1. The field report summarizes a geology field trip to the Attock area where various sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, geologic structures, and river features were observed and studied. 2. Key rocks observed included limestone, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, quartzite, and slate. Structures like faults, joints, and unconformities were also examined. 3. River features of the Kabul and Indus rivers were studied, including differences in water color, pot holes, meandering, and point bars.

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FIELD REPORT OF ATTOCK (NIZAM PUR) FIELD TRIP
SUPERVISORS:
• DR.FAYAZ ALI
• MR.NAVEED ANJUM
SUBMITTED TO:
• DR.FAYAZ ALI
• MR.NAVEED ANJUM
SUBMITTED BY:
• MUHAMMAD SULIMAN
BS GEOLOGY PART: 1st
UOP PESHAWAR

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CONTENTS
• ABSTRACT
• INTRODUCTION
• CHAPTERS
a. SIDEMENTARY ROCKS
b. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
c. GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES AND FEATURES
d. RIVER FEATURES
e. REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT:
In this trip we were familiarised to various type of rocks, geologic features
and structure and lithologies. The rocks include in that areas were
sedimentary and metamorphic, although there were no igneous rocks but we
studied igneous rocks which were transported by the Indus river. Among
sedimentary rocks that were
a. Lime stone
b. Clays
c. Conglumerate
d. Sandstone
e. siltstone
Similarly various metamorphic rocks were also present;
a. Quartzite
b. Slate, etc
Various geologic features present were…
a. Fractures
b. Fault
c. Pot holes
d. Various deposits
e. Meandering, etc
f. Flood plain deposits

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INTRODUCTION
A geological trip made on 06-03-2019 to the area of ATTOCK (NIZAM PUR) was a practical
work which helped us in identification of various rocks, geologic features and structures,
etc.
The trip was arranged under the supervision of,
• Dr.FAYAZ ALI
• Mr.NAVEED ANJUM
We left the department at 9:am sharply, and started our journey along main G.T road from
Peshawar to Rawalpindi.
The area of ATTOCK is located away from Peshawar at a distance of approximately 70-75 km
toward the south-east of Peshawar. The area of ATTOCK (NIZAM PUR) is easily accessible
from main G.T Road from Peshawar to Rawalpindi.
The ATTOCK area is part of Punjab province.
On our way to ATTOCK we were travelled all along Peshawar basin which consists mostly of
loose soil.
In ATTOCK area both sedimentary and metamorphic rocks along with geologic features and
structures were present but there were no Igneous rocks.
We study various rocks over there
Among sedimentary rocks we studied,
• Lime stone (rubbly, sandy, thick and thin bedded etc)
• Sandstone
• Conglomerate
• Siltstone
Metamorphic rocks studied over there includes
• Quartzite
• Slate
Geologic features observed there were;
• Faults (present in limestone).
• Pot holes (in black slate along river).
• Suspension and dissolved load.
• Change in colour of two rivers
• Meandering

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• Various deposits
• Braided stream
After completing the field we returned back to Peshawar through Peshawar basin on GT
road.
CHAPTER 1:
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Rocks formed from,
Sedimentary rocks are the product of the erosion of existing rocks. Eroded material
accumulates as sediment, either in the sea or on land, and is then buried, compacted and
cemented to produce sedimentary rock (a process known as diagenesis).
TYPES:
a) Clastic or detrital
b) Non-Clastic/ chemical S.R
c) Organic
In field we observed various types of sedimentary rocks
• Lime stone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock consisting of more than 50% calcium carbonate
(calcite - CaCO 3). There are many different types of limestone formed through a
variety of processes. Limestone can be precipitated from water (non-clastic,
chemical or inorganic limestone), secreted by marine organisms such as algae and
coral (biochemical limestone), or can form from the shells of dead sea creatures

