1.
BIOCHEMICAL, HEAVY METAL AND FATTY ACID PROFILING STUDIES ON SOME
SELECTED DEEP-SEA FISHES ALONG THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE (200 TO 1200 M
DEPTH) OF INDIAN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
Dr. U. SREEDHAR
INTERNAL RESEARCH DIRECTOR
FISHING TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
ICAR-CIFT, VISAKHAPATNAM
Prof. K. SREERAMULU
EXTERNAL RESEARCH DIRECTOR
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY,
VISAKHAPATNAM
Under the Supervision of
THESIS SUBMITTED TO ANDHRA UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY
FEBRUARY, 2017
By
RUSHINADHA RAO KAKARA

2.
 Marine fish are known to be a very healthy food item. They are an
excellent source of protein that also brings various minerals and
vitamins essential for good health
 Biochemical composition of the fish muscle commonly indicates the
quality of fish. Therefore, proximate composition of a fish species
facilitates to assess its nutritional and edible value in terms of energy
units compared to other species.
 Proximate composition variation of fish edible part may also occur
within same species depending upon the fishing ground, fishing
season, age and sex of the individual and reproductive status.
 Data concerning of the Indian deep-sea fish fauna beyond 200m
depth are very scanty and the merely existing information is that the
engendered from the exploratory fishing cruises conducted by Fishery
Survey of India to some extend and mostly by FORV (Fisheries
Oceanographic Research Vessel) Sagar Sampada as part of its stock
evaluating programs of deep sea fishery species.

3.
SAMPLE COLLECTION ONBOARD

4.
Figure 14 & 15: Alepocephalus bicolor & Narcetes erimelas

5.
Figure 16 & 17: Talismania longifilis and Chloropthalamus bicornis

6.
Figure 18 & 19: Lamprogammus niger and Beryx spendens

7.
Figure 20 & 21: Chelidoperca investigatoris and Neoepinnula orientalis

8.
Figure 22 & 23: Cubiceps baxteri and Psenopsis cyanea

9.
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
Moisturepercentage
Deep-sea fish samples
Cr 322
Cr 332
Cr338
Graph 1. & Fig 1 represents the % of Moisture determined in deep-sea fish species from
three cruises of Indian EEZ

10.
GRAPH 2 & FIG 2 REPRESENTS THE % OF PROTEIN DETERMINED IN DEEP-SEA FISH SPECIES FROM
THREE CRUISES OF INDIAN EEZ
0
5
10
15
20
25
Totalnitrogencontent
Graph 2: % of total nitrogen in deep-sea fish samples
Cr 322
Cr 332
Cr338

11.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Fatpercentage
Graph 3: % of fat content observed in deep-sea fish samples
Cr 322
Cr 332
Cr338
Graph 3 & Fig 3 represents the % of Fat determined in deep-sea fish species
from three cruises of Indian EEZ

12.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Ashpercentage
Graph 4: % of ash content observed in deep-sea fish samples
Cr 322
Cr 332
Cr338
Graph 4 & Fig 4 represents the % of Ash determined in deep-sea fish species
from three cruises of Indian EEZ

13.
Deep-sea fisheries are becoming more significant and there is a paucity
of chemical monitoring of these recent fisheries and their products.
Most of the crafts used in Indian waters are of 40 to 50 foot in length,
having the capability of trawling only up to 200-300 m in coastal waters
of Indian EEZ.
The catch in coastal waters has already reached sustainable level
beyond which there may be depletion of resource in inshore areas
(Vivekanandan, et al., 2003).
Hence, in the past decade, importance has been given for exploring
deep sea resources (Vivekanandan, 2001).
Several exploratory surveys (Karuppasamy et al., 2008) conducted
along the deep waters of both the Indian coasts indicated that deep sea
fisheries can be of much commercial and economical value.
Introduction

14.
Map showing sampling stations of three cruises viz., 322,
332 and 338

15.
Table 14: Total mean concentrations (ppm) of Heavy metal accumulation in
three Cruises along the Indian EEZ
Metals Cruise 322 Cruise 332 Cruise 338 Total mean conc.
Cu 26.58 25.49 26.49 26.19
Zn 28.41 32.06 31.67 30.71
Fe 50.81 43.35 53.61 49.26
Co 3.05 2.68 3.16 2.96
Cd 0.03 0.86 1.43 0.77
Pb 0.00 0.19 0.09 0.09
Cr 3.94 1.65 1.97 2.52
Se 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
As 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.13
Table 15. Order of metal concentration (ppm) in cruise wise and total mean
concentration
Cruise 322 Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Co>As>Cd>Pb>Se
Cruise 332 Fe>Zn>Cu>Co>Cr>Cd>Pb>As>Se
Cruise 338 Fe>Zn>Cu>Co>Cr>Cd>As>Pb>Se
Total mean conc. Fe>Zn>Cu>Co>Cr>Cd>As>Pb>Se

