 10. • The point is..... • Selye identifies the two kinds of stress...... • “The emotional component can have a profound effect on what is otherwise the same physiological function.”
- 11. Adaptive Response • Physical signs ; – Pounding heart – Tremor ( shivering ) – Dry mouth – Asthma – Excessive perspiration (sweating) – Gastrointestinal problems
- 12. And.. • Demeanour & emotional signs ; – Depression – Fatigue – Disorientation – Inability to concentrate – Feebleness – Floating anxiety , – Jumpy – Nervous high-pitched laughter
- 13. Thus; • Response to stress can be counter productive; – Drinking – Smoking – Withdrawal – Drugs – Denial – Suicide
- 14. Control Mechanism • Response is under control of – Autonomic Nervous System – Independent of conscious thought – Controls organs & glands
- 15. ANS – Sympathetic - mobilizes body for action – Parasympathetic – calms & restores – Constantly interacting to maintain Homeostasis
- 17. Know the short and long term responses. Adrenal gland Kidney
- 18. General Adaptation Syndrome • Hans Selye discovered that there are 3 stages of stress and coined this the General Adaptation Syndrome or (GAS): Alarm, resistance and exhaustion.
- 19. Allostatic Load • Allostasis “ process by which the body responds to stressors to regain homestasis. • The long-term wear and tear of the stress response is called allostatic load. • This is actually your body’s response to longterm over-exposure to cortisol. • High levels of cortisol have been associated with CUSHING’s Disease.
- 20. Cortisol • Cortisol is another term for Hydrocortisone • Produced from the progesterone hormone precursors. It is synthesized in the cortex of adrenal glands . – Bone formation is lowered by cortisol. – Suppresses Immune system – Increases blood Pressure
- 21. Acute Vs. Chronic stress • Acute ; (Primal ) – Short term ; 5 -100 min • WBCs redistributed + enhancement of the immune system – Stressful event ; • Personal trauma – getting a cold • TSST
- 22. Acute VS. Chronic Stress • Chronic ; long term stressors –(Modern) – Unemployment, caregiving to ill-patients – Causes prolonged secretion of cortisol – May accelerate course of diseases that involve inflammation. – Can lead to death…
- 23. Coping • Stress Relief Techniques…. Progressive Relaxation • • • Deep muscle relaxation Imagery Meditation Exercise • • • Weight reduction Cardio vascular health Endorphins
- 24. • Selye struggled unsuccessfully all his life to find a satisfactory definition of stress. In attempting to extrapolate his animal studies to humans so that people would understand what he meant, he redefined stress as “The rate of wear and tear on the body”.
- 25. • Resource Dr.Hans Selye – • A Syndrome Produced by Nocuous Agents ( 1936 ) Collected & presented – by yours truly Mohammed Khalifa
Editor's Notes
- At the time, it was believed that most diseases were caused by specific but different pathogens. Tuberculosis was due to the tubercle bacillus, anthrax by the anthrax bacillus, syphilis by a spirochete, etc. What Selye proposed was just the opposite, namely that many different insults could cause the same disease, not only in animals, but in humans as well.
- Jack & Jill – plunge – overexert – production
- independent of conscious thoughtcontrols organs & glands
- Holmes and Rahe scale
- Cushing’s - This is a disease associated where unusually high levels of cortisol are secreted by the adrenal cortex often resulting in cardiovascular and other diseases such as type II diabetes.People with Cushing's disease have too much ACTH. ACTH stimulates the production and release of cortisol, a stress hormone. Too much ACTH means too much cortisol
- Enhance intensifyTrier Social Stress Test)
- Take note that stress is something primeval in a sense it doesn’t evolve to adapt modern stressors
- Endorphin -any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions. They are peptides which activate the body's opiate receptors, causing an analgesic effect.
- Extrapolate ; to expand his results on animals to that on humansin hope that its applicablePhrase is the same for Allostasis
- For further elucidation