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(bioclastic limestone). Some limestones form from the cementation of sand and / or
mud by calcite (clastic limestone), and these often have the appearance of
sandstone or mudstone. As calcite is the principle mineral component of limestone,
it will fizz in dilute hydrochloric acid.
At our 2nd
stop the supervisors lead us to an outcrop of bed rock and we were told that the
outcrop of bed rock which were on the right side of the road was basically lime stone.
Then we put some dilute HCl on that
rock bubbles were formed (showed
effervescence) which confirmed that rock is lime stone.
Age: Precambrian
Formation: Shahkot Bala formation
Lithology: lime stone
Grain size: Very fine grained
Varieties;
• RUBBLY lime stone:
RUBBLE: A loose mass of rough, angular
fragments, courser than sand.
Rubbly lime stone was observed at 2nd
stop.
It shows the deposition of lime stone
followed by fragmentation and then
cementation.
Colour: grey white Figure 1-limestone (Shahkot Bala) photo by
Muhammad Suliman

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Also it was laminated showing formation in
shallow environment. Stromatolite were
present on the rock surface. All over the
world all the stromatolitic limestone is of
Precambrian age (sign of Precambrian age
rocks).
Age: Precambrian
Formation: Utch khattak limestone
Colour: Brownish grey
2.CONGLOMERATE: clastic sedimentary rock formed by lithification of gravel size (2 to
>256) clasts.
Gravels accumulate in variety of environment
and usually indicate the existence of steep
slope or very turbulent current. The coarse
particle in conglomerate may reflect the
action of energetic mountain, stream or
result from strong wave activity along a
rapidly eroding coast.
The conglomerate was observed at 7th
stop
on bank of Indus river (consisting of various
rocks such as Quartzite, Granite, Gabbro,
Danite, Diorite. etc)
In conglomerate the sediments were
cemented by various cementing materials i.e
calcite,sio2 etc.
3.SAND STONE:
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock formed from cemented sand-sized clasts. The
cement that binds the clasts can vary from clay minerals to calcite, silica or iron oxides.
Sandstone can be further divided according to:
Figure 2-Conglumerate at Indus river //photo by Muhammad Suliman
Lithology:LimestoneFigure1-Figure2-Rubblylimestone(Utchkhattaklimestone)/photoby
MuhammadSuliman

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Clast size - fine (0.06-0.2mm), medium (0.2-0.6mm), coarse (0.6-2mm);
Sorting - a sandstone comprising a mixture of clast sizes is poorly sorted, while one
comprising mostly clasts of the same size is well sorted; a sandstone containing very little
silt and / or clay is termed arenaceous; a sandstone containing a significant amount of silt
and / or clay is termed argillaceous or a "wacke" (see greywacke for more information);
Mineral content - a sandstone consisting of more than 25% feldspar clasts is termed arkose;
a sandstone consisting of more than 90% quartz clasts is called quartzose.
4.SILSTONE:The type of detraital sedimentary rock which are formed from silt size
sediments.
Clastic texture: fine (1/16 to 1/ 256 mm)
Sediment name: mud
On our 3rd
stop we observed siltstone near Nicolson monument. No foliation were present.
Formed pencil like structures due to differential stresses.
Formed totally from clay.
Age:Precambrian
Colour: weathered surface (dark brown). Fresh surface (dark grey or greenish grey)
Lithology: Siltstone
Formation: Dakhner formation
CHAPTER 2
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphism is the alteration of pre-existing rocks in the solid state due to
changes in temperature and pressure. Under increasing temperature and / or pressure
existing minerals become unstable and break down to form new minerals. In the case of
regional metamorphism the rocks are subjected to tectonic forces which provide the
necessary mechanisms for metamorphism. Products include schistand slate. Contact
metamorphism involves metamorphosis through heating by an intruding plutonic
body. Hornfels is the result of this type of metamorphism.
Metamorphic rocks are classified according to the conditions under which they
recrystallised, known as their metamorphic facies. The key parameters in this classification
are index minerals which indicate particular pressure / temperature conditions. These

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minerals may only be present in small proportions, and in many cases are difficult to
recognise in hand specimen. An alternative classification, useful in the field or for hand
specimens, is based upon the degree of recrystallisation of the original minerals, and so
grain size and the degree of foliation (see below) are important. As metamorphism occurs in
areas undergoing deformation, look also for structures that indicate deformation, such as
folding (often shown as crenulations or small crumpled folds), and small fractures or fault
TYPES:
1.Foliated: Having parallel or preferred orientation of linear or platy minerals in response to
directed pressure.
2. Non foliated: not foliated and randomly oriented.
We observe following metamorphic rocks
• QUARTZITE: Non foliated metamorphic rock formed by the metamorphism of
quartzose sand stone (90% quartz,10% other minerals)
At 4th
stop we observed a rock on road side which was recognized as quartzite.
We were told to walk over the pieces which was making a cracking noise which is the
characteristic of quartzite.
Age: Precambrian
Colour: grey white (fresh surface). yellowish
(weathered surface
) due to lemonite.
Formation: Dakhner formation
• Ferrogenous quartzite: it was brown red in
colour due to presence of iron
We also observed quartzite It our final stop at Indus
river bank which was transported by water.
SLATE :
Slate is a low grade metamorphic rock generally formed by the metamorphosis
of mudstone / shale, or sometimes basalt, under relatively low pressure and temperature
conditions. Clay minerals in the parent rock metamorphose into mica minerals
( biotite, chlorite, muscovite) which are aligned along foliation planes perpendicular to the
direction of pressure. Slate is characterized by fine foliation along which it breaks to leave
Figure 3-Quartzite (dakhner formation) photo by
Muhammad Suliman

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smooth, flat surfaces (often referred to as "slaty cleavage" - not to be confused
with cleavage in minerals). Sometimes relict (original) bedding is visible on foliation planes.
Slate will 'ring' when struck, unlike mudstone or shale which makes a dull 'thud'.
Phyllite, a metamorphic rock very similar to slate, has undergone a slightly greater degree of
metamorphism. It is slightly coarser-grained (some crystals may be visible to the naked eye),
and the foliation is less perfect (it lacks perfect "slaty cleavage").
At stop 2nd
and 5th
slate was observed.
• At stop 2th
the rubbly lime stone was containing fragments of slate.
• Also at final stop we observed slate on bank of Indus river
The slates were hard and were polished due to flow of water over its surface.
A whole sequence was present on
bank of river.
Slate black in colour and was
splittable.
Age: Precambrian (Manki
formation). Cambrian (Darwaza
formation).
Colour (Manki formation):
weathered surface; reddish brown
(due to hematite). Dark grey(fresh
surface).
Colour (darwaza formation):
Weathered surface; maroon
(Due to hematite) and greenish
(Due to chlorite). fresh surface;
Dark grey.
Formation: Darwaza and Manki
formation.
• GNEISS: it is foliated
metamorphic rock consisting of
dark (Biotite and Amphibole)
and light colour
minerals(calcite). Gneisses are
products of high-grade regional
metamorphism.
Gneiss was observed on bank of
river Indus.
Figure 5-Slate (Manki formation) photo by Muhammad Suliman
Figure 4-Slate (Darwaza formation) photo by Muhammad Suliman

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CHAPTER 3
GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES AND FEATURES
Various geologic structures and features were observed in ATTOCK (NIZAM PUR), which
includes the following;
• FAULT:
in geology, a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of the Earth’s crust, where
compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the
opposite sides of the fracture. Faults range in length from a few centimetres to many
hundreds of kilometres, and displacement likewise may range from less than a
centimetre to several hundred kilometres along the fracture surface (the fault
plane). In some instances, the movement is distributed over a fault zone composed
of many individual faults that occupy a belt hundreds of metres wide. The
geographic distribution of faults varies; some large areas have almost none, others
are cut by innumerable faults.
Size: Few Meter to km.
In field at stop 3rd
we studied khairabad fault.It was a thrust fault(in which hanging
wall move upward relative to footwall).It was dipping toward north having strike at
EW.Khairabad fault separate shekhai limestone from
dakhner siltstone(Separate Northern block from
central block).
The older rocks of shekhai limestone was over lined
on younger rocks of dakhner siltstone which confirm
that fault had been occurred at that area.
At stop 5th
we have also studied cherrat fault.
Cherrat fault is thrust fault dipping toward north.
Figure 6-Khairabad fault(limestone is over leaned on
younger siltstone)//photo by Muhammad Suliman