16.
 As per the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the
heavy metal accumulation in deep sea fishes in Indian EEZ
(Exclusive Economic Zone) from the depths beyond 1000m.
 Concentration of heavy metals i.e., Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, Cd, Pb, Cr, Se
and As found in the whole soft tissues of deep-sea fishes viz., A.
bicolor, N. erimelas, T. longifilis, C. bicornis, L. niger, B. splendens,
C. investigatoris, N. orientalis, C. baxteri and P. cyanea.
 The results of heavy metal analysis indicated that its accumulation
varied among the deep-sea fin fish species. Fishes were collected
from the west coast waters contained significantly higher Fe, Zn
and Cu than the other metals like Co, Cd, Pb, Cr, Se and As.
 Among all the heavy metals, accumulation of Fe was the highest
content followed by Zn and Cu in overall metal accumulation and
selenium was in below detectable level in all the given ten deep-
sea fishes.

17.
 Three major groups of fatty acids viz., polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids
(SFAs) have been identified in the muscle of given seven deep-sea fish
species viz., Psenopsis cyanea, Bembrops caudimacula, Neoepinnula
orientalis, Nemipterus japonicas, Chascanopsetta lugubris, Cubiceps
baxteri and Lamprogrammus niger.
 The PUFAs included omega-3 (n-3) omega-6 (n-6) and omega-9 (n-9)
fatty acids. The major n-3 fatty acids were linolenic acid (Len; C18:3 n-3),
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA;
C22:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3), whereas the
major n-6 fatty acids included linoleic (Lin; C18:2 n-6) , arachidonic acid
(AA; C20:4 n-6) and eicosadienoic acid ( EDA; C20:2 n-6). The only n-9
fatty acid was eicosaenoic acid (C 20:1 n-9).
 Palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) were the major
fatty acids. The SFAs included capric acid (C10:0), lauric acid (C12:0),
myristic acid (C14:0), pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), palmitic acid (C16:0),
margaric acid (C 17:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and eicosanoic acid (C20:0).

18.
Table 16: saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition in deep-sea fishes
Species name SFA (%) MUFA (%) PUFA (%)
P. Cyanea 37.11 35.07 27.81
B. Caudimacula 30.88 18.66 50.47
N. Orientalis 12.67 55.80 31.53
N. japonicas 34.61 17.66 47.71
C. lugubris 33.88 23.28 42.85
C. baxteri 42.02 26.45 31.53
L. niger 26.34 24.89 48.77

19.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P. cynea B.
caudimacula
N.orientalis Nemipterus C. lugubris C. Bextri L. Niger
Fig 5: composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in deep-
sea fishes
SFA
MUFA
PUFA

20.
CONCLUSION
 Ultimately, the conclusion have also been afforded for easy
perceptive of the current study. The findings accomplish during the
research study period were meticulously discussed and compared
with related works done in India and abroad.
 The results indicated that the fish resources analysed contain
significant protein content, and hence can be exploited
commercially for meeting protein requirements.
 The present study provides information on proximate chemical
composition of selected given ten deep sea fishes.
 The findings of the study are important in the perspective of
exploring deep sea resources as edible seafood.
 In a fast growing country like India, exploitation of deep sea
resources within the judicious management practices is necessary
to overcome resource crunch to ensure food and nutritional
security.

21.
 This study shows that the deep-sea fishes is a good source of poly unsaturated
fatty acids viz., EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosa hexaenoic acid)
) and hence it could be a potential source of alternative low cost protein and fat
respectively.
 Especially, the nutritional awareness aspects on presence of healthcare
important omega – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in deep-sea fishes is relatively
low due to non-availability of database on the biochemical composition,
monitoring of heavy metals and nutritional profiling studies in deeper water
fishes available in Indian waters.
 The present study accomplish the generation of proper information on the
proximate chemical composition, heavy metals and free fatty acid profiling
studies of Indian EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) and will be more important
when utilization of new species of deeper water fishes for human healthcare
benefits especially in pregnant women, young children and aged population.
 This study demonstrated that several of the underutilized deep-sea fishes are
able to compete with more commercially utilized species in terms of nutritional
value.

22.
 This study gives us a clear idea about the nutritional
profiling of the deep-sea fishes which are very rarely
explored by the mechanized industry.
 The study on heavy metals clearly indicates where they
are these species are human consumption and also
gives us the idea of percolation of metal pollution to the
deeper waters.
 The results of the present study can be used for
exploration of these resources for human consumption
and also management of these resources.

23.
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION