3. Background:
CHP
technology
TOTAL OUTPUT = 86%
14% Waste Heat
Exhaust at 140C
100% Fuel Input
Simple
Cycle
Combined
Cycle
Trigen
Cycle
28% Electric Power
18% Power (Steam
Turbines ) or Sweet
Water
40% Chilled & Hot
Water
4. By capturing and utilizing heat that would
otherwise be wasted from the production of
electricity, CHP systems require less fuel than
equivalent separate heat and power systems to
produce the same amount of energy.
Because less fuel is combusted, greenhouse
gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2),
as well as criteria air pollutants like nitrogen
oxides (NOx) are reduced.
Reduced
Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
5. Reduced CO2
Emissions
Output
CO2 emissions output from power and
thermal energy generation:
New cogeneration plants in the USA are subject to an
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permit process
designed to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS).
7. Reduced
Nitrogen Oxide
Emissions
Utilizing CHP reduces Nitrogen oxides that:
- are one of the main ingredients
involved in the formation of ground-
level ozone, which can trigger serious
respiratory problems.
- contribute to formation of acid rain.
- contribute to nutrient overload that
deteriorates water quality.
- contribute to global warming (Nitrous
oxide has about 310 times the effect on
global warming than carbon dioxide).
ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMEGAS
50-200 yearsCarbon dioxide
(CO2)
120 yearsNitrous Oxide (N2O)
8. Nearly 70 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
come from generating electricity and heat (another 20
percent comes from cars), and the estimates of CHP's
potential are dramatic.
CHP Major Role
in reducing
Global
Warming
In December 2008, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
estimated that if CHP generated 20 percent of the US
nation's power capacity by 2030—Germany, Japan and
China have already reached or exceeded that goal, and
Denmark generates 50 percent of its power by CHP—the
technology would eliminate 848 million tons of carbon
dioxide emissions. That's like removing 154 million cars
from the road.
9. Goal: Turn London into the World's Greenest
City with its 7.5 million people.
Strategy: Adopt a radical climate action plan to
cut Carbon Emissions by 60% within 20
Years in the battle against global
warming.
Plan: The plan aims to slash carbon output
by reducing demand and wastage.
Action Plan: A big part of the action plan aims to
switch over one quarter of the city's
power supply from the old and
inefficient national grid to locally-
generated electricity using far more
efficient combined heat and power
plants (CHP).
Case Study:
Applying CHP
for a greener
London
Source: Thomson Reuters 2007
11. The high efficiency of CHP technology can result in
energy savings when compared to conventional,
separately purchased power and onsite thermal energy
systems.
Reduced
Energy Costs Dan Reicher, US Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy
Efficiency and Renewables, said in a speech at the House of
Commons in the year 2000 that the scale of things in the
US makes the energy waste from conventional power
stations a big scandal, adding that the two-thirds of fuel
energy wasted as discarded heat at large power stations is
sufficient to provide all the energy needs of Japan.
12. 72%
generation
losses
Energy Supply Company
CHP Plant
28% power generated
8% (of 28%)
lost in
transmission
only
26%
of the energy consumed
reaches the consumer
100%
energy
units
consumed
Conventional
Utility Plant
14%
Losses after generation
and usable heat
recovery
46% power generated
40% thermal energy
100% energy
units consumed
86%
of the energy consumed
reaches the consumer
13. CHP can be installed in place of boilers or
chillers in new construction projects, or when
major HVAC equipment needs to be replaced
or updated.Offset Capital
Costs
The rapid increase of the air conditioning equipment
penetration to the Mediterranean markets has
added considerable loads to the electricity networks,
which often marginally cover the electricity needs
during peak load periods. It is therefore essential to
provide alternative solutions to the capacity increase
and one of them is the use of absorption chillers for
cooling, through CHP systems.
14. CHP can provide a hedge against unstable energy
prices by allowing the end user to supply its own
power during times when prices for electricity are very
high.
In addition, a CHP system can be configured to
accept a variety of feedstock (e.g., natural gas,
biogas, coal, biomass) for fuel; therefore, a facility
could build in fuel switching capabilities to hedge
against high fuel prices.
Hedge against
Volatile Energy
Prices
15. (1) Reduction in diesel-, bunker fuel- or coal-
generated electricity consumption would lead to a
decrease in petroleum/coal imports and national
foreign exchange expenditure.
(2) Increased industry competitiveness would improve
economic performance and could lead to an
increase in the national income.
(3) Supporting CHP technologies encourages and
permits active participation of private and public
sectors.
Macroeconomic
Level
16. Food Industry:
CHP is an appropriate technology for the food industry,
which invariably requires both heat and power in its processes.
Saudi Arabia Economy:
According to a June 2008 report by Facts Global Energy, some
200,000 to 250,000 bbl/d of crude is being burned directly for
power generation in Saudi Arabia. (It is to be noted that most
of the electric load is for thermal applications).
If CHP were in place, Saudi Arabia would be consuming 30%
of this number of barrels (i.e. only 67 thousand bbl/d) to
generate the same equivalent output of electrical and thermal
energy.
This also translates into a better economic situation:
70% of crude oil initially burned for power generation can be
exported => increase of annual export of crude from 6.7 million
bbl/d to 6.85 million bbl/d => Notable yearly increase of
national revenues of around 14 Billion Saudi Riyals.
Macroeconomic
Level