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Cherrat fault separate dakhner from darwaza formation (Separate central block from
southern block).
• JOINTS: The fracture in a rock along which
no or negligible displacement has occurred.
Size: few cm to few meters.
At field site we observed joints in limestone,
quartzite and slate bed rock, which were having
joint sets.
• UNCONFORMITY: Break in stratigraphic
sequence
• ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY: An
unconformity in which older strata dip at a
different angle than the younger strata.
In field we observed angular unconformity
on road side where recently deposited sediments were present over the folded and
eroded surface.
• ATTOCK Cherrat range: it is located in south of Peshawar basin, and is lying north
south direction.
Consisting of three main blocks
1. Southern block
2. Central block
3. Northern block
Consisting of varies lithologies and structures,
Showing lacustrine environment of deposition and consisting of loose un-consolidated
sediments which are recently deposited.
CHAPTER 3
RIVER FEATURES
In our field we observed two rivers and various features associated with them.
Figure 7-Joints present in Shahkot Bala limestone//photo by
Muhammad Suliman

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• RIVER KABUL: the river Kabul originate from paghman mountains of AFGHANISTAN
and enter in Pakistan at Shalman in Khyber agency, it flows from west to north and
finally meets to river Indus at kund (attock).
COLOUR OF WATER: colour of water is black due to more suspended load.
Suspended load reflect that the Kabul river was passed over those areas where lose
sedimentary rocks were present.
DENSITY: density of water is greater than Indus water .
• River Indus
Colour of water: Colour of water is bluish and clear
Density: less than of Kabul river
• Un mixing of two water bodies: when both Kabul river and river Indus met with one
another there is un mixing of two water bodies it is due to density contrast of two
water (Kabul river water are more denser than Indus river water)
• Various features:
• Pot holes: A depression in a rock which are created by the abrasive action of
particles swirling in fast moving eddies. The rotational motion of sand and pebbles
acts like a drill that bore the hole during turbulent flow.
We observed pot holes in slate lying on side of
river, Indicating that it was part of river.
Figure 8-Pot hole in Indus river Slate (produced
due to swirling of turbid water)//photo by
Muhammad Suliman

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• MEANDERING: River that carry fined-grained silt and clay in suspension tends to
be narrow and deep and to develop pronounced, sinuous curves called meander
(loop like structure).
We saw meander at stop 1st
in Kabul river. The speed of velocity was high at
out side of the meander as compared to inside of the meander.
• POINT BAR: Sediment deposited at inside of the meander is called point bar.
We saw point bar at Kabul river.
• MIDCHANNEL BAR: Deposition of sediments at the mid of stream is called mid
channel bar.
Mid channel bar deposited when the velocity of water in a stream slowed down.
• FLOOD PLAIN DEPOSITES: A broad strip of land build up by deposition on either
side of stream/ river.
Sediments deposit: Mostly clay and silt.
• RIVER EDGE BAR DEPOSITS: Sediments deposited at the edge of stream is called
edge bar.
We saw edge bar deposits at the bank of Kabul river at stop 1st.
Sediments size: Gravels.
Gravels reflect that the sediments are transported from very far.
• ROCKs carried: various type of rocks were present on sea shore which were
transported by river Indus such as quartzite, Danite,Gneiss, Granite, Gabbro,
diorite etc.
Figure 9-Meandering in Kabul river at Kund area.Point bar is
deposited at inside of the Meander.//photo by ,Muhammad Suliman

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REFFERENCES:
• Sir Naveed Anjum Hints/lectures
• Sir Fayaz Ali Hints/lectures
• Plummer book (physical geology)
• Tarbuck book (The earth)
• Igneous and metamorphic petrology by Turner and Verhoogen
• Wikipedia/rocks and minerals.